一、概說
主謂一致指謂語動(dòng)詞必須在人稱與數(shù)的方面與主語保持一致。主謂人稱一致的問題比較簡單，因?yàn)槌齽?dòng)詞be和have有不同的人稱變化外，其他動(dòng)詞只有單數(shù)第三人稱一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)加詞尾-s 或-es。至于謂語與主語數(shù)的一致問題，則比較復(fù)雜，本章主要討論謂語與主語數(shù)的一致問題。
二、主謂一致的三個(gè)原則
1. 語法一致原則
該原則要求謂語動(dòng)詞必須與主語在語法形式上保持一致，即主語是單數(shù)形式，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式：
Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法語。
2. 意義一致原則
有時(shí)候謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語所表示的概論，而不是其語法形式：
This news is important for us. 這條消息對(duì)我們很重要。
Watch out! The police are coming. 當(dāng)心，警察來了。
3. 就近原則
有時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的的數(shù)決定于主語中最靠近它的詞語：
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你錯(cuò)了就是我錯(cuò)了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老師和學(xué)生對(duì)此都不感興趣。
三、以集合名詞做主語的主謂一致問題
1. 通常用作復(fù)數(shù)的集合名詞
police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名詞，總是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，用作主語時(shí)，其謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)：
The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。
People are beginning to talk about her. 人們開始議論她。
Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。
注：goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，且只表示復(fù)數(shù)意義：
Such clothes are very cheap. 那樣的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的貨物都給他們送去了。
2. 只用作單數(shù)的不可數(shù)集合名詞
clothing(衣服)，poetry(詩歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(機(jī)械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠寶)，equipment(設(shè)備)等集合名詞通常只用作不可數(shù)名詞，表示單數(shù)意義，用作主語時(shí)，其后謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：
Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我們的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他們所有的行李都被偷了。
The furniture is convenient to move. 這家具搬起來很方便。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 這個(gè)工廠所有的機(jī)器都是中國產(chǎn)的。
3. 既可表示單數(shù)意義也可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞
family(家庭)，team(隊(duì)，隊(duì)員)，class(班，班上的全體學(xué)生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘務(wù)員)，committee(委員會(huì))，audience(聽眾)，public(公眾)等集合名詞，當(dāng)它們表示整體意義時(shí)，表單數(shù)意義，當(dāng)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體意義時(shí)，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義：
Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一個(gè)大家庭。
Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。
The team is the best in the league. 這個(gè)隊(duì)在聯(lián)賽中打得最好。
The football team are having baths. 足球隊(duì)隊(duì)員們?cè)谙丛琛?/font>
It was late, but the audience was increasing. 時(shí)間很遲了，但聽眾人數(shù)卻在增加。
The audience were all moved to tears. 聽眾都感動(dòng)得流了淚。
注：有時(shí)沒有特定的語境，用單復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可以：
The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 觀眾對(duì)演出甚感激動(dòng)。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公眾有權(quán)知道這篇報(bào)告的內(nèi)容。
四、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語的主謂一致問題
1. 由and和both...and連接的并列主語
謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)：
Jim and Mary are both interested in it. 吉姆和瑪麗都對(duì)此感興趣。
Both brother and sister are college students. 兄妹倆都是大學(xué)生。
注：(1) 當(dāng)由and連接的兩個(gè)并列主語受each, every, no的修飾時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)：
Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每個(gè)男孩女孩都喜歡這本書。
No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房間里不見桌椅。
(2) 當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)數(shù)相加時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)：
Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。
(3) 當(dāng)and連接的兩個(gè)的詞語指同一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，謂語通常要用單數(shù)：
A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 遠(yuǎn)處看見一輛馬車。
2. 由or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but等連接的并列主語
謂語動(dòng)詞通常與最靠近的主語保持一致(即遵循就近原則)：
He or I am wrong. 不是他錯(cuò)了，就是我錯(cuò)了。
Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。
Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不僅孩子們想去，母親也想去。
注意這類句型的疑問句形式：
Were you or he there? 當(dāng)時(shí)是你還是他在那兒?
Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你還是怪他?
注：在非正式文體中，個(gè)別結(jié)構(gòu)(如neither…nor)連接主語時(shí)，謂語可用復(fù)數(shù)：
Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come. 他的爸爸和媽媽都沒來。
3. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等連接的并連主語
謂語動(dòng)詞通常與前面一個(gè)主語保持一致：
The teacher as well as the students has read it 不僅學(xué)生讀過它，老師也讀過。
The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 應(yīng)受責(zé)備的是老師而不是學(xué)生。
五、數(shù)量概念作主語時(shí)的主語一致問題
1. 表時(shí)間長度、錢數(shù)、速度等的詞組作主語
通常將其視為整體，謂語用單數(shù)：
Twenty years is a long time. 20年是很長的時(shí)間。
Ten dollars is all I have left. 我只剩下10美元。
2. 分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))作主語
“分?jǐn)?shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))+of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致：
About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day. 那天大約有30%的學(xué)生遲到。
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海。
注：在現(xiàn)代英語中，有時(shí)即使該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)，其謂語也可用單數(shù)(即將其視為整體)：
Over sixty per cent of families own [owns] a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已擁有電視機(jī)。
3.“one in [out of]+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語
謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)：
Only one in ten students has passed the examination. 只有十分之一的學(xué)生通過了考試。
One out of twelve bottles was broken. 每12個(gè)瓶子中有一個(gè)破了。
注：在非正式文體中有時(shí)也用復(fù)數(shù)謂語：
Nationwide, one in five adults are illiterate. 就全國范圍而言，五個(gè)成年人中有一個(gè)是文盲。
5.“all of (some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, plenty of)+名詞”作主語
謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致：
Most of the people are against the plan. 大多數(shù)人反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
Most of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. 地球的大部分地區(qū)被水覆蓋。
Half of the apple is bad. 這個(gè)蘋果有一半是壞的。
Half of the apples are bad. 這些蘋果當(dāng)中有一半是壞的。
6.“one and a half＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”與“a＋單數(shù)名詞＋and a half”作主語
國內(nèi)不少書認(rèn)為，這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語均用單數(shù)：
One and a half months has passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個(gè)半月。
但是，國外一些詞書則認(rèn)為，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞的數(shù)：
One and a half months have passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個(gè)半月。
7.“the [a] number of+名詞”作主語
該結(jié)構(gòu)若用定冠詞，其后謂語用單數(shù)；若用不定冠詞，其后謂語用復(fù)數(shù)：
The number of students is 4000. 學(xué)生人數(shù)為4000。
A number of people were absent from the meeting. 許多人開會(huì)缺席。
注意類似結(jié)構(gòu)：
The variety of goods in this shop is rich. 這家商店的品種豐富。
A variety of books have been published. 已出版了各種各樣的書。
.
六、某些不定代詞作主語時(shí)的主謂一致問題
1. someone, anyone, no one 等作主語
Someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等復(fù)合不定代詞作語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：
Someone is asking to see you. 有人找你。
Nobody is to blame for it. 這誰也不怨。
No one wants to read such books. 沒有想看那樣的書。
2. all 作主語
若指人，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)；若指事物或現(xiàn)象，謂語通常用單數(shù)：
All have gone home. 大家都走了。
All that glitters is not gold. 發(fā)亮的不一定都是金子。
比較：All is silent. 萬籟俱寂。(指現(xiàn)象)
All are silent. 人人都沉默不語。(指具體的人)
注：若是“all of+名詞”作主語，則謂語動(dòng)詞與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致。
3. either和neither作主語
若是單獨(dú)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：
Neither was satisfactory. 兩個(gè)都不令人滿意。
The two guests have arrived, and either is welcome. 兩位客人都到了，哪一位都受歡迎。
注：若是“either [neither] of+名詞”作主語，則其后的謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)(正式文體)或復(fù)數(shù)(非正式文體)：
Neither of the two computers is [are] cheap. 這兩臺(tái)電腦都不便宜。
Is [Are] either of the boys ready? 兩個(gè)男孩都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？
I don’t think either of them is [are] at home. 我想他們倆個(gè)都會(huì)不在家。
4. each作主語或修飾主語
單獨(dú)用作主語(或修飾主語)，謂語用單數(shù)
Each student has his own desk. 每個(gè)學(xué)生都有自己的課桌。
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 兩個(gè)男孩進(jìn)來，每人提著一只箱子。
注：(1) 兩個(gè)或多個(gè)“each＋單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)并列作主語時(shí), 謂語用單數(shù)。
(2) “each of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”用作主語, 謂語一般要用單數(shù)
Each of them was deeply frightened. 他們個(gè)個(gè)都驚恐萬分。
但是在非正式文體中(尤其是當(dāng) each of之后的名詞較長時(shí))偶爾也可用復(fù)數(shù)謂語，但很少見，學(xué)生宜慎用。
5. none (of) 作主語
若指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)；若指復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，謂語可用單數(shù)(正式文體)或復(fù)數(shù)(非正式文體)：
None of the money is mine. 這筆錢沒有一點(diǎn)是我的。
None of the boys like [likes] it. 這些男孩子誰也不喜歡它。
6. 關(guān)于“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”
在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞是one還是其后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 一般說來，在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，復(fù)數(shù)名詞通常被認(rèn)為是先行詞(即定語從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù))，除非one of前有the (only) 修飾(此時(shí)定語從句的謂語用單數(shù))：
He is one of the people who were killed in the accident. 他是事故中喪命的人之一。
He is the only one of the people who was killed in the accident. 他是事故中唯一喪命的人。
七、其他問題
1.“many a +名詞”和“more than one +名詞”作主語
謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常用單數(shù)(即遵循語法一致的原則)：
Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那兒玩。
More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生考試未及格。
2. each 用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞后作同位語
此時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：
They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 他們每人都有一本英漢詞典。
The young people each carry a big bag. 這些年輕人個(gè)個(gè)背著一個(gè)大袋子。
3. 主語后接in addition to, with, along with, together with, except, but等介詞
其后的動(dòng)詞形式取決介詞前主語：
Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了樹木之外什么也看不見。
No one except my parents knows anything about this. 除我父母之外沒有知道此事。
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同學(xué)都看過這部電影。
4. means作主語
名詞means(方法)單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)同形，用作主語時(shí)，其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)要視具體含義而定(尤其注意其前的修飾語)：
These means are very good. 這些方法很好。
Such a means is really unpleasant. 這樣的方法確實(shí)是令人不愉快。
若沒有特定的修飾語或語境，則用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)謂語均可：
There is [are] no good means. 沒有好的方法。
Are [Is] there any other means of doing it? 做這事還有其它的什么辦法嗎?
八、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)原創(chuàng)精練
1. The boys and the girls each ____ to do something different, which ____the teacher uneasy.
A. want, make B. wants, makes C. want, makes D. wants, make
2. More than one student _____ read the novels, which _____ written by David.
A. has, was B. have, were C. has, were D. have, was
3. In fact, ______ one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are
4. The ______ so much alike that I can’t tell which is which.
A. twin looks B. twins look C. twin look D. twins looks
5. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, around _____ some green trees.
A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are
6. Every boy and girl _____ the book and they each _____ to buy one.
A. like, want B. likes, wants C. likes, want D. like, wants
7. Nobody but Betty and Mary _____ late for class yesterday.
A. was B. were C. has been D. have been
8. The teacher as well as the students _____ the book already. They know it well.
A. has read B. have read C. are reading D. is reading
9. The city is not very big. One or two days _____ enough to see it.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
10. Not the teacher, but the students _____ looking forward ______ the film.
A. is, to see B. are, to see C. is to seeing D. are, to seeing
參考答案：1—5 CABBC 6—10 CAAAD
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