名詞性從句
主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句,在整個句子中所起的作用,相當于一個名詞。因此,這四種從句通稱為名詞性從句。
引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:
連接詞:that, whether, if (不充當從句的任何成分)
連接代詞:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
連接副詞:when, where, how, why
1. 主語從句
作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that,whether,if和連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導。that在句中無詞義,只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用,在從句中充當從句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我們說什么,還不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英語晚會將在哪里舉行,還沒有宣布。
有時為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首,而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名詞 + that從句
(2)It + be + 形容詞 + that從句
(3)It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句
(4)It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句
注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
2. 賓語從句
名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句表語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣,在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。
1. 由連接詞that引導的賓語從句
由連接詞that引導賓語從句時,that在句中不擔任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我們決不能認為自己什么都好,別人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后,賓語從句常用“(should)+ 動詞原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我堅持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關聯(lián)詞引導的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句,應注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告訴了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人,她都會給予熱情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引導的賓語從句,其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒,仍保持陳述句語序。此外,whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引導主語從句并在句首時;b. 引導表語從句時;c . 引導從句作介詞賓語時;d. 從句后有“or not”時;e. 后接動詞不定式時。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他來還是不來。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告訴我是去還是留?
4. 注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應,當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時,從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況,而使用不同時態(tài)。例如:
he studies English every day. (從句用一般現(xiàn)在時)
he studied English last term. (從句用一般過去時)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (從句用一般將來時)
he has studied English since 1998. (從句用現(xiàn)在完成時)
當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)(could, would除外),從句則要用相應的過去時態(tài),如一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時等;當從句表示的是客觀真理,科學原理,自然現(xiàn)象,則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中,要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健<磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲?。例如?/p>
We don’t think you are here. 我們認為你不在這。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不會這樣做。
3. 表語從句
在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句的關聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語從句位于連系動詞后,有時用as if引導。其基本結構為:主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事實是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。
That’s just what I want. 這正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 這就是我們的問題所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他為什么不到會的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,當主語是reason時,表語從句要用that引導而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
4. 同位語從句
同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內容。同位語從句通常由that引導,可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么時候回來。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能瑪麗生病了。
同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別:
that作為關系代詞,可以引導定語從句,充當句子成分,在從句中作賓語時可以省略; that引導同位語從句時,起連詞的作用,沒有實際意義,不充當句子成分,一般不能省略。
試比較下面兩個例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引導同位語從句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引導定語從句,作賓語,可以省略)
二. 名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
1.主語從句中的虛擬語氣主語從句中的虛擬語氣主要取決于某些形容詞和過去分詞,用來表示建議、命令、要求、驚異和失望等。
其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。
常這樣用的形容詞有: appropriate適當?shù)腶dvisable適當?shù)?,合理的better較好的desirable理想的essential精華的imperative迫切的important重要的insistent堅持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable優(yōu)越的,較好的strange奇怪的urgent緊迫的vital極其重要的過去分詞有: desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。
例如:
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’hearts.贏得選民的心是絕對必要的。
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提議他應該參加俱樂部的活動。
2.表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣在表示建議、命令、主張、目的和愿望等名詞后面的表語從句和同位語從句中謂語動詞要求使用虛擬語氣。
其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。
常這樣用的名詞有: resolution決心,決議pray懇求decision決議motion提議suggestion建議preference選擇proposal提議advice勸告recommendation推薦desire愿望demand要求requirement要求order命令necessity必要性request要求idea主意、想法
例如:
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令熱情款待這些客人。
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提議我們應該擯棄這些不良習性。
3.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
1)某些動詞后所接賓語從句中的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣,用來表示建議、命令和要求等。
其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。
常這樣用的動詞有: ask要求 advise勸告 determine決定 decide決定command命令 insist堅持 intend打算 move提議 prefer寧愿 propose提議 order命令 recommend推薦 request要求 require要求 suggest建議 urge主張 demand要求 desire渴望 direct命令
例如:
He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推遲那個會議。
They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他們建議所有的計劃都應該在會上討論。
2)在以it為形式賓語的復合賓語從句中也可以用虛擬語氣,
其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。這一句型中使用的形容詞(賓補)與主語從句中的虛擬語氣所使用的形容詞相同。
例如:
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我們認為他在行動之前好好考慮一下才是明智的。
3)wish后面所跟的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣表示某種不能實現(xiàn)的愿望。
其主要形式有三種:
表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:wish +主語+動詞過去式或were表示對過去情況的虛擬:wish +主語+ had +過去分詞表示對將來情況的虛擬:wish +主語+ would +動詞原形。
例如:
I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要發(fā)生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home.她懊悔的是她當時要是在家就好了。
I wish I were rich.我恨不得我很有錢。
注意:在表示對過去情況的虛擬時,有時也可以用下列形式:
wish +主語+ would(could)+ have +過去分詞I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能夠見到她那該多好。
4. if條件句中的虛擬語氣形式1)if非真實條件句所表示的假設則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或實現(xiàn)的,句中的主句與從句都用虛擬語氣。
在if非真實虛擬條件句中,主句和從句謂語動詞主要有下面幾種形式:假設類型條件從句謂語動詞形式主句謂語動詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞過去時(be用were)Should(would,could,might)+動詞原形與過去事實相反Had +過去分詞Should(would,could, might)+ have +過去分詞與將來事實可能相反動詞過去時(should+動詞原形,were to +動詞原形)Should(would,could,might)+動詞原形
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如沒有引力,我們就不可能行走。
I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told.假如別人不告訴我,我就不知道這些東西是干什么的了。
2)正式文體中,有時可把虛擬條件句中的連詞if省去,而將were,had, should等助動詞(不包括行為動詞)提到主語前面。如果句中沒有were,had或should時,既不能省略if,也不能倒裝。例如:
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天見到他,我就會問他這件事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了這筆錢,我就買那所房子了。
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如鍋爐出問題的話,自控裝置會自動切斷燃油的供給。
3)通常情況下,在非真實條件句中主句和從句的謂語動詞所指時間是一致的,但有時也可能指不同的時間,這時要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語動詞形式。例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你,我就采納了他的建議。(從句指現(xiàn)在,主句指過去)
If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果氣候更適宜一些,莊稼會長得更好。(從句指過去,主句指現(xiàn)在)
5.含蓄虛擬條件句1)有時假設的情況并不以條件從句形式表示出來,而是通過一個介詞短語或其他方式表示。常用的詞或短語有:without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如:
Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是沒有你的幫助,我們就不會成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是沒有電,就不會有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.他當時正與他的學生進行討論,否則的話他就來幫我們了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累,不然他就參加那個聚會了。
2)在某些暗含虛擬條件的簡單句中,虛擬語氣可通過上下文表現(xiàn)出來。謂語動詞用should/ would be形式和should/ would have been虛擬形式。例如:
Any men in his position would have done like that.任何人處在他的位置都會那么做的。
You should (ought to) have come earlier.你本應來得早點。
6.其他句型中的虛擬語氣1)在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的從句中,也可以用虛擬語氣,表示愿望,意為“寧愿、但愿”。其形式為:
①“would rather (would sooner…) +主語+謂語動詞過去式”表示現(xiàn)在或將來的情況。
②“would rather (would sooner) +主語+動詞過去完成式”表示過去的情況。例如:I’d rather he didn’t go now.要是他現(xiàn)在不走就好了I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天在這里就好了。
2)在句型“It is (high/ about) time…”后面也可以跟虛擬語氣,從句中常用過去式。有時也用“(should)+動詞原形”,意為“該是……的時候了”。例如:
It is time that the boy (should) go to school.這個小孩該上學了。
It is high time (that) the weather improved.天氣真該好起來了。
3)在“if only”引起的感嘆句中也要求用虛擬語氣,表示愿望。
形式為:①用過去時或“would/ could +動詞原形”表示與現(xiàn)在或未來事實相反的愿望。
②過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的愿望。例如:
If only you would listen to our advice.要是你聽我們的建議就好了。
If only I had not been busy last week!要是上周我不忙該多好?。?/p>
If only she could marry me.但愿她能嫁給我。
注:if only也可以用于虛擬條件句中。例如:
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.要是我有更多的錢,我就可以買輛車了。
4)連接詞“in case, lest, for fear that”可以用來引導虛擬語氣。其形式通常為:“…lest (in case, for fear that) +主語+ should +動詞原形”。Lest, for fear that句中的should可以省去,in case句中的should通常不省去,但是in case句中可以不用虛擬語氣,而用陳述語氣。Lest, for fear that后面也可以接其他形式。例如:
He took his coat with him in case it should rain.他帶著雨衣以防下雨。
I will not make a noise for fear that I (should/ might) disturb you.我不會做聲的,以免打擾你。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow (should) occur.在使用這以方法的時候要謹慎小心,以免發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。
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