五、ought to的用法
1. 表示義務(wù)或責任
意為“應(yīng)該”:
We ought to start at once. 我們應(yīng)該馬上離開。
Such things ought not to be allowed. 這類事不該容許。
2. 表示建議或勸告
意為“應(yīng)該”:
You ought to see the new film. 你應(yīng)該看看這部新電影。
We oughtn’t to take risks. 我們不宜于冒險。
He said I ought to write an article about it. 他說我應(yīng)當寫一篇文章談這事。
3. 表示推斷
意為“應(yīng)該”、“可能”:
That ought to be enough food for all of us. 那些該夠我們大家吃的了。
Ask John. He ought to know. 問問約翰吧,他該知道。
I ought to be fit for work next month. 下個月我想必可以工作了。
注:用ought to 表示推斷時,語氣較肯定,通常指的是一種合乎邏輯的可能性(與should表推斷時相似),有時可譯為“準是”(但語氣比must要弱):
That ought to [should] be Janet coming upstairs now. 正在上樓的準是珍妮特。
4. 所接動詞所用形式
根據(jù)不同情況ought to后可接不同的動詞形式:
(1) 接動詞原形,用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r。(見上例)
(2) 接進行式,用于談?wù)撜谶M行的事:
You oughtn’t to be talking so much,Annie. 你不宜講這么多話,安妮。
It isn’t what I ought to be doing. 這不是我現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該做的事。
有時表示將要發(fā)生的事(正如用進行時態(tài)表示將來一樣):
I ought to be going. 我該走了。
We ought to be hearing from him soon. 我們不久應(yīng)當會接到他的信。
(3) 接完成式,用于過去的情況,可指過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況,也可接本該發(fā)生而實際上未發(fā)生的情況:
They ought to have arrived by now. 他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該已經(jīng)到了。
I ought to have helped her,but I never could. 我本該幫助她的,卻從未能這樣做。
I don’t think you ought to have done that. 我想你不應(yīng)該這樣做的。
5. 使用注意點
(1) 在否定式中用ought not 或oughtn’t,在疑問中將ought提到主語之前:
He ought to go now, oughtn’t he? 他現(xiàn)在該走了,是嗎?
(2) 在美國英語中,ought to用于否定句和疑問句時可將to省略(但在肯定句中to不宜省)。另外,在省略句中也可以省去to:
Ought we (to) have done it? 我們本該做此事嗎?
"Ought I to go?" "Yes, you ought (to)." “我該去嗎?”“對,你該去?!?/font>
6. ought to與 should的用法區(qū)別
(1) 一般說來,兩者可替換,只是ought to語氣稍重:
You ought to[should] go and see Mary sometime. 你應(yīng)該什么時候去看看瑪麗。
The train ought to [should] have arrived at six. 火車本應(yīng)該6點鐘到的。
(2) 表示出于法令規(guī)則、行為準則、道德責任等客觀情況而“應(yīng)該”做某事時,一般應(yīng)用ought to,若用should則含有個人意見,強調(diào)主觀看法:
We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will. 明天我們按理應(yīng)該去看看瑪麗,但是我認為我們不會去(此句不宜用should)。
(3) 在公告、須知或條例中,出于禮貌,常用should:
You should not run alongside the swimming-pool. 不準在游泳池邊奔跑。
六、will與would的用法
1. 表示意愿
will 表示現(xiàn)在的意愿,would表示過去的意愿:
I will pay you at the rate you ask. 我愿意照你要求的價錢付款。
Go where you will. 你愿到哪里就到哪里。
He wouldn’t help me yesterday. 他昨天不愿幫助我。
She asked if I would go with them. 他問我是否愿同他們一起去。
注:(1) 表示“意愿”的 will 有時可用于條件句中:
If you will allow me, I will see you home. 如果你同意,我可以送你回家。
(2) would也可表示現(xiàn)在的意愿,語氣較委婉:
I’d go there with you. 我愿同你去那兒。
I wouldn’t go. 我不會去。
2. 表示征求意見或提出請求
主要用于第二人稱的疑問句中,will和would均可用,would此時并不表過去,而表示委婉語氣:
Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脫掉?
Will [would] you please post the letter for me? 請幫我寄了這封信好嗎?
Would Sunday night suit you? 星期天晚上適合你嗎?
注:(1) 有時為使語氣委婉,可用否定式??偟恼f來,用would比用will委婉,用won’t和would’t比單獨用will和would要委婉。
(2) would有時用于提出想示,通常與like, love, hate, prefer, be glad, be happy等連用,若用于第一人稱有時也可將would換成should:
I’d like [love] to have a look at it. 我想看看它。
I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天不想出去。
3. 表示習慣和傾向性
will表示現(xiàn)在的習慣,would表示過去的習慣:
Oil will float on water. 油總是浮在水上。
This window won’t open. 這扇窗戶經(jīng)常打不開。
He’ll talk for hours, if you let him. 你要讓他講,他會講幾個小時。
The wound would not heal. (過去)傷口老不愈合。
When he was a child, he would often go skiing. 他小時候經(jīng)常去滑雪。
He would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all. 有時他在那里一坐幾個鐘頭,什么也不做。
注:有時would表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的令人不耐煩的事:
That’s exactly like him—he would lose her keys! 他就是這樣,老丟鑰匙!
4. 表示推測
will用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在,would可用于談?wù)撨^去,也可用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在(語氣較委婉):
This car will hold six people. 這輛小汽車可以坐六個人。
Ask him. He will know. 問問他吧,他大概知道。
You wouldn’t know. 你不會知道。
Every family would have some sort of trouble. 家家都會有本難念的經(jīng)。
The person you mentioned would be her father, is that right? 你提的那個人想必是她的父親,對嗎?
注:有時可后接完成式,表示對過去可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進行推測:
You will have heard of it. 你已經(jīng)聽到那事了吧。
I thought you would have finished it by now. 我想你現(xiàn)在可能已經(jīng)做完了吧。
5. 表示執(zhí)意或決心
will表示現(xiàn)在的執(zhí)意和決心,would表示過去的執(zhí)意和決心:
“Tell me the secret.” “I won’t.”“把秘密告訴我。”“我才不哩?!?/font>
I won’t have anything said against her. 我絕不讓誰說她的壞話。
He would do it, though I told him not to. 雖然我叫他不要做,可是他偏要做。
注:此用法可視為表意愿的加強用法,即強烈的意愿即為決心。
6. 其他用法
will 還可表示許諾、指示、叮囑等,而would還可用于評論某一特定的行為等:
You will have your share. 你會得到你那一份的。
You will do as I told you. 你得照我說的去做。
That’s just what he would say. 他就是愛那樣講話。
You would never do anything to hurt me. 你絕不會做傷害我的事的。
7. would與虛擬條件句
有時用would,可視為是省略了或包含有相關(guān)條件的虛擬語氣:
I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可能親自去看她,那樣更好些。(=It would be better if I saw her personally.)
She’d be stupid not to accept. 她不接受那才笨呢。(=She would be stupid if the didn’t accept.)
七、need的用法
1. 基本用法特點
need可用實意動詞和情態(tài)動詞,用作情態(tài)動詞時,意思是“有必要”或“需要”,其后接動詞原形,通常只用于否定句或疑問句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:
You needn’t worry. 你不必擔心。
Why need you go today?為什么你需要今天走?
He wondered whether they need send a deposit. 他不知道他們是否得交定金。
注:(1) 由于用作情態(tài)動詞的need通常不用于肯定句,所以對于以need開頭的疑問句的否定回答可用needn’t,但是肯定回答卻不能用Yes, you need之類的,應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況改用其他表達:
"Need he stay here?" "Yes, he must." “他有必要留在這兒嗎?”“是的,必須留在這兒?!?/font>
(2) need有時用于含有only, all 等表限制意義的肯定句中:
This is the only form you need fill in. 你要填的只有這一張表。
All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需從機場打個的即可。
2. 后接動詞完成式的用法
若要談?wù)撨^去情況,應(yīng)在其后接動詞完成式:
You needn’t have come in person. 你當時不必親自來的。
Need you have paid so much? 你當時真需付那么多錢嗎?
注:(1) 在賓語從句中可直接用need表示過去(也可用didn’t have to):
He said he need not [didn’t have to] hurry. 他說他不必匆忙。
(2) 注意對“need+have+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)疑問式的回答:
"Need he have come so early?" "Yes, he had to." / "No, he needn’t have."“他來那么早有必要嗎?”“有必要,他必須來那么早?!?“不,他本來沒有必要來那么早的?!?/font>
3. 后接動詞的進行式的用法
有時后接進行式表示動作正在進行:
We needn’t be standing here in the rain. 我們沒有必要站在這里被雨淋。
4. needn’t have done與didn’t need to do
前者主要表示某事已經(jīng)做了,但后來覺得沒必要去做,因此常含有責備或遺憾之意;后者則不具體表明某事是否做了(即可能做了也可能沒有做,此用法中的need為實義動詞):
I got up early, but I needn’t have done so, because I had no work to do that morning. 我起床起得很早,但我本來不必起那么早的,因為我那天早上沒什么事做。
I didn’t need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 a.m.. 今天早上我不必早起,所以我一直睡到上午九點鐘才起床。
若沒有特定的上下文,有時可能有歧義:
I didn’t need to go the office yesterday.
(1) 我昨天無需去那兒。(所以沒去)(=I didn’t have to go there yesterday.)
(2) 我昨天本來不必去那兒的。(但我卻去了)(=I needn’t have gone there yesterday.)
八、dare的用法
1. 基本用法特點
dare可用實意動詞和情態(tài)動詞,用作情態(tài)動詞時,意思是“敢”,其后接動詞原形,通常只用于否定句或疑問句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句:
Dare you tell her the truth? 你敢告訴她事實真相嗎?
I don’t know whether he dare try. 我不知他是否敢試一試。
I daren’t ask her for a rise. 我不敢要求她加薪。
注:I dare say 是習慣說法(用于肯定句),并不一定要譯為“我敢說”,它所表示的是一種不肯定的語氣,常譯為“很可能”、“大概”、“我想”等,有時用作反語:
I dare say (that) you are right. 我想你是對的。
Oh, you mean to win? I dare say you will. 啊,你想打贏? 我且看你贏吧。
(2) dare用作實義動詞時意為“敢于”,可以有各種詞形變化,可用于各類句型(肯定句、否定句、疑問句及各類從句等),其后多接帶 to 的不定式,有時 to 也可省去(尤其是在否定句或疑問句),可用于非謂語形式,完成時態(tài)等:
We must dare to think, speak and act. 我們必須敢想、敢說、敢做。
I wonder how he dares (to) say such things. 我納悶他怎么竟敢說出這樣的話來。
Did he dare (to) tell her? 他敢告訴她嗎?
We don’t dare (to) say anything. 我們什么也不敢說。
The boy stood before the teacher, not daring to look up. 這個小男孩站在老師面前不敢抬頭。
I’ve never dared (to) ask her. 我從來不敢問她。
2. dare的過去式問題
情態(tài)動詞dare可以有過去式dared,但也可以直接用dare表示過去式,或后接動詞完成式:
That was why he dared do so. 那就是他為什么敢這樣做的原因。
Mother dare not tell father she’d given away his old jacket. 母親不敢告訴父親她把他的舊上衣送人了。
I didn’t like their new house though I daren’t have said so. 我不喜歡他們的新房子,雖然我沒敢這樣說過。
I daren’t have done it yesterday.but I think I dare now.昨天我沒敢這樣做,但現(xiàn)在我想我敢。
注:dare后通常不接動詞的進行式。
九、used to的用法
1. 基本用法特點
used to的意思是“過去經(jīng)?!?,其中的to是不定式符號,不是介詞,所以其后接動詞原形(不接動名詞):
He used to live in Paris. 他過去一直住在巴黎。
I used to write poetry when I was young.我年輕時常常寫詩。
"Do you play golf?" "No, but I used to." “你打高爾夫球嗎?”“不打,但我過去打?!?/font>
2. 如何構(gòu)成否定式和疑問式
used to作為情態(tài)動詞,可直接在used后加not構(gòu)成否定式,直接將used置于句首構(gòu)成疑問式,但與一般的情態(tài)動詞不同的,它也可像普通動詞那樣借助助動詞did構(gòu)成否定式和疑問式:
He usedn’t [didn’t use] to come. 他過去不常來。
You used to go there, usedn’t [didn’t] you? 你過去常到那兒去,是嗎?
Where did you use to live? 你過去是住哪兒的?
注:在現(xiàn)代英語中,used to的否定式和疑問式通常借助助動詞did構(gòu)成(特別是在口語和非正式文體中),而直接將used作為助動詞用通常被認為是非常正統(tǒng)或過時的用法。然而有趣的是,有時還可見到以下這種混合形式:
Did you used to be a teacher? 你過去是當老師的嗎?
They didn’t used to live here. 他們過去沒住在這兒。
3. used to與副詞連用
與often, always, never等副詞連用時,通常置于副詞之后,也可置于副詞之前:
I always used [used always] to be afraid of dogs. 我過去老是怕狗。
He often used [used often] to sit outside the door of his house. 他過去常坐他家門口。
注意,它通常不與具體的一般不能與表示次數(shù)(如twice, three times 等)或一段時間(如three months, five years等)的詞連用:
正:I went to Paris three times. 我去巴黎去過3次。
誤:I used to go to Paris three times.
正:He lived in the country for three years. 他在鄉(xiāng)下住過3年。
誤:He used to live in the country for three years.
4. used to 與 be used to的用法比較
(1) used to 意為“過去經(jīng)?!?,其中的 to 是不定式符號,后接動詞原形:
He used to live in Paris. 他過去一直住在巴黎。
(2) be used to 意為“習慣于”,其中的to是介詞,后接要用動名詞:
He is used to living in the country. 他已習慣于住在鄉(xiāng)下。
注:① 若要強調(diào)從不習慣到習慣的過程,可用 get, become 等代替動詞 be:
He has got used to looking after himself. 他已習慣于自己照顧自己。
② be used to 有時可能是動詞 use 的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) (此時意為“被用來”,其中的 to 為不定式符號,其后要接動詞原形):
A hammer is used to drive in nails. 錘子是用來釘釘子的。
5. used to 與would的用法比較:
(1) 兩者都表示過去的習慣,當表示過去習慣性的動作時,可互換:
When we were children we would [used to] go skating every winter. 我們小時候,每年冬天都去溜冰。
(2) 若表示過去持續(xù)的狀態(tài),通常只用used to,不用would:
He used to like you. 他原來還是喜歡你的。
He is not what he used to be. 他已不是從前的他了。
(3) 若要強調(diào)過去與現(xiàn)在的對比,也通常只用used to:
I don’t smoke these days, but I used to. 我現(xiàn)在不抽煙,但我以前是抽的。
I used to drive to work but now I cycle. 過去我常駕車上班,但我現(xiàn)在騎自行車。
十、had better 的用法
1. 基本用法特點
其意為“最好”、“應(yīng)該”,后接動詞原形,與情態(tài)動詞should用法相似,其中的had通??s略為 ‘d:
You’d better get some sleep.你最好去睡一會兒。
We had better go before it rains. 我們最好在下雨前就去。
2. 如何構(gòu)成否定式和疑問式
構(gòu)成否定式時,通常將not置于had better之后(而不是had之后);而構(gòu)成疑問式時,則通常將had(而不是had better)置于主語之前:
I’d better not disturb him.我最好別去打擾他。
What had we better do? 我們最好怎么辦?
注:在否定疑問句或反意疑問句中可將 not 與 had 連用:
Hadn’t we better go now? 我們是不是現(xiàn)在就去呢?
3. 后接進行式和完成式動詞
有時后接動詞的進行式,表示最好馬上做某事;也可接完成式動詞,表示最好做完某事或本該做某事而未做某事:
I think I’d better be going.我想我最好還是馬上走。
You’d better be getting your clothes ready. 你最好馬上把衣服準備好。
You had better have done that. 你最好把那事做完。
You had better have stayed here. 你本來應(yīng)該呆在這兒的。
4. 幾點用法說明
(1) had better 用于提出建議或請求時,并不是一個很客氣委婉的表達,它暗示對方有義務(wù)去做某事,因此通常用于長輩對晚輩或上級對下級等,而不宜反過來用。
(2) had best與had better 用法和含義均差不多,但不如had better普通:
You had best get home before midnight.你最好在午夜之前回到家里。
We had best be going.我們最好現(xiàn)在就走。
(3) 有時可省略其中的had:
You better stop arguing.你們最好不要爭論了。
Better not wait for him. 最好不要等他了。
Better say yes, if they ask you. 如果他們問你,你最好說“是”。
(4) 有時為了強調(diào),可將better置于had之前:
"I promise I’ll pay you back." "You better had." “我何證還給你?!薄澳阕詈眠€給我?!?/font>
十二、高考重要考點精練
1. The police still haven’t found her, but they’re doing all they _____.
A. may B. can C. must D. will
2. It’s a very kind offer, but I really ______ accept it.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. don’t
3. Their answers are exactly the same — one of them _____ from the other.
A. must copy B. must have copied C. could copy D. should have copied
4. We ______ a worse day for the picnic — it rained nonstop.
A. couldn’t pick B. couldn’t have picked
C. might pick D. might not have picked
5. “Where’s the library?” “I ______ know.”
A. couldn’t B. wouldn’t C. didn’t D. mightn’t
6. That car nearly hit me; I _______.
A. might be killed B. might have been killed
C. may be killed D. may been killed
7. You ______ him the news; he knew it already.
A. needn’t tell B. needn’t have told C. mightn’t tell mightn’t have told
8. You _______ practise the drums while the baby is sleeping.
A. needn’t B. mightn’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
9. Are you still here? You _______ home hour ago.
A. should go B. should have gone C. might go D. may have gone
10. As she’s not here, I suppose she _______ home.
A. must go B. must have gone C. might go D. might be going
11. “I thought you wouldn’t mind.” “Well, as a matter of fact I don’t, but you _____ me first.”
A. should ask B. should have asked
C. must ask D. must have asked
12. “Do you think he is lazy?” “I _____ once, but I don’t now.”
A. may have thought B. can have thought C. may think D. might think
13. The soldiers tried their best and did what they could ____ against the flood.
A. fight B. to fight C. fighting D. fought
14. You _____ be right, but I don’t think you are.
A. can B. could C. must D. should
15. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didn’t recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _____ my aunt Jean.”
A. must be B. must have been
C. might be D. can have been
參考答案:1—5 BCBBB 6—10 BBCBB 11—15 BABBB
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