高中英語寫作技巧和常見模式初探
| 吳萍 2007-05-28 09:54:00 |
英語寫作主要考核學(xué)生運(yùn)用書面英語的能力，即考察學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力。它要求學(xué)生根據(jù)所給情景和要求寫一篇書面材料。但并非要求學(xué)生按照“提示”逐句翻譯，而是要求學(xué)生在充分領(lǐng)會(huì)提示的“前提”下，用自己的語言，組織成一篇內(nèi)容充實(shí)、句子連貫、用詞貼切的作文。由于受語言水平和訓(xùn)練方式等因素的影響，相當(dāng)一部分的同學(xué)對(duì)完成英語寫作要求有較大的困難，寫出的英文文章缺乏結(jié)構(gòu)性、邏輯性和連貫性，語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯拼寫錯(cuò)誤較多。
上述的情況一方面說明對(duì)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力培養(yǎng)有很長的路要走。因?yàn)?/span>寫作能力的培養(yǎng)和提高，有賴于扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)、寫作方法和大量的寫作實(shí)踐，所以教師要幫助學(xué)生練好扎實(shí)的基本功。在平時(shí)，要對(duì)學(xué)生加強(qiáng)詞匯、語法、句型教學(xué)及操練，這是提高寫作水平的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。
另一方面也讓我們意識(shí)到，英語寫作是有潛力可挖的，只要我們英語教師不斷地鉆研作文的輔導(dǎo)方法，積累更多的切實(shí)可行的英語作文寫作模式教與學(xué)生，這也不失為快速﹑有效﹑全面地解決問題，提高學(xué)生英語寫作水平的好方法。本人根據(jù)幾年來的實(shí)踐探索和分析，總結(jié)了一些高中英語寫作的技巧，相關(guān)的注意事項(xiàng)，同時(shí)也提供幾種類型的寫作模式，望能對(duì)學(xué)生寫作的指導(dǎo)有所幫助。
寫作中一些技巧：
1、審題：審題是做到切題的第一步。所謂審題就是要看清題意，確定文章的中心思想、主題，并圍繞中心思想組織材料。
2、進(jìn)行構(gòu)思，列出簡單的提綱，打造文章之骨架：審好題、立好意后，就要寫提綱，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好幾件事：安排好層次段落，鋪設(shè)好過渡，處理好開頭和結(jié)尾。
3、擴(kuò)展成文：根據(jù)字?jǐn)?shù)多少擴(kuò)展成篇。擴(kuò)展的內(nèi)容一定要緊扣主題，千萬不要寫那些與主題不相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。展開的方式包括：順序法、舉例法、比較法、對(duì)比法、說明法、因果法、推導(dǎo)法、歸納法和下定義等?？梢愿鶕?jù)需要任選一種或幾種方式。
在這一步驟中還需注意三方面問題：
1）確保提綱中段落結(jié)構(gòu)的思路與各段主題句的一致性。只有這樣，才能保證所寫段落不
偏題、不跑題。
2）要綜合考慮各個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容安排，避免段落內(nèi)容的交叉。
3）用好連接詞，注意段落間、句子間的連貫性。要做到所寫文章層次分明，思路清晰，
文字連貫，就需要在句與句之間、段與段之間架起一座座橋梁，而連接詞起的正是橋
梁作用。
在擴(kuò)展的過程中也有些竅門，以下幾點(diǎn)可供參考：
1）在整篇文章中，避免只是用一兩個(gè)句式或重復(fù)用同一詞語。英語中存在著極為豐富
的同義詞，準(zhǔn)確地使用同義詞可以給讀者清新的感覺。同時(shí)要靈活運(yùn)用各種句式，如
倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、省略句、主從復(fù)合句、對(duì)比句、分詞短語、介詞短語等，從而增加
文章的可讀性。
2）使用不同長度的句子。如果一個(gè)意思用一句話寫不清楚的話，通過分句和合句或用兩
句、三句來表達(dá)，增強(qiáng)句子的連貫性和表現(xiàn)力。
3）改變句子的開頭方式，不要總是以主、謂、賓、狀的次序?？梢园褷钫Z至于句首，或
用分詞等。
4）學(xué)會(huì)使用過渡詞。
（1) 遞進(jìn)furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc
（2) 轉(zhuǎn)折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc
（3) 總結(jié)finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc
（4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc
（5) 對(duì)比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc
5）確定文章用第幾人稱寫，基本時(shí)態(tài)是什么。使用人稱時(shí)人物不能張冠李戴或指代不明。
時(shí)態(tài)要盡量保持一致。
4、檢查修改：要檢查復(fù)核，不要寫完了事。
要留時(shí)間通讀全文，修改可能出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。檢查上下文是否連貫，句子銜接是否自然流暢。檢驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是句子是否通暢，該用連詞的地方用了沒有，所用的連詞是否合適，是否有語法錯(cuò)誤，主謂是否一致，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣的使用是否正確，詞組的搭配是否合乎習(xí)慣，是否有大小寫、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤等，還有就是注意卷面整潔。
可歸納為：中心突出，主題明確；層次清楚，條理清晰； 表達(dá)力強(qiáng)，傳情達(dá)意；語句通順，句型多變；過渡自然，銜接緊湊；標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，大小無誤；字跡清楚，卷面整潔。
以上是一些寫作技巧以及相關(guān)的一些注意事項(xiàng)。下面我們來看看一些最近幾年常見的體裁及可借鑒的寫作模式。
一、議論文
議論文要求學(xué)生就某一方面的問題通過擺事實(shí)、講道理的方式來發(fā)表自己的看法。一般來說，議論文由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三部分組成。要做到：1）論點(diǎn)要正確無誤。2）論據(jù)要可靠充分。論據(jù)可以是人們公認(rèn)的真理，也可以是經(jīng)過實(shí)踐考證的經(jīng)典著作。3）論證要合理嚴(yán)密。人們常用的論證方法有歸納法、推理法、對(duì)比法。議論文一般按提出問題、解決問題的邏輯順序來安排層次。
（一）議論文的寫作步驟
1、引言（introduction）：由于英語作文受時(shí)間、字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，因此，在引言段中作者就
必須簡單解釋要討論的問題，并明白地亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)，如提倡什么，支持什么，反對(duì)
什么等。
2、展開段（supporting sentences）：展開段是議論的過程，作者必須有足夠的證據(jù)（adequate
proofs）來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。一般可提出一個(gè)或兩個(gè)proofs, 并對(duì)此用一兩句話分別進(jìn)行
闡述。
3、結(jié)論（conclusion）：結(jié)論段可以用一兩句話來結(jié)束文章。同時(shí)要注意與引言段呼應(yīng)，
但不能照搬前面的原話。
（二）議論文的類型
英語議論文根據(jù)命題特點(diǎn)，從形式上來看可分為如下類型:
1、對(duì)問題“一分為二”的觀點(diǎn)。這類文章大多結(jié)合當(dāng)前時(shí)事，要求學(xué)生就某種現(xiàn)象談其利弊。如“轎車大量進(jìn)入家庭后，對(duì)家庭、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)可能產(chǎn)生的影響”。此類文章的模式及套語如下，僅供參考：
第一段：
Nowadays more and more people…/… plays an important part in… Like everything else… has /have both favorable and unfavorable aspects (both advantages and disadvantages). Generally, the favorable aspects (advantages) can be listed as follows.
第二段：
First…secondly…in addition(what’s more)…
第三段：
Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects (advantages) are also apparent (obvious). To begin with… to make matters worse… worst of all…
第四段：
Through above analysis/All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects(advantages) outweigh the negative aspects(disadvantages). Therefore …
范文：討論電腦的利弊。
Computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society. They are widely used almost in every field, such as business, transportation and education. We use computers to process and store all kinds of information. Also, they are entering ordinary families. We use computers to control electrical appliances and to entertain ourselves by playing games on them. Without computers, the world would not be what it is today.
In spite of this, computers cause problems. For instance, a great system will break down when only a single computer goes wrong. It is possible that somebody breaks into a computer system to steal secret information. We cannot rely so much on computers.
So we should develop more advanced and reliable computers in order to make our life more colorful and meaningful.
2、“兩者選一”的觀點(diǎn)。這要求學(xué)生在a和b之間作一選擇或比較，如“乘火車還是乘飛機(jī)”。
第一段：
Some people hold the opinion that (a) is superior to (b) in many ways. Others , however, argue that (b) is much better. Personally, I would prefer (a) because (a) has more advantages.
第二段：
There are many reasons why I prefer (a). The main reason is that …. Another reason is that…
第三段：
Of course, choosing (b) also has advantages to some extent.(give one or two advantages of b)
第四段：
But if all these factors are considered, (a) is much better that (b).From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that…
3、“我認(rèn)為……”即“我的觀點(diǎn)”型。如“一些學(xué)生喜歡拿自己的同學(xué)開惡作劇的玩笑，談?wù)勀愕目捶ā?#8221;
Some of the students around us like playing practical jokes on others at school, but frankly speaking, I don’t think it’s wise to do this kind of thing, for they often lead to a lot of problems.
In my opinion, playing tricks on your classmates might ruin the friendship between you and your friends. As young students, we sometimes do something only for fun without thinking of others’ feelings. Playing some jokes may more or less hurt your friends.
What’s more, playing tricks on others may do harm to their bodies. The victims of the jokes might suffer from severe pain not only mentally but also physically.
Last but not least, humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest.
If a person wants to make true friends, he must learn to foster the friendship which can enrich his life. He should learn to treat his friends sincerely and frankly, to give advice and to help whenever they need but never to` play meaningless practical jokes on them .
4、圖表作文。圖表式作文通過閱讀圖表中的數(shù)字與項(xiàng)目得出一個(gè)結(jié)論或形成一種看法。寫作要點(diǎn)：不需要把表中的數(shù)據(jù)一一列出，只要選幾個(gè)有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)加以敘述并結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)抓住實(shí)質(zhì)簡而議之。
下面的模式可供參考：
模式一：
第一段：
… is known as one of the most serious problems in today’s world, as is shown in the grapy,/according to the figures shown in the grapy,(表述圖表中的數(shù)字)
第二段：
（陳述理由）Furthermore,（繼續(xù)陳述理由） As a result,（引起的后果…的減少或增長）(…experiencing a decrease/increase)
第三段：
So I believe…will be achieved through efforts of every person.
模式二：
第一段：
From…we can see the increase/decrease（描述數(shù)字的句型）…was/added up to（數(shù)字） in（時(shí)間）, while it increased/decreasedto(數(shù)字and數(shù)字) in (時(shí)間and時(shí)間) respectively. Therefore, it can be predicted that …will further increase/decrease (is/are to be on the rise/decrease) in the future.
第二段：
There are chiefly three reasons for the rise/decrease. Firstly…secondly…, apart from the above reasons…
第三段：
In spite of what is mentioned above, there are still… the grapy/table indicted… hence, the situation is still serious and how to …is still a challenging task.
5、看圖寫話。根據(jù)圖畫寫故事，伴之以簡單議論或者簡述圖畫內(nèi)容，透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，以議論為主。
以2002年的高考作文為例。圖片上女兒在學(xué)騎自行車，奶奶、父親和一手拿著急救箱的母親三人滿頭大汗地扶著車，深怕女兒摔著了。圖片下有一行字：你們讓我自己騎好嗎？這仍是一個(gè)涉及到孩子怎樣獨(dú)立的問題。此類文章可采用以下的模式：
1. Outline the reasons/the cause of the problem.
2. Many ways can be used to solve this serious problem, but the following ones may be effective.
3. first of all…besides…/another way to solve the problem of …is…finally…
4. From my experience, I feel there is no shortcut in doing everything./ Maybe these are not the best
or only measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take great pains to…
二、記敘文
記敘文要求學(xué)生根據(jù)題目提供的信息，組織語言材料，編寫成文。一般說來，記敘文有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因和結(jié)果六要素，寫作時(shí)要明確清楚地給予表達(dá)。
1、記人。要注意介紹人物的身世、經(jīng)歷和事跡等。
第一段：
In my life I have met many people who are really worth mentioning. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever known is…
第二段：
It is his special quality that is always kept in my memory.
第三段：列舉第一個(gè)特點(diǎn)或外貌，在描寫時(shí)一定要圍繞一個(gè)主題句展開。
第四段：列舉第二個(gè)特點(diǎn)，在描寫時(shí)也一定要圍繞一個(gè)主題句展開。
第五段：談?wù)劯邢搿?/span>
例文：
The most Unforgettable Teacher
In my life I have met many people who are really worth mentioning. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever known is my Chinese teacher.
It is his special quality that is always kept in my memory.
For one thing, I was attracted by his wide range of knowledge. I remember that we students always attended his class with great eagerness because his lectures were humorously delivered, and he never failed to give us valuable advice. Nothing seemed difficult to learn through his explanation.
For another, I was deeply impressed by the respect he showed for us. As he treated us like friends rather than students, we all liked to visit his home for social activities as well as for advice.
Although it is over a year now since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
2、敘事。記事文要描寫事情發(fā)生與發(fā)展的過程，敘述事情發(fā)生的前因后果等，也就是說在寫事件時(shí)，應(yīng)抓住事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等幾個(gè)基本要素。也就是我們常說的五個(gè)問題：
1) What happened?
2) When did it happen?
3) Where did it happen?
4) Who was involved?
5) Why did it happen?
抓住這幾個(gè)問題，一般就能把一個(gè)事件完整地表達(dá)出來。
范文：
An Unforgettable Examination
I have experienced many kinds of examination in my life, the most unforgettable of which was the final-examination last term.
Before the examination, I stayed up late in order to get a good score. The next morning I rushed to school without breakfast.
In the course of the examination, I saw a very difficult problem and it took me a lot of time. I thought hard but couldn’t work it out. Soon after I gave up, I fell asleep at my desk. When I woke up , the examination was over, you can imagine what happened in the end.
I drew a good lesson from this examination. That is, listening attentively and going over your lessons regularly means less work.
三、書信的寫作
1、稱謂：
無職銜的男子：Mr. Wang/Zhang
已婚女子：Mrs Wang/Zhao
未婚女子：Miss Wang/Zhang
博士：Dr. Zhang
教授：Pro. Lin
還有一些表示感情色彩的詞。
如：Dear Dr. Smith/Dear Madam/Dear Sir
2、正文
正文要從稱謂的下一行寫起，可以和稱謂齊頭寫，也可以向內(nèi)縮五個(gè)字母寫。正文就是要具體地寫你想表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，要注意表達(dá)清楚、簡練，讓收信人很容易得知你要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。
3、結(jié)束語：
結(jié)束語寫在正文的下方，另起一行。常用的結(jié)束語有：
Best wishes!/ Good Luck!/Give my best wishes to your family!/Looking forward to your reply!
4、簽名：
Sincerely yours/Yours sincerely/Truly yours/Yours respectfully/Respectfully yours
例文一：下面是一個(gè)叫Kurt的人寫給父母的家書。
17th Dec.
Dear Mother and Father,
I feel very excited at the thought that in another week I shall be with you again on holiday. I have enjoyed my stay in England very much indeed. Mr. Dowson and my fellow students are all very nice to me. But, as they say in England, “There’s no place like home,” and I think one feels this above all at Christmas time.
I am leaving here early on Thursday, the 23rd, and I shall arrive in Basle on Friday morning, so I shall be home somewhere about lunch time. Can you meet me at the station, as I shall have a lot of luggage?
I’ve got some Christmas presents for you all. I’m not going to tell you what your presents are, so it will be a surprise. I hope you will like them.
How are you all at home? I hope you are all keeping well. See that Father always puts on his big coat when he goes out, so that he doesn’t catch cold. I can’t say how much I want to see you and my brother all again.
Love and all good wishes,
Kurt
例文二：寫求職信的一般模式
Dear 1 ,
I would like to apply for a position in your company. 2 .
I enclose my resume which describes my education and work experience. 3 .
I would appreciate it very much if you could give me a chance. I look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
4
上述內(nèi)容中所填的內(nèi)容依次是：
① 正確的稱謂
② 信息來源及求職原因
③ 具體介紹自己的情況及適合這職位的原因
④ 署名
四、說明文
說明文就是用簡單的文字說明事物的特點(diǎn)、類別、構(gòu)造、用途、成因等。它包括廣告、知識(shí)小品、教材、書文簡介、理論性概念或定律的解釋。
寫說明文應(yīng)清楚以下幾點(diǎn)：
1、條理分明，遵循空間順序、時(shí)間順序、邏輯順序、因果關(guān)系。
2、說明文要淺顯、準(zhǔn)確、簡介，避免過分的夸張。
例文一：以“How to protect your eyes”為題寫一篇130字左右的文章。
How to Protect Your Eyes
“Eyes are windows of the soul,” people often say. Everyone understands how important the eyes are. But how to protect eyesight remains a question among us students, at least many of us. If you want to protect your eyesight, you must pay attention to the following points:
First, you should not keep your eyes working for a long time. After you have studied for a ling time, about an hour or so, you had better have a rest by looking in the long distance.
Secondly, you should keep your book about a foot away from your eyes when you read it. You should also keep in mind, “Don’t read in a poor light or in the sun; don’t read in the moving bus or in bed.” Doing eye-exercises will help you keep good eyesight.
If you fail to keep these rules, you will become short-sighted sooner or later.
例文二：
你到杭州游覽，報(bào)上介紹三家酒店，情況如下：
酒店A，四星級(jí)，位于火車站旁，房間和各種設(shè)施條件良好。
酒店B，四星級(jí)，位于著名的西湖旁，景致極好。
酒店C，二星級(jí)，位于離開西湖僅5分鐘步行路程的一條小馬路上。
你會(huì)選擇哪家，請(qǐng)說出你的理由。
I will choose the Two-Star-Hotel near the West Lake.
First, I am a student. I can’t afford my own living now. So there is no need to waste money to choose a Four-Star hotel. It is a waste of money.
Second, this hotel is quite near to the West Lake. It only takes me five minutes’ walk. So I don’t need to pay for taxies or buses. It is very convenient for me to visit the West Lake anytime I want.
And with all the money I have saved, I can enjoy a more exciting visit to the West Lake. I can visit more places, play more games and also enjoy more good food.
Though the hotel is not as beautiful as the other two hotels, and its services may not be as good as those two hotels, I will still choose this hotel because I think I can enjoy my several days’ trip here.
總之，英文寫作是一個(gè)學(xué)生英語綜合能力的書面體現(xiàn)，它需要一個(gè)長期復(fù)雜的訓(xùn)練過程。但是如果教師讓學(xué)生在了解掌握寫作技巧和模式的基礎(chǔ)上，同時(shí)在平時(shí)不斷從學(xué)生的實(shí)際水平出發(fā)，有目的、有計(jì)劃、有要求、有檢查、有反饋地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的寫作能力，由易到難，循序漸進(jìn)，那么學(xué)生到寫的時(shí)候就能做到厚積薄發(fā)、思如泉涌、下筆如有神。
參考書目：
1．高考英語全能訓(xùn)練及專項(xiàng)指導(dǎo)
2． 英語常見問題解答大詞典 IBS7-27-03887-9/H94
3． A Brief Discussion about How to Improve Middle School Students’English Writing Proficiency
______ Journal of Chongqing Three Gorges University Ruan HongBo
4．How to Improve Students’ English Writing Ability
_______ China Educational Technique and Equipment Li Liang
5．On the Teaching of Writing in Basic English Class
_______ Journal of JiangXi Science and Technology Normal University
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