動詞不定式用法匯總
動詞不定式(todo)是初中英語課的一個重點,也是中考要考查的一個項目。動詞不定式屬于非謂語動詞的一種形式,很多同學經(jīng)常把它和謂語動詞混在一起,掌握起來有困難。下面我們對動詞不定式的用法做簡單歸納,幫助同學們記憶:
一、動詞不定式在句子中不能充當謂語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
二、動詞不定式是由“to+動詞原形”構成(有時可以不帶to)。動詞不定式的否定形式是“not+動詞不定式”(not不與助動詞連用)。
三、動詞不定式短語具有名詞、形容詞和副詞等的功能,可在句中用做多種句子成分。
1、主語:常置于句末,而用it代替其做形式主語。
:To go in for sports helps you stay fit.(book4,L28)It helps you stay fit to go in for sports. It is dangerous to swim in the deep sea on your own.
注:此句式中不定式邏輯上的主語可由for或of引出,邏輯主語由of引出時,表語的形容詞為kind,nice,good,polite,clever,foolish,right,wrong等表示
評價的形容詞。例:It’srightofhimtorefusethe
invitation.(him為邏輯主語)
2、表語:Ourdutyistoprotecttheenviroment.
3、動詞賓語:此種情況可按固定搭配或句式去記。
例:wouldyouliketoseemyphotos?Kevinplannedtovisithisuncle.(book4,L11)
和plan用法一樣的詞還有:start,want,agree,hope,begin,decide等。
Ifounditverydifficulttogeta
job.(it為形式賓語)4、賓語補足語:(1)在多數(shù)復合賓語及物動詞后要帶to:例:Iaskedafriendtoreadittome.(book4,L2)(2)在表示感覺、致使等意義的動詞
(see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,
make,let,have,help等)后不帶to。例:Theyheardhimsingapopsonginthemeetingroom.
5、定語:動詞不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞的后面。
例:Vinnyisthefirstdisabledper鄄sontosailaroundtheworld.(book4,
L1)6、形容詞補足語:在表示心理、感情、評價等的形容詞后,對其進行補充說明。
例:Weareverygladtomeetyouagain.
7、狀語:表示目的、原因、程度等。
例:Theybroughtinphotosoftheir
familiesformetolookat.(book4,L2)
8、“疑問詞+不定式”用法:不定式前可帶what,who,which,where,when,how等疑問詞,這種不定式短語在句中多用做賓語。
例:Hedidn’ttellmewheretogo.9、在初中階段還涉及到“不定式被動語態(tài)一般式(tobe+過去分詞)”
例:There are twenty more trees to be planted.
動詞不定式和動名詞的句法功能比較：
一、作主語
⒈不定式作主語
動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種：
(1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①It＋be＋名詞＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③It＋be＋形容詞＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容詞＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容詞＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當于Sb is＋形容詞＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
⒉動名詞作主語
Learning without practice is no good.
動名詞作主語時，也常用It句式。如：
①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…
It's no good reading in dim light.
It's no use sitting here waiting.
②It's＋形容詞＋doing
It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary則不適用于這種結構，應用不定式代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在這一結構中，動名詞后常帶賓語，相當于"It's impossible to…"結構。
⒊動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
①不定式作主語經(jīng)常表示具體動作，常與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；而動名詞作主語經(jīng)常表示抽象動作，經(jīng)常不與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如：
It's no good eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much fat.
②動名詞結構作主語，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語。如：
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.
二、作賓語
⒈不定式作賓語
①以下動詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，這些詞大部分可接th at引導的從句。如：
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.
②當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補語之后，即：主語＋動 詞＋it＋補語＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③介詞but,except,besides+to do(do)
在這種句型中，如介詞前有動詞do，后面應接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to，帶to不帶do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
⒉動名詞作賓語
①以下動詞后，只能接動名詞作賓語，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.
②動名詞作介詞的賓語
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
動名詞前的介詞有時可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。
⒊部分動詞后面，既可接動詞不定式，也可接動名詞作賓語，意義不變。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被動意義，也可接不定式，但要用被動形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來事件，接動名詞表示目前正在進行的活動或一般的行為。
在下列情況下，一般要用不定式：
①hate,like,love前有would(should)時，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②當謂語動詞begin,continue,start等是進行式時，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時，如：I soon began to understand what
was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如：
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時，意義差別較大，應根據(jù)句子語境選擇使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如：
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味著……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 設法盡力做某事
doing 試著做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語）
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住……
to do不能幫助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同內(nèi)容的事
doing 繼續(xù)不停地做某事，指同一動作的繼續(xù)
He went on to talk about world situation.他接著又談了世界形勢。
We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.
⑦leave off to do 離開某地去干什么（目的狀語）
doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
三、做表語
不定式作表語表示具體動作或?qū)韯幼鳎粍用~作表語表示抽象的一般行為。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
當主語和表語都是不定式時，其含義一是條件，一是結果（例①）。當主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例②）時，或以what引導的名詞性分句（例③），不定 式說明主語的內(nèi)容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句動名詞作表語，與主語部分可以轉換，如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動名詞作表語還應與進行時態(tài)區(qū)別開來。
四、作定語
⒈不定式作定語
不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如：
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關系：
(1)表示將來的動作（例①）。
(2)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，如是不及物動詞，則需加介詞（例④）。
(3)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，同時與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系時，盡管有被動含義，卻仍用主動語態(tài)（例③）；如只有動賓關系，而無邏輯上的主謂關系，則需用被動語態(tài)（例②）。
(4)不定式作定語時，一般可轉換為定語從句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。
⒉動名詞作定語
①This passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.
③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句動名詞作定語說明一種性能，即：用來……的；第③句為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個分詞作定語常置于被修飾詞之前，與被修飾詞之間，可構成邏輯上的主謂關系，分詞短語作定語常置于被修飾詞之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.
五、不定式作補足語
⒈作賓語補足語
一些及物動詞除要求按賓語外，有時還需要有賓語補足語，說明賓語的行為、狀態(tài)、特征，這時意思才相對完整。
(1)常要求不定式作賓補的動詞有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（強迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)部分動詞后常接to be＋形容詞、名詞短語等形式，有時to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。
①We all believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.
但當不定式是完成式時，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish.
(3)感覺動詞和使役動詞后用作賓補的不定式須省略to。
①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every day.
這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework
every day.
(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可無。如：
Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?
I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.
(5)部分短語動詞后，常接不定式作賓補，如：
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.
常這樣用的短語動詞有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。
⒉作主語補足語
不定式作主語補足語，和主語構成一種邏輯上的主謂關系。如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
六、不定式作狀語
⒈作目的狀語
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.
(2)有時為了強調(diào)，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.
有時為強調(diào)目的狀語可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部分可轉換為so that,in order that,成為目的狀語從句，如：
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動形式表示被動意義，這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常這樣用的形容詞有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作結果狀語
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列結構中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾glad to have…，相當 于very）
②We have too much to learn.我們要學的太多了（不定式作定語）。
⒊不定式短語還可作獨立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
常見的短語有to be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（說句對他公道的 話），to be sure（真的）等等。
七、動詞不定式、動名詞的其它用法
⒈疑問詞＋不定式結構
疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑問詞＋不定式部分，均可轉換為相應的從句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…h(huán)ow I
could learn…
經(jīng)常在這種結構中使用的動詞有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉動詞不定式的時態(tài)、語態(tài)
(1)時態(tài)
①一般式：動詞不定式一般式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后，有時表示同時發(fā)生。如：
I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome發(fā)生在hope之后）
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同時發(fā)生）
②完成式：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
③進行式：表示的動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。如：
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(2)語態(tài)
如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者，不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主語）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主語）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作賓語）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定語）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作狀語）
在There be結構中，修飾主語的不定式可用被動，也可用主動。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊動名詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)
(1)時態(tài)
①一般式：動名詞的一般式所表示的動作可以是泛指，也可與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或發(fā)生在謂語動作之前、之后。如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：
Lmagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被動語態(tài)
①如果動名詞的邏輯主語為動名詞所表示的動作的承受者，動名詞要用被動語態(tài)，動名詞的被動語態(tài)有一般式與完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有些動詞后的動名詞用主動形式，但表示被動意義。如：
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口語中，為避免重復，常用"to"代替不定式結構，有時甚至可以把to省略。如：
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②—Would you like to come to a party?
—I'd love to.
③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try.
另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于這一結構中。
⒌在why引起的問句中，省略"to"。如：
Why spend such a lot of money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍當兩個或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用時，只在第一個不定式前加"to"。如：
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.
⒎"to"在下列短語中是“介詞”，后接動名詞或名詞形式。如：
devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面對），look forward to（盼望），object to（反對），take to（養(yǎng) 成習慣，對……感興趣；開始從事某種活動），be used to（習慣于）等。
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