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P129 (1)

When I take a walk around Washington Square Park, I often see a lot of people walking with dogs. It is still true that a dog is the most useful and faithful animal in the world, but people have changed the reasons why they keep a dog. Of course, they keep dogs in order to keep safe. But the most important reason is that they can have friends, because the city can be a lonely place. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no friends to play with. For young couples, a dog is also their child when their real children have grown up. Now can you see the reason why people keep dogs?

The most famous vegetable in the world is the potato. It grows in many places and does not need as rich soil as many other crops need. But until four hundred years ago the potato was not known to Europeans. But today it is one of the main foods in Europe. About a half of the world’s potatoes are grown in Europe.

In France the potato was not grown for food a long time ago. A story is told about Houis. In 1778, he saw some potato flowers for the first time. He likes them so much that he picked one and put it in his buttonhole. He was interested in nineteenth century, the potato was eaten in almost all the countries of the world.

P130 (3)

We often think of insects as being harmful. This is not quite true. Many insects are harmful. Flies carry disease. Other insects carry disease, too.

Farmers are at war with insects most of the time. Hungry insects kill plants in the fields. Farmers spray the fields to get rid of these insects.

Does this mean that all insects are harmful? No. many are of great help to man. Bees make honey. Without bees and other insects, many trees would have no fruit. Silkworms make silk, some insects eat other insects that kill fruit trees.

Have you ever seen a praying mantis? People who do not know about the praying mantis sometimes kill it. They think it is harmful. But this insect is of great help to farmers and gardeners. It eats insects that kill plants.

Long ago, many people thought of most insects as enemies. Today we know the difference between harmful insects and those that help us.

我們往往認(rèn)為昆蟲是有害的。這是不完全正確的。許多昆蟲是有害的。蒼蠅攜帶疾病。其他昆蟲也攜帶疾病的。

農(nóng)民們大多數(shù)時間里是與昆蟲作斗爭。饑餓的昆蟲殺死田間的農(nóng)作物。農(nóng)民們噴灑除蟲劑以驅(qū)散這些昆蟲。

這是否意味著所有的昆蟲都有害嗎？不是的，許多昆蟲對人類有很大益處。蜜蜂制造蜂蜜。如果沒有蜜蜂和其他昆蟲，許多樹木就沒有果實(shí)。蠶吐絲，一些昆蟲吃殺其他蛀果樹的昆蟲。

你見過螳螂嗎？不了解螳螂的人有時會殺死它。他們認(rèn)為螳螂是有害的。但是，螳螂對農(nóng)民和園丁有很大的幫助。螳螂食用導(dǎo)致植物死亡的昆蟲。

很久以前，許多人把大多數(shù)昆蟲當(dāng)作敵人看待。今天，我們知道了益蟲和害蟲之間的區(qū)別。

P131 (4)

Some animals sleep in winter time because the weather can be very cold and it is difficult for them to find food. They can sleep for a long time (from autumn to spring). This kind of winter sleep is called “hibernation”.

If an animal moves about a lot, it needs food. Hibernating animals do not need to eat much because they are not moving about. Their hearts beat very slowly and they also breathe weather and where they are out of danger. Their body fat keeps them alive and warm.

Some animals, such as bears, may wake up from their hibernation on warm winter days and then quickly go back to sleep again when they see the snow is still thick on the ground. When the weather becomes warmer is spring, the animals start to wake up and look for good.

有些動物在冬季睡眠，因?yàn)槎咎鞖夥浅：?，并且他們難以找到食物。他們可以睡很長的時間（從秋季到春季）。這種在冬季的睡眠稱作“冬眠”。

如果一只動物到處活動，它需要食物。冬眠動物不需要吃太多，因?yàn)樗麄儧]有到處活動。他們的心跳很慢，他們僅做呼吸，而且他們遠(yuǎn)離生命危險。他們體內(nèi)脂肪保持他們的溫暖得以生存。

有些動物如熊，可能在溫暖的冬天從冬眠中醒來，然后當(dāng)他們看到地面積雪仍厚時又迅速回去睡覺了。當(dāng)春天來臨天氣變暖時，動物們開始蘇醒，尋找食物了。

P132 (5)

A seeing-eye dog is a special dog. It helps blind people walk along the streets and do many other things. We call these dogs “seeing-eye” dogs because the dogs are the “eyes” of the blind men and they help them to see. These dogs go to special schools for several years to learn to help blind people.

One day a seeing-eye dog and a blind man got on a bus together. The bus was full of people and there were no spare seats. One man, however, soon got up and left. The dog took the blind man to the seat but there was very little space. The dog began to push the people on each side with his nose. He pushed and pushed until the people moved down and finally there was enough space for two. The blind man then sat down and the dog got upon the seat at the side of the blind man. He lay and soon fell asleep. Everyone on the bus had to smile at the cleverness of the dog in making space for the blind man and, at the same time, making a place for himself.

導(dǎo)盲犬是一種特殊的狗。它可以幫助盲人沿著街道行走和做很多其他的事情。我們稱呼這些狗為“導(dǎo)盲”犬是因?yàn)?，這種狗是盲人的“眼睛”，他們幫助盲人去'看’。這些狗進(jìn)入特殊學(xué)校經(jīng)過幾年訓(xùn)練，以幫助失明人士。

一天，一位盲人和一條導(dǎo)盲犬一起登上一輛巴士。巴士里擠滿了人，沒有多余的座位。有個人，不久起身離開。導(dǎo)盲犬帶領(lǐng)盲人擠向座位，但是空間太小。狗開始用他的鼻子推開人們到一邊。他推啊推直到人們移開后，終于留下足夠有兩個人的空間。然后盲人坐下來，狗跳到盲人的一邊。狗躺著，很快就睡著了。巴士上的每個人都微笑地看著聰明狗為盲人找空位，并在同一時間，也為自己找了位子。

P133 (6)

Millions of years ago, there were lots of trees on the earth, because summer lasted all year round. A forest covered the earth like a green carpet.

What was that forest like? It is not difficult to find out, because parts of that ancient forest still stand. It is known as the rain forest. Here, even in fine weather water drips through the leaves.

The largest of today’s rain forests is in South America. It covers about a million square miles. All the trees are very tall. The young trees are up to 60 feet high. But it is not easy for some to grow taller, because very little sunlight reaches them.

The grown-up trees are about 60 to 120 feet high. Some are even taller. The tallest trees can be 200 or more feet high.

In this forest of tall trees, not only plant life is rich but also animal life. At different heights live different animals. By the many noises they make you know they are there.

幾百萬年前，地球上有大片森林，因?yàn)橄奶斐掷m(xù)全年。一個森林覆蓋的地球像一個綠色的地毯。

那時的森林象什么樣呢？答案不難找到，因?yàn)檫@種古老森林的一部分仍然存在。它被稱為熱帶雨林。在這里，即使是在晴朗的天氣，雨滴也撒向樹葉。

當(dāng)今最大的雨林是在南美洲。它占地約1萬平方公里。所有的樹木都非常高。年輕的樹高達(dá)60英尺高。但是它們不易于長高，因?yàn)楹苌訇柟庹盏剿鼈儭?

成年樹木約60至120英尺高。有些甚至更高。最高的樹能有200多英尺高。

在這高大樹木的森林里，不僅植物物種豐富，而且動物物種也豐富。在不同高度有不同的動物生活。通過很多的噪音它們讓你知道它們在哪兒。

P133 (7)

The crow is an ordinary bird. It is about twenty inches long and black all over. Crows are dirty birds because they live on old bad food. Crows eat a lot of waste food. In this way they are more useful to us than any other birds. They look for food all day long, and in the evening you can see them in large numbers flying back to their nests in the trees. They sleep there at night.

Crows are much noisier than other bird. Very often a large number of crows will get together on one house and talk. Sometimes they talk together, and sometimes they do it by turns like human beings. It is easy to tell from crows’ sounds whether they are pleased or angry. Perhaps crows talk to lot because they are friendly birds. A pair of crows will live together all their lives, and if one of them dies, the other one becomes very sad and quiet for the rest of its life and sometimes it dies too.

烏鴉是一種普通的鳥。它大約20英寸長全身通黑。烏鴉因?yàn)橐躁惛澄餅樯蔀榕K兮兮的鳥。烏鴉食用很多廢棄的食物。這樣，對我們而言他們比任何其他鳥類更有用。他們整天尋找食物，在晚上你可以看到成群的烏鴉飛回在樹上的巢穴。夜間他們睡在那里。

烏鴉比其他鳥喧鬧得多。很多時候，成群的烏鴉聚在一家一起討論。有時他們一起交談，有時他們象人一樣輪流說話。無論烏鴉是高興還是生氣，很容易從烏鴉的聲音來分辨?；蛟S因?yàn)闉貘f是友善的鳥類，它們交談很多。一對烏鴉將共同生活一輩子，如果其中一個死去，另一個的余生會變得非常傷心，非常寂寞，有時也一同死去。

P134 (8)

When we think of plants, most of us will think of things that grow from the ground and have green leaves, but there are plants that do not look of act like other plants. Some of these belong to a special class of plants called fungi.

Fungi may appear almost everywhere. They usually grow in damp places where they can get food and water easily. Because fungi do not have green leaves, they can not make food for themselves. Green plants use their leaves to make their own food, but fungi must take their food from animals, other plants or waste matter. Some fungi live on rotting wood, while others grow on living trees or in dirt or moss.

Mushrooms are the best-known fungi. There are many kinds of mushrooms appearing in all shapes and sizes. For example, cauliflower mushrooms are found in forests from July to October. They can grow to be as heavy as fifty pounds! They grow at the foot of trees.

Squirrel’s bread is another kind of wild mushroom. Its appearance and use explain the origin of its name. These fungi, look like small golden cakes, grow on short, fat stems. Squirrels can easily nibble them or carry them off to their nests to eat later.

The mushrooms found in food stores are carefully grown by people who know they are safe to eat. Mushrooms experts warn people never to touch or taste wild mushrooms because some of them are deadly. Even less dangerous ones can still make a person very sick.

當(dāng)我們談起植物，我們大多數(shù)人會想到的東西是，從地面生長，有綠葉子，但也有看起來不像其他植物生長樣式的。其中一些屬于一類特殊的植物稱為真菌。

真菌可能幾乎無處不在。它們通常生長在潮濕的地方，它們可以很容易得到養(yǎng)料和水。由于真菌沒有綠葉，它們不能為自己提供食物。綠色植物通過葉子提供給自己所需的養(yǎng)料，但真菌必須從動物，植物或其他廢物獲取養(yǎng)料。有些真菌生活在腐爛的木材上，而另一些長在樹上或生活在泥土中或生活在苔蘚上。

蘑菇是最著名的真菌。有各種形狀和大小的許多種蘑菇。例如，在7?10月的森林中可以找到花椰菜蘑菇。它們可以長到 五十磅 重！它們長在樹腳邊。

松鼠的面包是另一種野生蘑菇。它們的外觀和用途說明了其名稱的由來。這些真菌，看上去像小黃金蛋糕，長有短短的，肥肥的莖干。松鼠可以很容易地蠶食它們或?qū)⑺鼈冞\(yùn)回自己的巢穴以后吃。

？[The mushrooms found in food stores are carefully grown by people who know they are safe to eat.]？由懂得可以安全食用的行家發(fā)現(xiàn)的蘑菇品種在食品店謹(jǐn)慎地增加。蘑菇專家警告人們千萬不要觸摸或品嘗野蘑菇，因?yàn)槠渲杏行┦侵旅摹＜词共恢旅囊材苁谷瞬〉煤苤亍?span lang="EN-US">

In Canada you can find dogs, cats, horses, etc, in almost every family. These are their pets. People love these pets and have them as their good friends. Before they keep them in their houses, they take them to animal hospitals to give them needles so that they won’t carry disease. They have special animal food stores. Some people spend around two hundred Canadian dollars a month on animal food. When you visit people’s homes, they would be very glad to show you their pets and they are very proud of them. You will also find that almost every family has a bird feeder in their garden. All kinds of birds are welcomed to come and have a good meal. They are free to come and go and nobody is allowed to kill any animal in Canada. They have a law against killing wild animals. If you killed an animal, you would be punished. If an animal happened to get run over by a car people would be very sad about it.

People in Canada have many reasons to like animals. One of them might be: their family tie is not as close as ours. When children grow up they leave their parents and start their own life. Then the old will feel lonely. But pets can solve this problem. They can be good friends and never leave them alone.

在加拿大幾乎每個家庭你可以找到狗，貓，馬等。這些都是他們的寵物。人們喜歡這些寵物，并當(dāng)它們的好朋友。在他們自己家里飼養(yǎng)之前，他們帶它們?nèi)游镝t(yī)院給動物注射疫苗以預(yù)防疾病。他們有專門的動物性食品的商店。有些人1個月的動物食物花費(fèi)約200加元。當(dāng)你拜訪加人的家園，他們會很樂意告訴你他們的寵物，他們很為它們感到驕傲。你還會發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾乎每個家庭的花園里都有鳥兒的喂食器。歡迎各種鳥類來美餐，它們可以自由地來來去去，在加拿大沒有人可以殺死任何動物。他們立法禁止捕殺野生動物。如果你殺死一個動物，你會受到懲罰。如果一個動物碰巧被車輾過，人們會很難過的。

加拿大人喜歡動物有很多理由。其中之一可能是：他們的親屬關(guān)系并非如我們那樣地接近。當(dāng)孩子長大后，他們離開父母，開始自己的生活。然后，年老的會覺得孤獨(dú)。但寵物可以解決這個問題。他們可以成為好朋友，從來沒有離開他們。

P137 (10)

To find out whether bees can see colours, the following experiment is made. A table is put in a garden, and on the table is a blue card with some syrup on it. As soon as one bee finds the syrup, many more come to it one after another in a short tome. It seems that one bee is able to tell the news of food to the other bees in their “home”. After a moment, the blue card with syrup on it is taken away. Instead of this card, a blue card is now put on the left side of the first feeding place and a red card to its right. Nothing can be seen on the two cards. Very soon bees arrive again, and fly straight to the blue card. None go to the red one.

要了解蜜蜂是否可以辨別顏色，進(jìn)行下面的實(shí)驗(yàn)。花園里擺上一張桌子，桌上放著一塊涂了糖漿的藍(lán)色卡片。只要一只蜜蜂發(fā)現(xiàn)糖漿，短時間里就會有更多的蜜蜂一個接一個到來?？磥恚粋€蜜蜂能把食物信息傳遞給“家”中的其他蜜蜂。過一會兒，拿走涂有糖漿的藍(lán)色卡片?，F(xiàn)在把替換了的藍(lán)色卡片放在第一次喂食地點(diǎn)的左側(cè)，再放一塊紅色卡片到藍(lán)色的右側(cè)。兩張卡片上看不到任何東西。很快蜜蜂再次到來，直接飛向藍(lán)色卡片，沒有一只飛向紅色卡片。