這一講我們要講到一個(gè)比較難的從句的翻譯——名詞性從句的翻譯。本次課我們總共需要講到以下內(nèi)容：
1. 主語(yǔ)從句
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句
3. if連接的賓語(yǔ)從句
4. 同位語(yǔ)從句
5. what連接的名詞性從句
6. 表語(yǔ)從句
好了，下面開(kāi)始講解了，由于這一講理論知識(shí)不多，所以主要還是以例子為主，大家分析例句，并認(rèn)真完成作業(yè)即可達(dá)到效果。這些作業(yè)都是從例句中抽出來(lái)的，所以供大家學(xué)習(xí)。
1. 主語(yǔ)從句 一般是按照原文的語(yǔ)序翻譯即可：
That sports are beneficial to health is known to all.
運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)健康有益，這是眾所周知的。
Whether the tumor is benign or not is not clear yet.
這種腫瘤是不是良性的還不清楚。
How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits consideration.
一個(gè)人究竟應(yīng)當(dāng)做多少運(yùn)動(dòng)，以及做哪種運(yùn)動(dòng)是值得考慮的。
Why his blood pressure is so high remains unknown.
仍不清楚
他的血壓為什么如此之高。
When the patient will be discharged is not yet known.
目前尚不知道
病人何時(shí)可以出院。
That the patient should give up smoking and drinking is very important.
病人應(yīng)當(dāng)戒絕煙酒，這是非常重要的。
That the tablet strength should be stated on the prescription and that the patient should also know his daily requirements in terms of milligrams are strongly recommended.
尤其應(yīng)該建議
在處方上注明藥片劑量，并且也讓病人知道他自己每日所需的毫克量。
當(dāng)用it做形式主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，that后是真正的主語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)一般需要提前，但有時(shí)也不提前，視情況而定。It important that
we should build up our health.
我
們應(yīng)當(dāng)增強(qiáng)我們的體質(zhì)，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。
It is not clear
which of the previously described procedures are most effective.
上述的許多方法中，哪些最有效還不清楚。
It has not been decided
who will perform the operation this afternoon.
還沒(méi)有決定
誰(shuí)做今天下午的手術(shù)。
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句 一般情況是不需要改變賓語(yǔ)從句在原句中的位置。One must see that composition of blood changes as it passes through the various organs of the body.
我們應(yīng)當(dāng)看到血液流經(jīng)身體各個(gè)不同器官時(shí)，其成分有所改變。
In making a diagnosis of appendicitis, it is very important to find out where tenderness on pressure is most marked.
在做出闌尾炎診斷時(shí)，非常重要的是查處壓痛在哪里最突出。
We have emphasized these points in an attempt to explain why these symptoms may mask the presence of the primary lesion.
我們強(qiáng)調(diào)了這幾點(diǎn)，是試圖解釋為什么這些癥狀可能掩蓋住原發(fā)性損害。
但是當(dāng)it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，漢譯時(shí)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般可按照原文順序翻譯，it不需要翻譯。但是有時(shí)在譯文中也可以將that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句提前。We all thought it pity that the conference should be cancelled.
會(huì)議將被取
消，我們都感到非常遺憾。
3. if連接的賓語(yǔ)從句 前面講過(guò)，if作為連詞，除了連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句（這種情況下譯為“如果”、“假如”）以外，還可以連接賓語(yǔ)從句，一般譯為“是否”，此時(shí)可以與whether互換。
但是肯定會(huì)有戰(zhàn)友疑問(wèn)了：怎么在句中判斷到底if引起的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句還是賓語(yǔ)從句呢？一般可以根據(jù)下列方法判斷：
首先，if連接的條件狀語(yǔ)從句在主句前、后均可，但if連接的賓語(yǔ)從句只能在主句之后
第二，如果看到主句的謂語(yǔ)缺少賓語(yǔ)，意義也不完整，那么它后面的從句就是賓語(yǔ)從句，反之，就是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
第三，可以根據(jù)邏輯意思判斷。
下面我們看幾個(gè)if連接的賓語(yǔ)從句的例子：
The doctor wishes to know
if the pain remains localized.
醫(yī)生希望知道
疼痛是否仍為局部性的。
Diagnosis should be made to determine
if the patient should be operated on.
應(yīng)做出診斷以確定
患者是否需要?jiǎng)邮中g(shù)。
The doctor must decide
if gastric cancer should be suspected in a patient over 40 years of age who has anorexia which fails to clear up in a reasonable period of time with medical treatment.
對(duì)于一個(gè)40歲以上的斌人，如經(jīng)過(guò)一定時(shí)間的治療未能消除其厭食癥狀，醫(yī)生必須決定
是否應(yīng)當(dāng)懷疑其為胃癌。
4. 同位語(yǔ)從句 同位語(yǔ)從句在翻譯時(shí)有需要和不需要提前的兩種情況。4.1 同位語(yǔ)從句在翻譯時(shí)需要提前的情況We have arrived at a conclusion that these
cells play an important role in the immune response.
我們得出了一個(gè)結(jié)論：
這些細(xì)胞在免疫反應(yīng)中起著重要作用。
The development of methods for the counting of red cells and for measuring hemoglobin concentration led to the realization that
the common infections which ravaged the world, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever, were all associated with low red cell and hemoglobin values.
紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)和血紅蛋白含量測(cè)定方法的進(jìn)展，使我們認(rèn)識(shí)到，
像肺炎、結(jié)核和傷寒等這些危及世界的常見(jiàn)傳染病，都伴有紅細(xì)胞減少和血紅蛋白值降低。
4.2 同位語(yǔ)從句漢譯時(shí)提前的情況It is an established fact that
the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and mouth harbor various microorganisms.
鼻、咽、口腔粘膜聚藏有各種微生物，這是確定的事實(shí)。
5. what連接的名詞性從句 前面也講到過(guò)，what一般可以用來(lái)連接主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。這些從句都屬于名詞性從句。What引起這幾種從句可見(jiàn)有兩種情況
5.1 what用作疑問(wèn)代詞性的連接代詞，所連接的從句雖然不是疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)，但經(jīng)常翻譯為“什么”、“什么樣的”等，有時(shí)也可以不譯出。這樣的例子有：
Physics is the study of heat, sound, magnetism, electricity, light, the properties of matter and
what it is composed of.
物理學(xué)是研究熱、聲、磁、電、光等物質(zhì)的性質(zhì)
及其組成的一門(mén)學(xué)科。
The decision as to
what medical or surgical risk is to be considered acceptable in the individual circumstances can be reached only by assessment of diagnostic and prognostic information in a broad and comprehensive fashion.
什么樣內(nèi)外科方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在具體情況下應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是可接受的？這個(gè)問(wèn)題只有通過(guò)對(duì)診斷和預(yù)后方面的資料進(jìn)行全面和綜合的估計(jì)才能做出決定。
5.2 what用作關(guān)系代詞性的連接代詞，意義相當(dāng)于that which (those which)或the thing which，也可以表示泛指不具體的食物。在這種情況下，what已經(jīng)沒(méi)有表示疑問(wèn)的意思，可以翻譯為“所…的（事物）”，或者根據(jù)具體請(qǐng)采取其他適當(dāng)?shù)淖g法，有時(shí)也可以不需要翻譯出。這樣的例子有：
These investigators suggested that one could carefully adjust salicylate dosage below
what might cause deterioration of liver function.
這些研究人員建議慎重地調(diào)整水楊酸鹽的劑量，使之低于
可能引起肝功能惡化的水平。
What is known is that some types of viruses cause outbreaks of diseases in man—the epidemic types—while others causes only sporadic illness.
所知道的是，有些類型的
病毒引起人的爆發(fā)性疾?。餍行停?，而另一些類型的病毒則僅引起散發(fā)性疾病。
6. 表語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句跟賓語(yǔ)從句一樣，一般可以按照原文的句序翻譯。The fact is that
between the attacks of pain the patient is symptom—free, and in good health.
事實(shí)是，
在兩次疼痛發(fā)作的間隔期間，病人無(wú)癥狀，而且健康狀況良好。
One test of a good doctor is
whether he can come to a correct diagnosis even though he has never met the disease before.
對(duì)一個(gè)優(yōu)異的一生的一項(xiàng)考驗(yàn)就是：
他能否下正確的診斷，哪怕這種病他以前也沒(méi)有遇到過(guò)。
The ileum with its greater amount of lymphoid tissue is
where most of the lymphomas occur.
具有較多淋巴樣組織的回腸，是
大多數(shù)淋巴腺瘤產(chǎn)生之處。
本期作業(yè)： 翻譯下面各句，并指出屬于我們上述講過(guò)的哪一中類型的名詞性從句。
That overexertion should be avoided is certain.
What method of anesthesia will be used has not been decided.
Whether the patient can stand surgery is still a question.
It is now known that renal hypertension has at least two causes.
The doctors are trying to find out who are more responsive to this therapy in their control groups.
I regard it as an honour that I am chosen to attend the meeting.
The surgeons are now trying to find out if the operation is possible.
The value of X-rays in cases of fracture remains preeminent, both to confirm diagnosis and to decide if a fracture has been properly reduced.
He raises the question whether some “rheumatic” heart disease or perhaps even atypical acute rheumatic fever may be viral in origin.
The question when we shall make this experiment has not been settled yet.
If you want to know what our blood consists of you must examine it under the microscope.
Heart attack is the popular term for what physicians call coronary thrombosis, or myocardial infarction.
The modern conception of the atom is not what used to be in the last century.
What we want to know is when they can design a new type instrument.
The patient looks as if he had been ill for a long time.
This is why congenital abnormalities in the region of the neck may be symptomless for years.
