1、be動(dòng)詞概說(shuō)。(包括am, are, is)
be ①連系動(dòng)詞，本身有詞義“是”，在句子中和其后的表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。e.g. I am tall.(表語(yǔ))
②助動(dòng)詞，無(wú)詞義。e.g. He is playing football.
2、be動(dòng)詞的用法。
am → 主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第一人稱（即I）。e.g. I am…
be are → 單數(shù)第二人稱及所有復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. You are… The coats are…
is → 單數(shù)第三人稱及不可數(shù)名詞。 e.g. Your father is… The money is…
3、否定句式（即改否定句）：在be動(dòng)詞之后+not, 句子其它部位不變。
e.g. He is not a teacher.
4、縮寫形式。
①主語(yǔ)+be，縮寫be第一個(gè)字母為 ’，再與主語(yǔ)合并。 e.g. you are → you’re Jack is → Jack’s
②be+not否定形式的縮寫，縮寫not中“o”為 ’, 再與be合并。 e.g. is not→isn’t are not→aren’t
③不能縮寫的情況：this is, these are, those are, am not及縮略的肯定回答。 e.g. Yes, I am. (I’m 誤)
5、含be動(dòng)詞句子的疑問(wèn)句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
①一般疑問(wèn)句：將be動(dòng)詞提前，其它照抄不變，最后+？，讀升調(diào)。（一般第一人稱改為第二人稱）
e.g. The man in the car is her father. → Is the man in the car her father?
I’m a middle school student. → Are you a middle school student?
②一般疑問(wèn)句的肯否定回答。
肯定回答： Yes, 主語(yǔ)+be. 否定回答： No, 主語(yǔ)+be+not.
e.g. Is he old? Are you a new student? Is your father at home?
Yes, he is. Yes, I am. Yes, he is.
No, he is not.(isn’t) No, I’m not. No, he is not.(isn’t)
注意：①主語(yǔ)必須用代詞回答；②肯定回答不能縮寫；③回答第二人稱，用第一人稱回答。
③特殊疑問(wèn)句（就劃線部分提問(wèn)）。
1) 方法：將句子被提問(wèn)(即被劃線)的部分改為相對(duì)應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)詞，然后置于句首，接著再將be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前
(置于疑問(wèn)詞之后)，其它部分照抄不變，最后+？(即疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句？)
e.g. The man in a red cap is her brother. → Who is the man in a red cap?
I can sing English songs. → What can you do?
2) 注意：①被提問(wèn)部分不能再寫。
②提問(wèn)動(dòng)詞(即提問(wèn)做某事)，在改句子時(shí)注意還“do”，表示做什么？
3) 相應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)詞。
1. 事物 → what e.g. That is a cat. → What is that?
2. 地點(diǎn) → where He is at home? → Where is he?
3. 人 → who The man is his father. → Who is the man?
4. 誰(shuí)的 → whose The coat is his. → Whose is the coat?
（提問(wèn)名詞性物主代詞whose后不用帶物）
That is Jack’s ball. → Whose ball is that?
（提問(wèn)形容詞性物主代詞whose后要帶物或人）
5. 怎樣(程度，方式) → how She’s fine. → How is she?
He can go to school by bus. →How can he go to school?
6. 職業(yè) → what My father is a worker. → What is your father?
7. 年齡 → how old Our grandpa is 80. → How old is your grandpa?
8. 班級(jí) → what class We are in Class 2, Grade 1. → What class are you in?
9. 數(shù)字 → what My phone number is 2212121→What’s your phone number?
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10. 哪一個(gè) → which The boy in a blue shirt is Mike. → Which boy is Mike?
（一般which用來(lái)提問(wèn)定語(yǔ)，并且后要帶物或人）
11. 顏色 → what colour His car is yellow. → What colour is his car?
12. 數(shù)量 → how many+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞 There are two books on the desk. →
How many books are there on the desk?
how much+不可數(shù)名詞 There is only a little water in the glass. →
How much water is there in the glass?
13. 時(shí)間 → what time I can get there at six. → What time can you get there?
when I can go with you on Sunday. → When can you go with me?
14. 價(jià)錢 → how much The bag is twenty yuan. → How much is the bag?
（二）代詞：
1、代詞的形式
|
| 第一人稱 | 第二人稱 | 第三人稱 | |||||
| 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) | 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) | 單數(shù) | 復(fù)數(shù) | |||
| 主 格 | I | we | you | you | he | she | it | they |
| 賓 格 | me | us | you | you | him | her | it | them |
| (形)物主代詞 | my | our | your | your | his | her | its | their |
| (名)物主代詞 | mine | ours | yours | yours | his | hers | its | theirs |
|
| 我(的) | 我們(的) | 你們(的) | 你們(的) | 他(的) | 她(的) | 它(的) | 他們(的) |
2、代詞的用法
①動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，代詞用主格，(一般在句首，動(dòng)詞前)。 e.g. He often writes to me.
②動(dòng)作的承受者，代詞用賓格，(一般在句末，動(dòng)詞后、介詞后)。 e.g. Let’s ask him. Let’s play with them.
③物的主人，用物主代詞。(即代詞所有格)
1）形容詞性物主代詞后一定要帶物，不能單獨(dú)使用，一般用在名詞前。
e.g. This is their classroom. That is my bike. It is her red coat.
2）名詞性物主代詞，相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞+物。
e.g. The books are hers. (her books) The bike is his. (his bike)
3）形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞之間的區(qū)別：
形容詞性物主代詞：后要帶物（即名詞）。It’s my pen.
名詞性物主代詞：后不帶物。 It’s mine.
(因此填物主代詞應(yīng)注意判斷后有無(wú)帶物，有用形容詞性物主代詞，無(wú)即用名詞性物主代詞。)
4）名詞性物主代詞作主語(yǔ)，要注意be的形式。
e.g. These are not her pens. Hers are in the bag. (her pens)
This is not our classroom. Ours is over there. (our classroom)
5）含形容詞性物主代詞與含名詞性物主代詞的句子可以轉(zhuǎn)換。（譯法稍有不同）
e.g. This is her pen → This pen is hers. Those black cats are his. → Those are his black cats.
這是她的筆。 這筆是她的。 那些黑貓是他的。 那些是他的黑貓。
6）提問(wèn)物主代詞用whose.
e.g. This is my pen. → Whose pen is this? These pens are mine. → Whose are these pens?
注意：1. 提問(wèn)形容詞性物主代詞，用Whose+物。 2. 提問(wèn)名詞性物主代詞，用Whose.
3. Whose + be + 主語(yǔ)，be 根據(jù)主語(yǔ)判斷。
7）whose 句型的轉(zhuǎn)換。e.g. Whose coat is this? → Whose is this coat?
（三）所有格：表示物或人的“所屬”關(guān)系。
1、名詞所有格的形式：
① 名詞之后直接+’s e.g. Mary―Mary’s Kate―Kate’s
② 以s結(jié)尾的名詞只加 ' e.g. students―students’
2、以上形式一般只用于有生命的名詞，但也可用于表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、地點(diǎn)等無(wú)生命的名詞。
e.g. today’s newspaper; an hour’s walk; China’s city
3、注意： ①表示兩者或多者共有，在最后一個(gè)名詞+ ’s。 e.g. Mike and Jim’s room.（共用，用單數(shù)）
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②如果不是共有，指各有，則各詞都應(yīng)+’s。 e.g. Mike’s and Jim’s rooms. (各有，用復(fù)數(shù))
4、表示無(wú)生命的名詞所有格用of短語(yǔ)表示，但注意詞序與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同，形式為：名詞+of+名詞（前者屬于后者）。
e.g. the door of the room. 那房間的門 the picture of my family. 我的家庭的照片
5、注意：有時(shí)’s 結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為of 短語(yǔ)。（對(duì)等）
e.g. his father’s friends → the friends of his father. the girl’s new bike → the new bike of the girl.
the dog’s name → the name of the dog
但不是所有of 結(jié)構(gòu)都有對(duì)等的’s結(jié)構(gòu)。因?yàn)?#8217;s 只用于有生命的詞。
（四）名詞的數(shù)。
1、名詞的概念：名詞是指表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念名稱的詞，如：teacher, school, morning, thanks, duty. 名詞
按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
2、可數(shù)名詞。
1）可數(shù)名詞是指可以用數(shù)目計(jì)算是名詞，有單復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。
可數(shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞：e.g. apple , student. 集體名詞：e.g. class people
2）用法： ① 單數(shù)名詞前可用a, an修飾； ② 之前可以直接用數(shù)詞；
③ 之前可用a lot of, lots of，many, some等修飾； ④ 提問(wèn)其數(shù)量用How many + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞；
3）可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 英語(yǔ)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式。
A 規(guī)則變化：
① 一般在單詞的結(jié)尾直接+s； e.g. book ― books
② 如果單詞以s, x, ch, sh等結(jié)尾，+es； bus ― buses
③ 若以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+es； city ― cities story ― stories
④ 以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f或fe為ves； wife ― wives knife ― knives
⑤ 以o結(jié)尾，有生命的+es e.g. tomatoes； 沒有生命的+s e.g. zoos；
⑥ 兩個(gè)名詞用在一起構(gòu)成合成名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，只把合成名詞的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. banana trees
⑦ 但是以woman, man等名詞與其后面的名詞構(gòu)成合成名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，里面所含的成分全部要變成復(fù)數(shù)。
three women teachers
B 不規(guī)則變化：
① 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Chinese Japanese sheep fish (魚)
② 只作復(fù)數(shù) trousers clothes chips thanks people(人們)
③ 特殊變化：
man―men woman―women foot―feet child―children
policeman―policemen businessman―businessmen postman―postmen
Englishman―Englishmen mouse → mice
3、不可數(shù)名詞。
1）不可數(shù)名詞是指不可以用數(shù)目計(jì)算是名詞，它一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞：meat, milk. 抽象名詞：work, housework.
2）用法：① 不用a, an修飾；
② 不可直接用數(shù)詞表達(dá)其數(shù)量，其量的表達(dá)必須用量詞短語(yǔ)表示；
1. 數(shù)詞+容器+of e.g. a cup of tea
量的三種表達(dá) 2. 數(shù)詞+單位+of e.g. two kilos of rice
3. 其它+of e.g. some of bread
不可數(shù)名詞用該形式表達(dá)其數(shù)量，這些形式中的容器和單位都是可數(shù)，有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，但無(wú)論是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，of后的不可數(shù)名詞絕不能+s。
③ 前面可用a lot of, lots of, much, some, a little等修飾； ④ 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，都視為單數(shù)；
⑤ 提問(wèn)其數(shù)量時(shí)用How much； e.g. How much money do you have?
3）表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量常用的量詞短語(yǔ)。
a bowl of 一碗… a glass of 一杯… a bottle of 一瓶…
a cup of 一杯… a bag of 一袋… a basket of 一籃…
a piece of 一張…；一片…；一塊…；一則…；一首…； a box of 一盒…
a kilo of 一公斤…；一千克… a pound of 一磅…
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（五）There be結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某地存在某物或某人。
There be +物/人+地點(diǎn)。 e.g. There is an apple on the tree.
引導(dǎo)詞 主語(yǔ) 引導(dǎo)詞 主語(yǔ)
1、be (are, is)的判斷。
根據(jù)主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)用is, 主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)用are，但如果主語(yǔ)是多個(gè)，就用就近原則判斷。
e.g. There is a pen, some books,… There are some books, a pen …
2、注意：not any/not a =no
e.g. There are not any cats here = There are no cats here. There is not a cat here = There is no cat here.
3、There be句型改特殊疑問(wèn)句：
① 提問(wèn)主語(yǔ)（物）用：What is/are +地點(diǎn)？（注意去掉there） (人)：Who is +地點(diǎn)？
② 問(wèn)地點(diǎn)：用Where is/are + the 主語(yǔ)？（應(yīng)特指）
e.g. There are some cats under the bed. → Where are the cats?(將some→the，表特指)
③ 問(wèn)可數(shù)物品的數(shù)量用how many + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
e.g. There is a cat under the bed. → How many cats are there under the bed?
There are two glasses of water on the table. → How many glasses of water are there on the table?
④ 問(wèn)不可數(shù)物品的數(shù)量用how much + 不可數(shù)名詞。
e.g. There is some water on the table on the table. → How much water is there on the table?
4、對(duì)于“how many, how much” there be 問(wèn)句的回答：There are/is + 數(shù)量。 或： There is (only) one.
e.g. How many glasses of water are there on the table? How much water is there on the table?
There are four. / There is (only) one There is a little.
5、若是某人某物擁有，占有某物，應(yīng)用have/has表達(dá)。
e.g. He has a ruler. 他有一把尺子。The park has two lakes. 那公園有兩個(gè)湖。
（六）祈使句：
1、祈使句表示請(qǐng)求，命令，建議等，它沒有主語(yǔ)（其實(shí)是省略了主語(yǔ)you），以動(dòng)詞開頭，動(dòng)詞要用原形，句末用
“！”或“.”，讀降調(diào)。有時(shí)為了使語(yǔ)氣比較委婉，常在句首或句末加上please.在句末時(shí)要用逗號(hào)隔開。
e.g. Sit down, please! Let’s go to school.
2、祈使句的否定形式：
①一般在句首加Don’t. e.g. Throw it like this. → Don’t throw it like this.
②以Let開頭的祈使句的否定形式要視具體的否定部分來(lái)決定。否定let就在句首加Don’t，否定后面的不定式，就在不定式前加not.
e.g. Don’t let him go out. Let’s not go there.
（七）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 意義：表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
2. 構(gòu)成：be +現(xiàn)在分詞（v. +ing）
3. be動(dòng)詞由主語(yǔ)決定。
4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成：
①動(dòng)詞直接+ing e.g. play — playing
②動(dòng)詞以重讀閉音節(jié)而且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音，雙寫末一字母+ing e.g. swim — swimming
③以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾，去e+ing e.g. come — coming
（八）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法：
①表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或特征，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般是be。 e.g. They are at work. She is very old.
②表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday.
③表示主語(yǔ)具備的性格和能力。 e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English?
④普遍真理。 e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun.
2、一般時(shí)態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）的謂語(yǔ)形式。
①動(dòng)詞be 的人稱變化： （略）
②實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的變化：主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞應(yīng)+s或es。(其變化類同于名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式)
主語(yǔ)為其他人稱時(shí)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞不變。
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3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句型變化。
1）be動(dòng)詞的句式：（略）
2）實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句式：改否定句及疑問(wèn)句都應(yīng)借助助動(dòng)詞do或does。
(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí)，用does, 同時(shí)應(yīng)將其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還原形)。
① 改否定句：在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前+don’t或doesn’t.
e.g. We go to school on Sundays. → We don’t go to school on Sundays.
He does his homework after supper. → He doesn’t do his homework after supper.
② 改一般疑問(wèn)句：在句首添加Do或Does，其他照抄，最后加問(wèn)號(hào)。
e.g. They speak English. → Do they speak English?
He goes home at five every day. → Does he go home at five every day?
③ 一般疑問(wèn)句的肯否定回答。
Yes, 主語(yǔ)do. No, 主語(yǔ)don’t. Yes, 主語(yǔ)does. No, 主語(yǔ)doesn’t.
e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day?
Yes, they do. Yes, he does.
No, they don’t. No, he doesn’t.
④ 改特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)代詞＋一般疑問(wèn)句？(do/does＋其他？)
e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat?
He goes to school every day. Where does he go every day?
4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示頻度的狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前，
若句子出現(xiàn)頻度副詞，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
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