一 書(shū)面表達(dá)應(yīng)試注意
（1）仔細(xì)審題，看清題目要求與注意事項(xiàng)。
（2）確定文章類(lèi)型，如是記敘文，一般用過(guò)去時(shí)，如是說(shuō)明文，主要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
（3）看全內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，主要內(nèi)容缺一不可。
（4）盡量寫(xiě)草稿，實(shí)在沒(méi)時(shí)間也要寫(xiě)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)略題綱。
（5）用你見(jiàn)過(guò)的句型來(lái)寫(xiě)，不生造中國(guó)式的英文。
（6）寫(xiě)好首句尾句，注意關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)的使用。
（7）記敘文注意who,what,where,when,which,why,how。
（8）議論文注意論點(diǎn)論據(jù)。
（9）可適當(dāng)使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和新穎詞匯，但應(yīng)以準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)意思為第一原則。
（10）書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范，卷面整潔也要重視。
（11）一般十句話(huà)即可達(dá)到字?jǐn)?shù)要求。
（12）寫(xiě)完后要以短文改錯(cuò)的精神復(fù)核全文。
二 如何寫(xiě)出好的作文
寫(xiě)作是高考試題中對(duì)學(xué)生相對(duì)較難的部分，它考查考生觀察理解能力及運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力。由于寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的改變，強(qiáng)調(diào)了詞匯和句式的多樣性，各地各校都很重視，學(xué)生們從各種渠道，特別是各種培訓(xùn)班學(xué)會(huì)了許多套話(huà)和程式化的寫(xiě)作套路。寫(xiě)文章時(shí)不管三七二十一，拿來(lái)就用。經(jīng)常會(huì)看到有些同學(xué)的文章里除了幾個(gè)背下來(lái)的句子或者連接詞支撐著框架以外，填補(bǔ)空缺的是驢唇不對(duì)馬嘴的從中文搬過(guò)來(lái)的詞或詞組，根本談不上通順的句子。而語(yǔ)言素質(zhì)好些的同學(xué)則亂用套話(huà)，千人一面，千篇一律，不考慮場(chǎng)景是否合適。更顧不上準(zhǔn)確連貫、邏輯合理地組織句子了。比如在一篇敘事的練習(xí)中，題目要求寫(xiě)全家人去芭堤雅玩兒，現(xiàn)在海濱旅館住下，然后第二天在海灘游泳，晚上在城里散步、吃飯；周末回去后拜訪了祖父母。有同學(xué)就寫(xiě)到：……firstly, we stayed at a seaside hotel. Secondly, we went to the beach to swim. Thirdly, we had a walk in town. ……
應(yīng)該注意的是高考寫(xiě)作除了新提出的詞匯和句式的多樣性的要求，同時(shí)還一如既往地注意內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)齊全，上下文的連貫，及語(yǔ)言使用的準(zhǔn)確性。語(yǔ)言表達(dá)手段豐富，而且得體的文章才是漂亮文章。
研究一下高考范文，看上去似乎平淡無(wú)奇，但細(xì)讀下來(lái)無(wú)不語(yǔ)言精煉，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，表達(dá)方式多樣，不愧是學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)的典范。另一方面，高考的范文中從來(lái)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)過(guò)夸張的嚇人的冗長(zhǎng)的套句，或是類(lèi)似公司文件，法律文書(shū)似的套話(huà)，而是充分利用了學(xué)生們熟悉的日常生活中常用的，交際功能強(qiáng)大的各種基本句型及其相應(yīng)的多變的表達(dá)方式。其結(jié)果是文章不僅達(dá)意、流暢，而且得體、生動(dòng)。
（1）、因此我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行高考寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練時(shí)首先要求學(xué)生做到達(dá)意，包括兩方面的含義，一要審清題目，把要點(diǎn)寫(xiě)全；二要理清思路，把要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系和內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，以及文章交流的對(duì)象弄明白，再表達(dá)清楚。從實(shí)踐來(lái)看學(xué)生容易出錯(cuò)的地方是：
①在看圖作文中注意不到圖中重要細(xì)節(jié)，或看不出圖與圖之間的關(guān)系；
②在讀數(shù)據(jù)，寫(xiě)分析評(píng)論的文章中不擅于分析數(shù)據(jù)所表達(dá)的含義，和說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，很難做出恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)論；
③在書(shū)信或總結(jié)對(duì)某事的討論結(jié)果的文章中，往往忽略題目要求的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)；或者行文中弄錯(cuò)對(duì)象，造成人稱(chēng)選擇錯(cuò)誤。師生們可以經(jīng)常以討論交流的形式有針對(duì)性地去訓(xùn)練思路，萬(wàn)不能疏忽大意。
（2）、要使用流暢得體的語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容。既要選擇適宜的詞語(yǔ)句型，又要善于有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。文章的連貫性和緊湊感是很重要的。從學(xué)生習(xí)作來(lái)看，高考作文中有關(guān)時(shí)間、空間轉(zhuǎn)換的內(nèi)容對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。即描寫(xiě)某地前后的變化；記述發(fā)生的一系列的事情如外出游覽的安排等等。這些文章學(xué)生不會(huì)覺(jué)得難寫(xiě)，但要寫(xiě)得生動(dòng)，緊湊，句式又有豐富的變化就很不容易了。只有對(duì)文字把握能力很強(qiáng)的學(xué)生才能寫(xiě)出有特色的漂亮文章。做到這點(diǎn)除了幫助學(xué)生熟悉高考大綱中常用的各類(lèi)連接詞（各校已經(jīng)很重視，這里就不一一列舉了）及其適用場(chǎng)合，更重要的是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生熟練掌握各種基本句型。句子是表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的最基本單位，是表達(dá)思想的靈魂所在。好的英語(yǔ)句子能夠生動(dòng)，形象，準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)內(nèi)容。多變的句式，語(yǔ)法的活用，可以幫助作者靈活地穿越時(shí)空；自如地上下馳騁。所以要想寫(xiě)出漂亮的書(shū)面表達(dá)，必須從寫(xiě)好句子開(kāi)始。研究各地高考范例，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)以下基礎(chǔ)句型往往頻繁出現(xiàn)。學(xué)生們不妨多加練習(xí)，定可在考試時(shí)助大家一臂之力。
1功能強(qiáng)大，表現(xiàn)力豐富的with 短語(yǔ)
如：
It is a small flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bath room, and a kitchen.
With the prices of cars going down, more and more families have bought cars of their own.
With the development of Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones at the festivals’ time.
With a knife in his hand, the man forced me to give him my bag.
可以用于寫(xiě)物，寫(xiě)人，寫(xiě)地點(diǎn)，以及簡(jiǎn)單議論。
2 倒裝句
如：
Such is Yu Wei, a diligent and successful man.
So attractive were the games that we couldn’t tear ourselves away from them.
Only in this way can we avoid suffering from the pressure of exams.
既可以突出重點(diǎn)，又可以配以定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)，巧妙地進(jìn)行時(shí)空轉(zhuǎn)換。是用來(lái)描寫(xiě)對(duì)比變化的絕佳句式。
如：
On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building --- our library.
3 while句型
如：
What the boys like to do most is to become businessmen and scientists. While the girls’ favourite work is to be teachers.
既可在議論中介紹不同觀點(diǎn)，又可在敘事中描述不同動(dòng)作。
4 too… to句型
如：
They believe it’s too early to include an oral part in NMET now when the spoken English of most students is not good enough.
I’m too frightened to speak.
用于描述，生動(dòng)形象。
5 not only…but also…句型
如：
She not only studied hard but also was ready to help others.
They argue that setting off firecrackers may not only cause air and noise pollution, but also do damage to human health and property.
6 省略句
如：
Now the poor houses have been replaced by green trees and the brick yard by tall buildings.
They needed the wood for its walls and branches and leaves for its roof.
是使文章簡(jiǎn)潔、緊湊，跌宕起伏的重要法寶。
7 名詞性從句
如：
Fortunately, in time of danger, what the teacher said in a lecture on how escape when a fire breaks out ran through my mind.
適用面廣，涵蓋內(nèi)容豐富。是表達(dá)思想內(nèi)容的絕對(duì)必要手段。
8 比較級(jí)
如：
The number of cars keep increasing very fast, but we have not as many new roads as are need.
In 1990, college students spent less than two hours in a week on computers.
是不得不會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)句式。
9復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
如：
I think it necessary for the young to learn how to use computer in the age of knowledge.
The decrease of the car prices makes it possible for ordinary people to own their own cars.
同樣是使文章簡(jiǎn)潔、緊湊的重要法寶。
10 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
如：
It was not until the government officials and the policemen came that such wrong doings were stopped.
給人以泰山壓頂般的隆重感覺(jué)，讓人不得不重視你表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)。
11 when
如：
At a stand, a woman was buying an ice-cream, when a young man behind her snatched her bag away.
I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
刻畫(huà)人物活動(dòng)栩栩如生，仿佛親臨其境。
12 附加成分
On the lake, now clean and clear, the villagers often spend their spare time boating and fishing.
More importantly, with the popularity of electronic cards, less paper is used for making paper cards, which contributes to the environment protection.
以插入語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)或從句為主；看似不經(jīng)意間把許多重要信息如行云流水般揉進(jìn)主句，娓娓道來(lái)，不留人工痕跡。
13分詞短語(yǔ)
如：
We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people.
既體現(xiàn)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力又好掌握的高級(jí)表達(dá)方式。
14 there be句型
如：
There are many web sites on line where different varieties of cards are available.
句型簡(jiǎn)單，但蘊(yùn)藏豐富變化，如還可以變?yōu)椋簍here is sure to be…; there happen to be…; there seems to be…; there used to be…etc. 另外還可以與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或定語(yǔ)從句配合使用，將更多內(nèi)容整合在一起。
15 before句型
如：
Before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers.
訓(xùn)練步驟：
①讓學(xué)生以這些常用句式為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行漢譯英、造句、句型轉(zhuǎn)換等練習(xí)；基礎(chǔ)差的學(xué)生熟記例句；
②仿照高考作文內(nèi)容利用這些句子寫(xiě)三、五句的寫(xiě)人，寫(xiě)事，寫(xiě)地方，通知，信件和簡(jiǎn)單議論等的小片段。
③實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練。
④課下多多背誦精美范文。背范文在最后沖刺階段對(duì)作文很有效，基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)可以利用范文中的句子寫(xiě)作，基礎(chǔ)好的同學(xué)可以利用范文中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和一些復(fù)合句提高自己作文的得分檔次。這幾步驟在每次進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)時(shí)可同時(shí)采用，循序漸進(jìn)，學(xué)生會(huì)感到有章可循，不會(huì)無(wú)從下手。特別有利于英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)不好的同學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)把所給的材料分為幾個(gè)點(diǎn)，每個(gè)點(diǎn)用1，2句熟悉的句子表達(dá)出來(lái)。
在進(jìn)行這種句子→段落→篇章的三段式訓(xùn)練時(shí)一定要讓學(xué)生牢牢記住寫(xiě)主謂賓完整的句子，堅(jiān)決杜絕以下這些常見(jiàn)的愚蠢錯(cuò)誤，每次檢查除了檢查內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)是否齊全，還都要從這幾方面考慮：
① 句子是否缺少主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
② 在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后或不定式中是否用了過(guò)去時(shí)的動(dòng)詞
③ 是否正確是用來(lái)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式
④ 可數(shù)名詞是否需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示；相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞的數(shù)是否用對(duì)。
⑤ 是否有I thinked 這種可笑的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式等。
三 英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的基本原則
在有了正確的句子作保證的基礎(chǔ)上注意以下的基本原則：
1、首尾呼應(yīng)原則
首先一定要寫(xiě)一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開(kāi)頭，讓讀者一目了然，知道你寫(xiě)的是什么。如：To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. ……
高考寫(xiě)作往往給出了文章開(kāi)頭，所以這個(gè)問(wèn)題不是很大。但是學(xué)生們經(jīng)常忽略了結(jié)尾的點(diǎn)題或總結(jié)。只是把要寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容寫(xiě)完，就戛然而止了?？戳俗屓烁杏X(jué)很難受，同時(shí)容易給人造成僅僅是逐句翻譯提示的印象。因此文章末尾一定要有恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)束語(yǔ)。
如：
---That’s all the result of the discussion and my view. I hope it’ll be helpful to you.
Best wishes.
--- In a word, mail, telephone and computer help to bring people all over the world closer.
--- I’m sure you’ll succeed in giving up smoking.
2、長(zhǎng)短句原則
長(zhǎng)短結(jié)合的句子抑揚(yáng)頓挫，讀起來(lái)有起有伏，流暢有致，
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
在文章第一段（開(kāi)頭）用一長(zhǎng)一短，且先長(zhǎng)后短；在文章主體部分，要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長(zhǎng)的句群形式，定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝！文章結(jié)尾一般用一長(zhǎng)一短就可以了。
3、 一、 二、三原則
寫(xiě)作時(shí)一些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”有助于表明文章結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。但要選擇恰當(dāng)場(chǎng)景，不要?jiǎng)虞mfirst, second, third, last。
1）first, second, third, last（一般）
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（一般）
3）the first, the second, the third, the last（一般）
4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（一般）
5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）
6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）
7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦）
8）most important of all, moreover, finally
9）on the one hand, on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）
10）for one thing, for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）
4、 短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則
寫(xiě)作時(shí)，尤其是在考試時(shí)，如果使用短語(yǔ)，有兩個(gè)好處：
其一、用短語(yǔ)會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn)。
其二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦？用短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)辦法！
比如：
I like it. 可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I am fond of it.
I want it. 可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it.
這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加，表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。
5、多實(shí)少虛原則
原因很簡(jiǎn)單，寫(xiě)文章還是應(yīng)該寫(xiě)一些實(shí)際的東西，不要空話(huà)連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞。這里所說(shuō)的虛詞就是指那些比較泛泛的不能說(shuō)明具體內(nèi)容的詞。
比如：Let me tell you some information about it.就不如Now I would introduce how the contest is to be held to you. / I’ll share with you the details of the activity 好。
再比如：
走出房間，普通用詞是：walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō)：slip out of the room
學(xué)生們下課急著走出房間（去吃飯）應(yīng)該說(shuō)：rush out of the room
在擁擠的會(huì)場(chǎng)里驀然見(jiàn)到敬慕的名人從門(mén)口經(jīng)過(guò)，趕緊走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō)：push one’s way out of the room
這樣多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞，文章將會(huì)大放異彩！
6、隨機(jī)應(yīng)變?cè)瓌t
遇到提示中的中文內(nèi)容不會(huì)表達(dá)時(shí)要善于用已知的詞語(yǔ)去迂回表達(dá)。變短語(yǔ)為句子；變一句話(huà)為幾句話(huà)表達(dá)。
總之，多動(dòng)腦筋，勤加練習(xí)，定會(huì)寫(xiě)出得體、生動(dòng)的漂亮文章的。
四 高考寫(xiě)作重點(diǎn)句型歸納
寫(xiě)事的常用句型
1 At first he didn’t hear anything at all.
2 But then a sudden knock on the door woke him up.
3 Following that came a man’s voice, saying, “Come out, or I will break in!”
4 Several minutes later, he heard someone leave.
5 Finally he got up, opened the door and looked around.
寫(xiě)人的常用句型
1 She is a girl of twelve years old.
2 She is tall and slim with big eyes and curly hair.
3 Being kind and helpful, she always enjoys helping others out.
4 In her spare time, she spends much time listening to music and reading novels.
5 She gets on well with almost anyone and is always welcome wherever she goes.
說(shuō)明文常用句型
1簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明圖表內(nèi)容的句型：
The table/chart shows the differences between ……
As can be seen from the chart……
From the table/chart/forms we can see…
The table tells us that……
2表示變化/比較的句型：
There was a great / slight increase/rise in ……
There has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in……
It is 20% lower /higher than……
The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.
The number is … times as much as that of……
It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by ……times/ ……percent/ 2/3.
3說(shuō)明原因的句型：
The reason for ……is that……
One may think of the change as a result of……
The change in…… largely results from the fact that……
There are several causes for this significant growth in …… First……
This brings out the important fact that……
4 結(jié)尾句型：
In summary, it is important….
From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that…
Obviously, if we want to…., it is necessary ….
There is no doubt that attention must be paid……
議論文常用句型
1 People’s views on …… vary from person to person. Some people think that……. They hold this opinion because…… However, others believe that….
2 Opinions are divided on the question. …… of the …… are against the idea ( that…). They believe …. On the other hand, …. think that….
3 There is no doubt that …. has a lot of advantages. It not only… but also… At the same time, … However, just as an English proverb goes, every coin has two sides. …..
4 There is a general discussion on about …. Those who object to it/are for it, on the hand, insist that ….
5 … of the students are against the idea of …. Their concern is that …
On the other hand, … think …..
6 It is necessary that proper/quick action should be taken to prevent ….
7 In a word, there are three suggestions we must follow… Only in this way can we achieve a great success.
8 There is little doubt that special attention must be paid to the problem/situation.
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