Unit1 Friendship
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. add up 合計
2. upset vt&vi 弄翻，使…不安,使心煩,擾亂
adj. 心煩意亂的,不舒服的,不適的,難過的.
3. ignore不理睬、忽視
4. calm (使)平靜、(使)鎮(zhèn)定
calm down 平靜/鎮(zhèn)定下來
5. have got to 不得不、必須
6. concern (使)擔(dān)憂、涉及、關(guān)系到
be concerned about…關(guān)心，掛念
7. go through 經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)受
8. set down 記下、放下、登記
9. a series of 一系列
10. on purpose 故意
11. in order to 為了……
12. at dusk 在黃昏時刻
13. face to face 面對面地
14. no longer/not…any longer 不再……
15. settle 安家、定居、停留
16. suffer 遭受、忍受、經(jīng)歷
17. suffer from 遭受、患病
18. recover 痊愈、恢復(fù)、重新獲得
19. get/be tired of 對……厭煩
20. pack 捆扎，包裝/包裹
21. pack (sth) up 將（東西）裝箱打包
22. get along with 與……相處
23. fall in love 愛上
24. disagree 不同意
25. join in 參加
【重點句型】
1. It was the first time in a year and a half that I had seen the night face to face. （從句時態(tài)用完成時）
這是我一年半以來第一次目睹夜晚。
2. I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）
我不知道這是不是因為我長久無法出門的緣故，我變得對一切與大自然有關(guān)的事物都無比狂熱。
3. I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself.
有一天晚上，我熬到11點半故意不睡覺，為的是獨(dú)自好好看看月亮一次。
4. Your friend, who doesn’t work hard, asks you to help him cheat in the end-of-term exam.（非限制性定語從句）
你的一個朋友叫你在期末考試中幫他作弊，這個朋友平常不認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。
5. If you have some trouble (in) getting along with your friends, you can write to the editor and ask for advice.
如果你在和朋友的相處上有問題，你可以寫信給編輯向他征求建議。
6. Add up your score and see how many points you can get.
把你的得分加起來，看看得了多少。
7. What he did has added to our difficulties.
他的所作所為增加了我們的困難。
8. His income adds up to $1000 a month.
他每月的收入共計1000美元。
9. It's no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.
觀看這些已不再是樂趣，因為大自然是你必須體驗的。
10. Why is she so concerned about his attitude to her work?
她為什么那么關(guān)注他對她的工作的看法？
11. The police asked him to set down what he had seen in a report.
警察讓他在報告中寫下他所看見的事情。
12. As I was about to go out and search for him, he happened to come in.
正當(dāng)我打算出去找他時，他恰巧進(jìn)來。
13. Mr. Jones lives alone and often feels lonely.
瓊斯先生單獨(dú)一人生活，常常感到孤獨(dú)。
14. We tried to calm him down, but he kept crying.
我們試圖讓他平靜下來，但他仍不停地哭著。
15) Does he dare (to) go out at night in such stormy weather?
他敢在這樣一個暴風(fēng)雨夜外出嗎？
16. He would go through fire and water for his country.
他愿為國家赴湯蹈火。
17. That country suffered a heavy loss in the flood.
那個國家在水災(zāi)中遭受嚴(yán)重的損失。
【語法總結(jié)】
直接引語和間接引語（一）
直接引語：直接引述別人的原話。一般前后要加引號。
間接引語：用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話。間接引語在多數(shù)情況下可構(gòu)成賓語從句且不要加引號。
例： Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.”
Mr. Black said that he was busy.
變化規(guī)則
1. 陳述句的變化規(guī)則
直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，用連詞that（可省略）引導(dǎo)，從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語都要發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化。
（1）人稱的變化——人稱的變化主要是要理解句子的意思
例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.” → He said that he liked it very much.
2. He said to me, “I'v left my book in your room.”
→ He told me that he had left his book in my room.
（2）時態(tài)的變化
直接引語
間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時
一般過去時
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
過去進(jìn)行時
現(xiàn)在完成時
過去完成時
一般過去時
過去完成時
一般將來時
過去將來時
過去完成時
過去完成時
例：
“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary,” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
The boy said, “I’m using a knife.”
→ The boy said that he was using a knife.
▲注意：如果直接引語是客觀真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變，如：
He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
（3）指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞的變化
直接引語
間接引語
this
that
these
those
now
then
ago
before/earlier
today
that day
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the next/following day
the day after tomorrow
In two day’s time
come
go
here
there
the day before yesterday
two days before/earlier
2. 疑問句的變化規(guī)則
如果直接引語是疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時要把疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，句末用句號。
（1）一般疑問句：如果直接引語是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，謂語動詞是say或said時，要改為 ask 或asked,原問句變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
例:“Do you think a diary can become your friend?” the writer says.
→ The writer asks us if we think a diary can become our friend.
（2）特殊疑問句：如果間接引語是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，仍用原來的引導(dǎo)詞，但疑問句要變?yōu)殛愂鼍洹?div style="height:15px;">
例：“What do you want?” he asked me.
→ He asked me what I wanted
Unit2 English around the world
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. because of 因為、由于
2. come up 走近、上來、提出
3. actually 實際上、事實上
4. base 以…為基礎(chǔ)，根基
5. at present 目前
6. make use of 利用
7. such as 例如
8. command 命令、指令、掌握
9. request 請求、要求
10. play a part/role in 扮演一個角色
11. recognize 辨認(rèn)出、承認(rèn)、公認(rèn)
12. straight 直接、挺直、筆直的
13. be different from 與…不同
be the same as 和…一樣
14. one another 相互，彼此（=each other）
15. at the end of 在…結(jié)束時
16. because of 因為（后接名詞或名詞性短語）
because 因為（后接句子）
17. be based on 根據(jù)，依據(jù)
18. at present 目前；當(dāng)今
19. especially 特別，尤其
specially 專門地
20. make use of 利用…
make the best of 充分利用…
21. a large number of 大量的，很多（作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)）
the number of …的數(shù)量（作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)）
22. in fact = actually= as a matter of fact 事實上
23. make lists of… 列清單
24. included 包括（前面接包括的對象）
including包括（后面接包括的對象）
25. command sb. to do sth. 命令某人去做某事
command + that 從句（從句用should+V原）
26. request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
request + that 從句(從句用should+V原)
【重點句型】
1. World Englishes come from those countries where English plays an important role as a first or second language, either because of foreign rule or because of its special role as an international language.（定語從句）
世界英語來自那些以英語為第一或第二語言的國家，英語在這些國家起重要作用，或是因為外國的統(tǒng)治，或是因為其作為國際語言的特殊地位。
2. All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.
當(dāng)不同的語言互相溝通時，所有的語言都會發(fā)生變化。
3. Actually, the English spoken between about AD 450 and 1150 was based more on German than present day English.
實際上，從公元450年到1150年，人們所說的英語更多的是以德語為基礎(chǔ)的，而現(xiàn)代英語不是。
4. Would you please come up to my flat for a visit?
請到我的公寓里來坐坐，好嗎？
5. Believe it or not, he cheated in the exams.
信不信由你，他在考試中作弊。
6. Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.
以英語作為母語的人，即使他們所講的語言不盡相同，也可以互相交流。
7. Today the number of people learning English in China is larger than even before.
目前在中國學(xué)習(xí)英語的人數(shù)比以往任何時候都多。
8. It is the duty of a government to provide education for the children of its country. （it作形式主語）
政府的責(zé)任是為其國家的小孩提供教育。
9. Reading is one of the best ways of improving your vocabulary and usage.
閱讀是幫助你改善詞匯及其用法的最好方法之一。
10. Giving commands is less polite than making a request.
發(fā)號命令比發(fā)出請求粗魯。
11. We asked her for directions and she told us to go round the corner on the left and keep going straight for two blocks.
我們向她問路，她告訴我們往左邊拐彎后直走兩個街區(qū)。
12. He knows several languages, such as English, French and German.
他懂幾種語言，例如英語、法語和德語。
【語法總結(jié)】
直接引語和間接引語（二）
3. 祈使句的變化規(guī)則
如果直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并根據(jù)句子意思在不定式前加上tell/ask/order等動詞，如果祈使句是否定句，在不定式前面還要加上not。
例：The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”
→ The hostess asked us to sit down.
He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→ He told the boys not to make so much noise.
Unit3 Travel journal
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. travel----泛指旅行
journey----指長時間長距離的陸上旅行
voyage----指長距離的水上旅行，也可以指乘飛機(jī)旅行
trip----常指短時間短距離的旅行
tour----指周游，巡回旅游
2. prefer A to B 比起B(yǎng)，更喜歡A
prefer doing to doing 比起做…，寧愿做…
prefer to do rather than do 與其做…, 不如…
3. flow through 流過，流經(jīng)
4. ever since 自從
5. persuade sb. to do sth. 說服某人做某事
6. be fond of 喜歡
7. insist on doing 堅持做某事
insist + that 從句（用should+ V原）
8. care about 關(guān)心
9. change one’s mind 改變想法
10. altitude 高度
attitude 態(tài)度，看法
11. make up one’s mind to do下定決心做某事
= decide to do = make a decision to do
12. give in 讓步，屈服
give up 放棄
13. be surprised to… 對…感到驚奇
to one’s surprise 令某人驚訝的是…
14. at last = finally = in the end 最終
15. stop to do 停下來去做某事
stop doing 停止做某事
16. as usual 像往常一樣
17. so…that 如此…以至于…
so + adj + a/an + n. + that
such + a/an +adj. + n. + that
18. be familiar with 對…熟悉（人作主語）
be familiar to 為…所熟悉（物作主語）
【重點句型】
1. My sister and I have dreamed about cycling along the Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. 我姐姐和我一直夢想要沿湄公河從源頭到終點騎車旅行。
2. The man insisted that he didn’t steal anything and he (should) be set free at once. (陳述語氣、虛擬語氣)
這男人堅持自己沒有偷東西，他堅持說他應(yīng)該立刻被釋放。
3. She gave me a determined look ?C the kind that said she wouldn’t change her mind.
她給了我一個堅定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會改變主意的。
4. He is so stubborn that no one can persuade him to do anything.
他是如此的固執(zhí)以致沒有人能說服他做任何事。
5. My sister doesn’t care about details.
我的姐姐是不會考慮細(xì)節(jié)的。
6. She is a determined woman. Once she determines to do something, she will do it well.
她是個意志堅強(qiáng)的人。如果她下決心做什么事，就一定要做好。
7. He recorded the important events ad his afterthoughts in his travel journal. 在旅行日記中，他記下了重大的事件及自己的想法。
8. I am not familiar with this city, because this is my first visit.
我對這個城市不熟悉，因為這是我的第一次來訪。
9. I don’t think it is necessary for us to give in.
我認(rèn)為我們沒有必要讓步。
10. The topics of a travel journal can be different from a diary, often including people, things, and events less familiar to readers.
游記的主題可以和日記不同，經(jīng)常包括那些讀者不太熟悉的人和事。
11. It was great fun to put up tents here.
在這兒搭帳篷真好玩。
【語法總結(jié)】
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來，表示最近按計劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作，常見的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來的動詞有：come/ go / leave/ arrive / travel / take / stay/ do等.
例：1. I’m coming. 我就來
2. what are you doing next Sunday ? 你下個星期天做什么？
3. I hear that you are travelling along Mekong River. 我聽說你將沿湄公河旅行
4. Where are you staying at night? 你們晚上待在哪里？
Unit4 Earthquakes
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. right away 立刻，馬上（= at once = in no time）
2. asleep 睡著的；熟睡地（fall asleep 入睡）
sleep 睡；睡眠
sleepy 犯困的
3. it seems that/as if… 看來好像…；似乎
4. in ruins 成為廢墟
5. the number of …的數(shù)量（做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)）
a number of 大量（做主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)）
6. rescue workers 營救人員
come to one’s rescue 營救某人
7. be trapped 被困
8. how long 多長時間
how often 多久一次，指頻率
how soon 還要多久（用于將來時當(dāng)中，用in+時間段回答）
9. hundreds of thousands of 成千上萬的
10. dig out 挖出
11. shake----泛指“動搖，震動”,常指左右、上下動搖，也可以指人“震驚，顫抖”
例：She felt the earth shaking under him.
She was shaken with anger.
quake---- 指較強(qiáng)烈的震動，如地震
The building quaked on its foundation.
tremble---- 指人由于寒冷、恐懼、不安等引起的身體的抖動或聲音的顫抖
例：Suddenly I saw her lips begin to tremble and tears begin to flow down her cheeks.
shiver---- 多指寒冷引起的顫抖、哆嗦
例：A sudden gust of cold wind made me shiver.
12. rise (rose—risen)---- vi, 上升；升起， 無被動語態(tài)
give rise to 引起
raise（raised—raised）---- vt, 舉起；籌集；養(yǎng)育
arise ( arose—arisen)----vt, 出現(xiàn)（常指問題或現(xiàn)象）
13. injure---- 常指因意外事故造成的損傷，也可以指感情上名譽(yù)上的傷害
例：He was injured in a car accident.
harm---- 泛指“傷害，損害”，既可以指有生命的，也可以指無生命的
例：He was afraid that his fury(暴怒) would harm the child.
His business was harmed for some reason.
hurt---- 既可以指肉體上的傷害，也可以指精神上的傷害
例：She hurt her leg when she fell.
He felt hurt at your word.
wound---- 一般指槍傷、刀傷等在戰(zhàn)場上受的傷
例：The bullet wounded him in the arm.
14. be prepared for …= make preparations for… 為…做準(zhǔn)備
15. in one’s honor 向…表示敬意；為紀(jì)念
be/feel honored to do… 做…感到很榮幸
16. make /give/deliver a speech 發(fā)言
opening speech 開幕詞
17. give/ provide shelter to… 向…提供庇護(hù)所
seek shelter from… 躲避
18. happen to do sth. 偶然；碰巧
happen ----指偶然發(fā)生
take place----指事先計劃好的事情發(fā)生
【重點句型】
1. The number of people who were killed or injured in the earthquake reached more than 400,000.（定語從句）
死傷的人數(shù)達(dá)到40多萬。
2. The army organized the rescue workers to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. （定語從句）
部隊組織救援人員將受困的人們挖出來，將死者掩埋。
3. All hope was not lost. = Not all hope was lost.（部分否定）
不是所有的希望都破滅了。
4. None of us were allowed to go there.（全部否定）
我們?nèi)疾辉S去那里。
5. He rescued the man from drowning.
他救了一男子使之免遭溺斃。
6. An earthquake left the whole city in ruins.
地震過后，全城到處是殘垣斷壁。
7. I feel highly honoured by your trust.
得到你的信任，我感到非常榮幸。
8. Professor Yu organized his thoughts before giving the speech.
于教授在演講之前組織了一下思路。
9. Many people took shelter from the rain in the department store.
許多人在百貨公司里避雨。
10. It seemed that the world was at an end as the earthquake destroyed nearly everything.
世界似乎到了末日，因為地震幾乎毀了一切。
11. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.
人們開始納悶，這場災(zāi)難還會持續(xù)多久？
12. They used candles all the time instead of electricity.
他們一直用蠟燭，沒有用電。
13. The one million people of the city, who thought little of these strange events, went to bed as usual that night.（非限制性定語從句）
這城市的一百萬居民幾乎都沒有把這些奇怪的情況當(dāng)一回事，當(dāng)天晚上照常上床睡覺了。
14. We’d better prepare him for the bad news.
我們最好讓他做好知道這個壞消息的心理準(zhǔn)備。
15. The rubbish gave out a smelly gas.
垃圾發(fā)出一陣臭味。
16. I am getting in touch with him right away.
我馬上跟他聯(lián)系。
17. Are you willing to do public service work without pay?
你愿意無償從事公益活動嗎？
18. Do you easily lose heart when you are in trouble?
你處于不幸中時容易喪失信心嗎？
【語法總結(jié)】
定語從句
概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。
成分：先行詞，即被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞；關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who(賓格為whom,所有格為whose)；或者關(guān)系副詞where，when，why等。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞處在先行詞和定語從句之間，起著連接主從句的作用。
1. 關(guān)系代詞that的用法
關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中既能指人，也能指物；既能做主語，也能做賓語。
例：1）A plane is a machine that can fly. (指物，作主語)
2）The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (指物，作賓語，可省略)
3）Who is the man that is reading a book over there? (指人，作主語)
4）The girl (that) we saw yesterday was Jim’s sister,(指人，作賓語，可省略)
2. 關(guān)系代詞which的用法
關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中只能指物，既可以做賓語也能作主語。
例：1）They planted some trees which didn’t need much water. (作主語)
2）The fish (which) we bought this morning were not fresh. (作賓語，可省略)
3. 關(guān)系代詞who，whom的用法
關(guān)系代詞who,whom 只能指人，在定語從句中分別作主語和賓語
例：1）The foreigner who helped us yesterday is from USA.(作主語)
2）The person to whom you just talked to is Mr. Li. (作賓語，可省略)
4. 關(guān)系代詞whose的用法
關(guān)系代詞whose為關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，其先行詞既可以是人也可以是物，whose和它所修飾的名詞在定語從句中既可以做主語也可以做賓語。
例：1）This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world. (指人，作主語)
2） The room whose window faces south is mine. (指物，作主語)
3）He has written a book whose name I’ve forgotten. (指物，作賓語)
5. 關(guān)系副詞when的用法
關(guān)系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語
例：1）I’ll never forget the time when (=during which) we worked on the farm.
2) Do you remember the afternoon when (=on which) we first met three years ago?
6. 關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中的用法
關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中做地點狀語
例：1）This is the place where( =at/in which) we first met.
2) The hotel where (= in which ) we stayed wasn’t very clean.
7. 關(guān)系副詞why在定語從句中的用法
關(guān)系副詞why在定語從句中作原因狀語
例: 1). I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason why(= for which) I left.
2). The reason why (=for which) he has late was that he missed the train.
Unit5 Nelson Mandela – a modern hero
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. selfish 自私的
selfless 無私的
2. devote oneself to… 致力于；獻(xiàn)身于
3. fight against 對抗，反對
fight for 為…而戰(zhàn)
4. principle 原則
principal 校長；主要的
5. offer guidance to… 給…提供指導(dǎo)
6. out of work 失業(yè)
7. join 加入（組織，俱樂部，成為其中一員）
join in 參加（活動）
take part in 參加（活動）
8. as + adj +as one can 盡可能…
= as + adj. +as possible
9. as a matter of fact 事實上（=in fact）
10. blow up 爆炸，炸掉
11. set up 建立；set about 著手，開始做（ set about doing sth.）；set off 出發(fā)，動身 ; set out 開始，出發(fā)（set out to do sth.）
12. be sentenced to 被判…
13. be equal to 與…相等；勝任
14. be proud of 為…感到自豪
15. give out 分發(fā)
give off 散發(fā)出（氣味）
16. die for 為…而死
die of 死于（自身原因，如疾?。?div style="height:15px;">
17. realize one’s dream of … 實現(xiàn)..的夢想
18. only 位于句首時，要主謂部分倒裝
例：Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
Only in this way, can we protect the environment better.
1. The time when I first met him was a very difficult period of my life.
2. It is a doctor’s job to advise patients on health problems.
3. As a matter of fact, I was worried about whether I would be out of work.
4. After getting up, he always drinks a glass of water, which he believes is good for his health. （非限制性定語從句）
5. The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. （定語從句）
6. In his life, he has always tried to help those who are less fortunate than himself. （定語從句）
7. Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.（倒裝句）
8. Only some of the children seemed to have understood it.
9. The school where I studied only two years was three kilometers away.
10. The parts of town where they lived were places decided by white people.（過去分詞作后置定語）
11. Before he came to power, he was once put in prison for years.
12. This was my reward after working all my life for equal rights for the Blacks.
13. He was sentenced to three years in prison for stealing.
14. He set up a black law firm to help those poor black people.
15. In 1963, I helped him blow up some government buildings.
