1
主謂一致性
集合名詞作主語的主謂一致問題
一、必須用復數(shù)的情形
police(
警察
)
，
people(
人
)
，
cattle(
牛，牲口
), clothes(
衣服
)
等集合名詞作主語時，謂語總是用復數(shù)。如：
My clothes were soaked.
我的衣服都濕透了。
The police are looking into the complaint.
警察在了解這項投訴。
Too few people are interested in such music nowadays.
如今對這種音樂有興趣的人太少了。
二、必須用單數(shù)的情形
clothing(
衣服
)
，
poetry(
詩歌
)
，
baggage / luggage(
行李
)
，
furniture(
家具
)
，
scenery(
景色
)
，
jewellery(
珠寶
)
，
equipment(
設備
)
等不可數(shù)的集合名詞用作主語時，其
謂語用單數(shù)形式
。如：
Furniture is chiefly made of wood.
家具主要是由木材制造。
Poetry was blooming in China in the Tang dynasty
.
中國的詩歌在唐代十分盛行。
3.
可用單數(shù)或復數(shù)的情形
family(
家庭
)
，
team(
隊員
)
，
class(
班上的全體學生
)
，
crowd(
人群
)
，
government(
政府
)
，
crew(
乘務員
)
，
committee(
委員會
)
，
audience(
聽眾
)
，
public(
公眾
)
等集合名詞用作主語時，
其謂語既可用單數(shù)，
也可用復數(shù)：
當它們被
視為整體
時，
謂語用單數(shù)
；當它們強調(diào)個體時，謂語用復數(shù)。如：
My family is very large.
我家人很多。
(
視為整體
)
His family are waiting for him.
他家里人在等他。
(
強調(diào)個體成員
)
注：有時沒有特定的上下文，用單數(shù)或復數(shù)謂語區(qū)別不大。如：
The public are [is] requested not to leave litter in the park.
要求公眾在公園不要亂扔東西。
the rest (of)
等作主語，謂語的數(shù)取決于什么
請看下面兩道題：
a. The rest of the boys __________ watching TV
.
b. The rest of the money __________ stolen.
A. were
，
were
B. was
，
were C. were
，
was
D
. was
，
was
此題應選
C
。
all
，
most
，
some
，
half
，
percent
，
the rest
等詞語后接介詞
of
再接名詞用作主語時，若該名詞
為可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式，則其謂語要用復數(shù)形式
;
若該名詞為不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，則其謂
語要用單數(shù)形式：
1. a. Most of the apples are bad.
這些蘋果當中大部分是壞的。
b. Most of the apple is bad.
這個蘋果壞了一大部分。
c. Most of the time was spent on it.
這上面花了大部分時間。
2. a. Half of the buildings were destroyed in the fire.
有一半的樓房在大火中被毀。
b. Half of the building was destroyed in the fire.
這座大樓在大火中有一半被毀。
c. Half of the money was spent on food.
有一半的錢用來買食物。
3. a. 30 percent of the workers here are women.
這里的工人有
30%
是女性。
b. 30 percent of the work has been done.
有
30%
的工作已完成。
c. 30 percent of the wall has been painted.
墻壁有
30%
已被刷漆。
并列主語受
every, each
修飾時謂語用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)
請看兩個句子：
Every boy and girl __________ the film.
Each boy and girl __________ the film.
A. likes
，
likes
B. like
，
like
C. likes
，
like
D. like
，
likes
此題應選
A
。該題容易誤選
B
，認為主語部分含有
boy
和
girl
兩部分，應該用復數(shù)。其實當兩個并列主
語受到
each
，
every
，
no
等詞修飾時，其謂語通常要用單數(shù)：
Each boy and (each) girl was in white.
每個男孩和女孩都穿著白衣服。
Every man and woman was interested in it.
每一個男人和女人都對此感興趣。
Each book and each paper was in proper place.
每本書和每張報紙都擺放得井井有條。
Every man and (every) woman in the village knows this.
這個村子里的男男女女都知道這事。
Every boy and every girl is given an apple.
每個男孩和每個女孩都被發(fā)給一個蘋果。
No teacher and (no) student was present.
沒有一個老師和學生出席。
He listened carefully
，
but no sound and no voice was heard.
他仔細地聽，但是沒聽到一點聲音。
we each
等作主語謂語用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)
we each
等作主語時，謂語動詞應用復數(shù)，因為當
we each
作主語時，真正的主語是
we
，其后的
each
是修
初中各年級課件教案習題匯總
語文數(shù)學英語物理化學2
飾
we
的同位語。如：
We each have a map.
我們每人都有一張地圖。
We each think the same.
我們大家想到一起了。
We each know how the other is getting along.
我們每人都知道對方的情況。
類似地，當
they each, the children each, the teachers each
等用作主語時，謂語動詞也應用復數(shù)，而非單數(shù)。
如：
They each have their own share.
他們每人都有一份。
They each were fitted with a barred door.
它們每個都裝有帶門閂的門。
The plans each have certain advantages and disadvantages.
這些計劃各有其優(yōu)點和缺點。
連詞
or
與主謂一致
這類
并列主語中謂語應與哪個保持一致
？你知道嗎？
■
Y
ou or he __________ to blame.
■
_________ you or he to blame?
A. is
，
Is B. are
，
Are
C. is
，
Are
D. are
，
Is
此題應選
C
。在通常情況下，
兩個并列主語
由
or
，
either...or
，
neither...nor
，
not...but
，
not only...but (also)
等
連接時，其謂語通常與第二個主語
(
即
臨近的一個主語
)
保持一致：
1. One or two days ___B______ enough to see the city.
A. is B. are
C. am
D. be
2. Neither my wife nor I myself ____C_____ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
A. is B. are C. am
D. be
3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary __B________ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
4. Not the teacher
，
but the students _____B____ looking forward to seeing the film.
A. is B. are C. am D. be
注意在疑問句中則通常與第一個主語
(
即臨近的一個主語
)
保持一致：
a. Y
ou or he is to blame.
你或他有一人要受責備。
b. Are you or he to blame?
受責備的是你還是他
順便說一句，在現(xiàn)代英語中用
neither...nor
，
either...or
等連接主語時也可一律用復數(shù)
(
但考生在應試時應避
免
)
。
采用“就近原則”的兩個典型用法
即謂語動詞的單、復數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。
1.
連詞
or, not…but…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…
等連接的并列主語，
謂語動詞的數(shù)
與靠近它的主語一致
。如：
Not his parents but he doesn’t want to go.
是他的父母親不想去而不是他不想去。
Neither you nor I am a stranger here.
你和我都不是剛來這里。
Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret?
他和他的同學都不知道這個密秘？
2.
當
there be
后有兩個或幾個并列的主語時，
be
的數(shù)由與其靠得最近的那個
主語一致
。如：
There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate.
盤子里有一個蘋果，兩個梨子和一些桔子。
There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate.
盤子里有兩個梨子，一些桔子和一個蘋果。
非謂語動詞作主語時的主謂一致
非謂語動詞
(
主要指不定式或動名詞
)
作主語時，
謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)
。如：
1.
動名詞作主語
Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.
換乘火車多少有些不便。
Being deaf and dumb makes communication very difficult.
又聾又啞很難與人交往。
Watching the event on television was a poor substitute for actually being there.
從電視上觀看那個比賽比現(xiàn)場
觀看可差遠了。
Reading by artificial light is bad for the eyes.
閱讀時使用人工照明會損害眼睛。
Writing a dictionary is a long and difficult business but we’re getting there.
編寫詞典是費時費事的工作
,
但我
們一定能成功。
Writing a book was a more difficult job than he’d thought.
寫書這工作可比他原來想像的難得多。
2.
不定式作主語
To say you were ignorant of the rules is no excuse.
說自己不知道規(guī)則是不能成為藉口的。
How to earn daily bread by my pen was then the problem.
如何靠我的筆維持生計在當時是一難題。
To have such an easy examination paper was a gift from the gods.
碰到這樣容易的考卷
,
那是老天爺?shù)亩髻n。
To say you were ignorant of the rules is no excuse.
說自己不知道規(guī)則是不能成為藉口的。
3
To say that he was displeased is an understatement.
說他不高興是重事輕說。
To move house requires forward planning.
要搬家得先做好計劃。
To have told my secret would have given me away.
要是講出了我的秘密就是把我自己出賣了。
“主語
+
介詞短語”作主語時的主謂一致
按英語習慣，
介詞短語通常不用作主語
，所以當主語后跟有一個介詞短語時，其后謂語動詞的數(shù)只與介詞
短語前面的主語保持一致，而與介詞短語無關(guān)。如：
A
woman with two children has come.
一位婦女帶著兩個孩子已經(jīng)來了。
Everybody but you knows what was happening.
除了你以外，人人都知道出了什么事。
The teacher, together with some of his pupils, was cleaning the room.
教師和他的一些學生一起在打掃教室。
以下兩例中的
as well as
也可視為介詞，其后謂語與
as well as
前面的
主語保持一致
：
The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting.
學生和他們的老師出席了會議。
I as well as they am ready to help you.
不僅他們愿意幫助你，我也愿意幫助你。
不定代詞作主語的主語一致歸納
1.
單數(shù)型：
someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing
等復合不定代詞作主語，
謂語用單數(shù)；
either,
neither, each, little, much
等不定代詞作主語時，謂語也用單數(shù)。如：
Nothing is yet certain.
一切都還沒有肯定。
Neither was satisfactory.
兩者都不使人滿意。
No one goes to the school during the vacation.
假期時沒人到學校去。
2. both, few, several, many
作主語：此時
謂語要用復數(shù)
。如：
Few of them are any good.
它們沒有幾個有用。
Many have given their lives in the cause of truth.
為了真理許多人獻出了生命。
3. all
作主語：若指人，謂語用復數(shù)；若指事物或現(xiàn)象，
謂語通常用單數(shù)
。如：
All are equal before the law.
法律面前，人人平等。
All is well that ends well.
結(jié)局好一切都好。
注：若
all
后修飾有其他名詞或接有
“of+
名詞
”
，則其謂語與其中名詞的數(shù)保持一致。
All (of) the money is mine.
所有這些錢都是我的。
All (of) his friends are poor.
他所有的朋友都很窮。
4. none (of)
作主語：若指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)；若指復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，謂語可用單數(shù)
(
較正式
)
或復數(shù)
(
非
正式
)
。如：
None of the rooms are ready.
房間一個也沒準備好。
None of this milk can be used.
這牛奶一點都不能用了。
None of the telephones is [are] working.
沒有一部電話中是好的。
5. the rest
作主語：指不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)，指可數(shù)名詞時
謂語用復數(shù)
。如：
The rest of the money is yours.
剩余的錢歸你。
The rest are arriving later.
其他人稍候就到。
means
作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)
means
表單數(shù)意義還是復數(shù)意義
用作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)？如：
All possible means __________ been tired.
Every possible means __________ been tired.
A. have
，
haveB. has
，
has
C. have
，
has
D. has
，
have
此題應選
C
。名詞
means(
方法
)
的單復數(shù)同形，用作主語時，其謂語的單復數(shù)要視具體含義而定：
1.
如果
means
與
all
，
such
，
these
，
those
等詞連用，則其含義應該是復數(shù)：
These means are very good.
這些方法很好。
Such means sound interesting
，
bu
t in fact they’reimpossible.
那樣的方法聽起來有趣，但實際上是不可能的。
2.
如果
means
與
a
，
such a
，
this
，
that
，
every
等詞連用，則其含義應該是單數(shù)：
Such a means is really unpleasant.
這樣的方法確實是令人不愉快。
There is an effective means of doing it.
做此事有一種很有效的方法。
3.
有時從句意和上下文無法確定
means
到底是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，則其謂語用單數(shù)或復數(shù)均可以：
做這事還有其他的什么辦法嗎
正：
Are there any other means of doing it?
正：
Is there any other means of doing it?
沒有好的方法。
正：
There is no good means.
4
正：
There are no good means.
population
作主語的主謂一致問題
一、總的原則
1.
表示意義較抽象的
“
人口
”
時，
表單數(shù)意義；
表示某地區(qū)的全體居民時，
為集合名詞，
既可表示單數(shù)意義
(
視
為整體
)
也可表示復數(shù)意義
(
考慮其個體
)
。如：
China’s
population is
by far the largest of any country.
中國是全世界人口最多的國家。
Most of the population
has [have] fled.
大部分居民都逃走了。
Half the world’s population doesn’t [don’t] get enough to eat.
世界有一半人口沒有足夠的食物吃。
What percent of the population
read [reads] books?
識字的人占人口總數(shù)的百分之幾
注：有的人認為，當
population
作主語時謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)，但若前面有分數(shù)或百分數(shù)修飾時，謂語動
詞用復數(shù)
——
這是不準確的說法，以上例句均引自權(quán)威詞典，完全可以說明這一問題！
二、注意之處
若其后跟的是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，且表語為復數(shù)，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。如：
One third of the population here are farmers.
這里三分之一的人口是工人。
時間、距離、金額作主語時的主謂一致
表示時間、距離、度量、重量、金額等的復數(shù)名詞作主語，被
看作整體時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；若強調(diào)個體
也可以復數(shù)
。如：
Twenty years is
a long time.
二十年是很長時間。
Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot.
步行兩千米是一段很長的路程。
Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them.
六個月過去了，我們依然沒有他們的消息。
比較：
Ten dollars is
too much for this old coin.
這個古幣沒有
10
塊錢這么高的價格。
Three dollars were paid for the old coin.
那個古錢花了
3
塊錢。
Twenty years is a long time. 20
年是一段很長的時間。
Twenty years have
passed since they got married.
他們結(jié)婚已有
20
年了。
并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語動詞的數(shù)
1.
由
and
和
both...and
連接的并列主語
此時謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)。如：
Jim and Mary are both interested in it.
吉姆和瑪麗都對此感興趣。
Both brother and sister are college students.
兄妹倆都是大學生。
【注意】
(1)
當由
and
連接的兩個并列主語受
each, every, no
的修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)：
Every boy and (every) girl likes the book.
每個男孩女孩都喜歡這本書。
No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room.
房間里不見桌椅。
(2)
當
and
連接兩個數(shù)相加時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)或復數(shù)：
Six and eight makes [make] fourteen.
六加八等于十四。
(3)
當
and
連接的兩個的詞語指同一個人或事物時，謂語通常要用單數(shù)：
A
cart and horse was seen in the distance.
遠處看見一輛馬車。
2.
由
or, nor, either...or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but
等連接的并列主語
此時謂語動詞通常與最靠近的主語保持一致
(
即遵循就近原則
)
。如：
He or I am wrong.
不是他錯了，就是我錯了。
Either you or he has taken it.
不是你拿了就是他拿了。
Not only the children but also the mother wants to go.
不僅孩子們想去，母親也想去。
注意這類句型的疑問句形式：
Were you or he there?
當時是你還是他在那兒
Are either you or he to blame?
是怪你還是怪他
【注意】在非正式文體中，個別結(jié)構(gòu)
(
如
neither…nor)
連接主語時，謂語可用復數(shù)：
Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come.
他的爸爸和媽媽都沒來。
3.
由
as well as,
as much as
, rather than , more than,
no less than
等連接的并連主語
此時謂語動詞通常與前面一個主語保持一致。如：
The teacher
as well as
the students has read it
不僅學生讀過它，老師也讀過。
The teacher
rather than
the students is to blame.
應受責備的是老師而不是學生。
a (the) number of…
作主語時謂語的數(shù)
5
一、
“the number +
復數(shù)名詞
”
作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：
The number of
the students increased to 500.
學生人數(shù)增加到了
500
人。
The number of
students absent is 6.
缺席的學生人數(shù)為
6
。
The number of jobs is increasing.
工作的數(shù)目正在增加。
The number of chairs in the room is ten.
屋內(nèi)椅子共有十把。
The number of
the unemployed is still increasing.
失業(yè)的人還在增加。
The number of cars has greatly in creased.
轎車的數(shù)量大大地增加了。
The number of
stamp-collectors is growing apace.
集郵者的人數(shù)在迅速增加。
And here are the main points of the news again. The pound has fallen against the dollar. The Prime Minister has
said that the government’s economic policies are working. The number of unemployed has reached five million.
There has been a fire...
下面把新聞要點再說一遍。英鎊對美元的比價已經(jīng)下跌。首相說政府的經(jīng)濟政策正
在起作用。失業(yè)人數(shù)已經(jīng)達到
500
萬。發(fā)生了一場大火
……
二、
“a number of+
復數(shù)名詞
”
作主語，謂語用復數(shù)。如：
A
number of
people were injured.
不少人受了傷。
There were a number of swans on the lake.
湖上有好些天鵝。
There are a nu
mber of factors which we’re to consider.
有很多因素我們需要考慮。
A
number of
houses were burned down in the fire.
在火災中燒掉了不少房子。
A
large number ofpeople have come to see the exhibition.
許多人來看展覽會。
A
number of workers have recently left the company.
最近有很多工人辭掉了工作。
A
number of
veterans have retired and some are ready to.
很多老隊員已退役，另一些也準備退役。
A
number of
people have tried to find the treasure, but they have all failed.
許多人都努力尋找寶藏，
但是他們都
失敗了。
“
the+
形容詞”作主語時的主謂一致
一、
“
the+
形容詞
”
作主語時，若指一類人，則謂語用復數(shù)。如：
The young are
mostly ambitious.
年輕人多半有雄心。
The sick and the wounded were sent home.
傷病員都送回家了。
The rich
get richer and the poor get poorer.
富者愈富，貧者愈貧。
The injured were
carried away on stretchers.
用擔架把受傷的人抬走了。
The old are
more likely to catch cold than the young.
老年人比年輕人更容易感冒。
二、若指個別或抽象概念，謂語用單數(shù)。如：
The beautiful is not always the useful.
美的并不總是有用的。
The unknown is
always something to be feared.
未知的東西總是一種令人害怕的東西。
The beautiful is
not always the good, and the good is not always the true.
美未必是善，善未必是真。
注：有個別的
“the+
形容詞
”
結(jié)構(gòu)既表示單數(shù)意義，也表示復數(shù)意義，若用作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復
數(shù)需視情況而定。如：
the good
指
“
好人
”
時表復數(shù)意義，指
“
善
”
時表單數(shù)意義；
the accused
指一名被告時
表單數(shù)意義，指多名被告時表復數(shù)意義。比較：
The accused was acquitted of the charge.
被告被宣告無罪。
(
指一人
)
The accused
were acquitted of the charge.
被告均被宣告無罪。
(
指多人
)
many a
與
more than one
作主語時謂語的數(shù)
many a
的意思是
“
許多
”
，
more than one
的意思是
“
不止一個
”
，從意義上，它們表示復數(shù)，但用作主語時，
謂語卻習慣上用單數(shù)。如：
■ many a
Many a
fine man has died in that battle.
許多優(yōu)秀的士兵死于那次戰(zhàn)役。
Many a
ship has been wrecked on those rocks.
許多船只毀于那些礁石之上。
Many a
young man has tried and failed.
很多年輕人都試過，而且失敗了。
Many a
successful store has paid its rent cheerfully.
許多成功的店鋪都非常樂意地付了房租。
■ more than one
More than one
man has been dismissed.
不止一人被解雇了。
More than one
person is involved in this.
與此事有牽連的人不止一個。
If things don’t get better, more than one person is going to have to find a new job.
如果情況沒有好轉(zhuǎn)，
需要另謀
新工作的就不是個別人了。
比較：
Many a boy likes swimming.=Many boys like swimming.
許多男孩子喜歡游泳。
More than one
student has read the book.=More students than one have read the book.
不止一個學生讀過這書。
