1. relaxing. Relaxing 是由及物動(dòng)詞relax+ing構(gòu)成的形容詞，意思是“輕松的，令人放松的”。Boring和relaxing的構(gòu)詞法相同，意思是“令人厭煩的，單調(diào)乏味的”。
Relaxed“放松的”和 bored“無(wú)聊的”常用來(lái)修飾人；而relaxing和boring均表示“令人……”，常修飾物。
Mary felt relaxed to make a relaxing conversation with a good friend, while Peter got bored with a lot of boring homework to do.和一個(gè)好朋友的輕松交談讓瑪麗感到很放松，而要做很多無(wú)聊的作業(yè)使彼得感到很厭煩。
The teacher said something relaxing to get him relaxed, so Peter decided to do something satisfying to make the tacher satisfied.老師對(duì)他說(shuō)了一些讓人放松的事情使他放松，于是彼得決定做點(diǎn)兒令人滿意的事情讓老師滿意。
2.suppose（認(rèn)為，猜想）的用法。
(1)suppose+that從句，表示“猜測(cè)，假定”。
I suppose that you are right.. 我想你是對(duì)的。
(2)supose+名詞/代詞+to be…表示“認(rèn)為……是……”
Many people suppose him to be over 50.許多人認(rèn)為他已經(jīng)50多歲了。
(3)suppose/supposing作“假定，設(shè)想”講，相當(dāng)于連詞if.
Suppose you are wrong,what will you do then? 假如你錯(cuò)了，你將會(huì)怎樣做呢？
(4)be supposed to“被期望做……，應(yīng)該做……”表示勸告、建議、義務(wù)、責(zé)任等，相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should.
Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one? 我是應(yīng)該打掃所有房間呢還是只這一間？
They were supposed to be here an hour ago.
(5)用于簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)中。
-Do you think we’ll have good weather this weekend? 你認(rèn)為周末天氣會(huì)好嗎？
-I suppose so/not. 我想會(huì)吧/我想不會(huì)。
3.Imagine.
(1)imaging sb. Doing sth. 想象某人做某事
I just can imagine him saying that! 我確實(shí)能想象到他那么說(shuō)！
(3)imagine sb./sth.(to be)認(rèn)為某人/某事……
Don’t imagine your husband to be always wrong.
(4)imagine+that從句 想象，誤認(rèn)為
Your can’t imagine he should make such a mistake.你不到他竟然犯了這樣的錯(cuò)誤。
4.forty-three-year-old是復(fù)合形容詞，作定語(yǔ)，其中year不能用復(fù)數(shù)。
5.until到……（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)）為止
He stayed here until twelve o’clock. 他在這里一直待到十二點(diǎn)。
Until還可以作連詞。not…until…意思是“直到……才……”
He will not give you any answer until he has thought it over. 他對(duì)此事仔細(xì)考慮之后才會(huì)給你答復(fù)。
6.與“開、關(guān)”有關(guān)的詞
(1)open/close/shut與door, window, box, book,eyes等連用
(2)switch on/off多與radio, TV, light, computer等連用
(3)turn on/off比switch on/off更通俗，多與radio, gas, water等連用。
7.while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，與……同時(shí)”，表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行或兩種狀態(tài)同時(shí)存在。
He was still studying while the others were sleeping.
While還可以表示“然而、卻”，連接兩個(gè)并列句，含有對(duì)比的意味。
Many people try their best to help the homeless while some just stand by.
很多人盡力于幫助那些無(wú)家可歸的人，而有些人只是袖手旁觀。
8.It takes sb. Some time to do sth.
It takes some time for sb. To do sth.
這兩個(gè)句型是固定句型，意思是“某人花費(fèi)多少時(shí)間做某事”
9.“get+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，通常強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生，也可指狀態(tài)的變化。此類結(jié)構(gòu)還有：
get lost 迷路
get dressed 穿衣
get hurt 受傷
get paid得到報(bào)酬
get married結(jié)婚
10.動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞或代詞有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next, last only等限定詞時(shí)，要使用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
I am always the first person to get to the office. 我總是第一個(gè)到辦公室。
Miss Brown is the last person to rise to speak.布朗小姐是最后一個(gè)站起來(lái)發(fā)言的人。
11.be filled with充滿著，相當(dāng)于be full of
fill…up with用……裝滿，填滿
fill in填寫；度過(guò)（時(shí)光）
12.so+形容詞或副詞+that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“如此……以至于……”
(1)so that=in order that
He works very hard so that he can buy his own apartment.他努力工作，為的是能買一套自己的公寓。
(2)such…that作“如此……以至于”講，連接一個(gè)表示結(jié)果的狀語(yǔ)從句。
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.他非常誠(chéng)實(shí)，因而受到了老師的表?yè)P(yáng)。
注意：如果后邊的名詞前由many, much,few, little等詞修飾的話，則不用such而用so.
13.complain to sb.about/of sth. 向某人抱怨/訴苦……
complain about sth. to sb. 向某人抱怨某事
She is always complaining about something. 她總是滿腹牢騷
14.stress
lay/place/put stress on 把重點(diǎn)放在……上
15.take place與happen, occur的用法區(qū)別
take place:指按計(jì)劃、安排“發(fā)生”；“舉行，進(jìn)行”，相當(dāng)于hold
happen：指偶然、意外的“發(fā)生”；“碰巧”，后面接動(dòng)詞不定式
occur作“發(fā)生”解，一般可與happen互換。Occur還表示“想起、想到”
It happened that the driver was his cousin. 那位司機(jī)碰巧是他的表弟。
When will the basketball game take place? 籃球賽何時(shí)舉行？
The idea occurred to him in a dream.
16.reduce…to 表示“減少到……”；其中介詞to表示“減少后的結(jié)果”
reduce…by表示“減少了……”；其中介詞by表示“減少的程度或幅度”
17.prefer sth./doing sth.更喜歡……
Prefer to do sth.. 寧愿做某事
Prefer sth./doing sth. to sth./doing sth.寧愿……而不愿……
Prefer sb. To do sth.. 寧愿某人做某事
Prefer to do sth. rather than do 寧愿……而不愿……
18.volunteer作動(dòng)詞，表“自愿去做”常跟to do 不定式
The young man volunteered to help the old man. 那個(gè)年輕人主動(dòng)去幫助那位老年人。
19. pay attention to…注意，留心，重視，
Draw/attract one’s attetion (to)引起某人的注意；使某人注意……
20.有關(guān)make sure的短語(yǔ)
(1) make sure that+賓語(yǔ)從句
注意：make sure 后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，后接名詞時(shí)需加介詞of/about一般不用不定式，沒有make sure to do sth.的句型。
(2) be sure to do sth.務(wù)必/一定會(huì)做某事
(3) be sure of/about… be sure that+從句，表示肯定……，對(duì)……有把握
21.especially, specialy, particularly
especially:意為“尤其、特別地”。用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，常用在所強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞、副詞及狀語(yǔ)從句前。
specially:意這“特意的，專門地”。強(qiáng)調(diào)不廣泛，是專門為某一目的而進(jìn)行的特地行為。
Particularly：=in particular“特別的，尤其”；表過(guò)某事不尋常、過(guò)分或特別重要。常用于修飾名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)。
22.as a result因此，結(jié)果
As a result of +n./pron. 由于……
23.come up with 提出，想出（計(jì)劃、主意等）
Come across偶然遇到
Come about發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生
Come out 發(fā)行；
Come true成真，變成現(xiàn)實(shí)
24. “主語(yǔ)+be+said/thought/believed/supposed等+動(dòng)詞不定式”句型表示“據(jù)說(shuō)，人們說(shuō)……”，相當(dāng)于”It is/was+said/thought/believed/supposed等+that從句”
It is said that Sydney is beautiful.
25.make a difference：有關(guān)系，有影響
26.語(yǔ)法
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
構(gòu)成和句式：
肯定式：主語(yǔ)+do/does 或be(me/is/are)+其他
否定式：主語(yǔ)+do/does+not或be(me/is/are)+not+其他
疑問(wèn)式：Do/Does或Be(am/is/are)+主語(yǔ)+其他
用法：
（1）表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
You look good in this new suit.
（2）表示經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與usually, often, always, every day, sometimes, once a month, never等連用。
I often feel cold at this time of year.
（3）表示普遍真理和客觀存在的事實(shí)。
But it is spring now. It is warm in spring.
（4）表示計(jì)劃、安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作。常用表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。如go, come, arrive, leave, start, begin等。
The train leaves a 3:30 p.m.
（5）在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
We’ll go to the park if it does not rain tomorrow.
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
構(gòu)成和句式：
肯定式：主語(yǔ)+ be(me/is/are)+doing+其他
否定式：主語(yǔ)+ be(me/is/are)not+doing+其他
疑問(wèn)式：be(me/is/are)+主語(yǔ)+doing+其他
用法：
（1）表示正在時(shí)行的動(dòng)作。
Peter, what are you doing there?
（2）表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而此刻不一定進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
We are studying Spanish this semester.
（3）表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 一般跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。常見的動(dòng)詞有arrive, begin, come, go, leave,start, stay等。
He is leaving for London next week.
（4）表示發(fā)展中或正在改變的情況
The weather is getting colder and colder.
（5）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可與always, forever, continually, constantly等副詞喧囂用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，含有抱怨、贊嘆、厭倦等感情色彩。
He is always changing his mind.
（6）用于動(dòng)詞hope, want, 和wonder等，表示一種比一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)更委婉的證據(jù)。
I am wondering if you can lend me your bike.
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
構(gòu)成及用法：
（1）“will+動(dòng)詞原形”，常用來(lái)表示將來(lái)存在的狀態(tài)、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；還可表示一種沒有經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)考慮的主觀意圖，可能是在說(shuō)的當(dāng)時(shí)才作出的決定。
It will be my birthday in two days.
I will buy you a new car for your birthday.
（2）“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”：可以表示近期的打算，常用來(lái)表示事先已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事，常譯為“準(zhǔn)備做……”或“打算做……”；還可以表示“有跡象表明或預(yù)示著……”。
How are you going to spend your weekend?
（3）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示計(jì)劃好或準(zhǔn)備要做的事。若用一些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的終止性動(dòng)詞，如go, come,leave, start, begin, take等，則表示馬上要做某事。
I’m taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday.
（4）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)：主要指嚴(yán)格按昭原定計(jì)劃、時(shí)刻表將要發(fā)生的事情；在條件狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
I will return your car I you remember to buy a new car for my birthday.
（5）“be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示計(jì)劃中約定的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)和要求必須做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
I am to do some shopping.
（6）“be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)：這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示眼下馬上要發(fā)生，不強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀，一般不能與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
Oh, the store is about to close.
27.clam的用法
calm down平靜下來(lái)
keep clam/remain calm保持冷靜
calm oneself down使自己鎮(zhèn)靜下來(lái)
詞匯辨析：
calm:平靜的，沉著的，指無(wú)風(fēng)浪或人的心情不激動(dòng)
You should keep calm even in face of danger.
quiet:寧?kù)o的，安靜的。指沒有聲音、不吵鬧或心里沒有煩惱、憂慮
Could you keep the kids quiet while I’m on the phone?
still:靜止的，不動(dòng)的，指沒有運(yùn)動(dòng)或動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)
Keep still while I brus your hair.
silent:寂靜的，沉默的，不出聲的。指沒有聲音或不講話。
He was silent for a moment, then began his answer.
28.generous慷慨的，大方的
be generous to sb.對(duì)某人寬容
be generous with sth.(用錢等)大方
It is/was generous of you to take so much interest in my work.
He is always generous with money when his friends turn to him for help.
29.句法與詞法
1.多個(gè)詞一起修飾一個(gè)名詞，其順序通常為：限定描繪大長(zhǎng)高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國(guó)籍出材料，作用類別往后靠。
The old lady wants to buy a beautiful red Chinese silk dress for her daughter as a present.
In the middle of the room stands a beautiful round wooden table.
30.choose from:從……中挑選
choose…as…:挑選……作為……
31. 詞匯辨析：
separate:表示“將……與……分開”，指把原來(lái)連在一起或靠近的分隔開來(lái)
separate…from…把……和……分開
It’s impossible to separate belief from emotion.信仰和感情是分不開的。
divide：往往指把某個(gè)整體劃分為若干部分
divide…into…把……分成……
The world is divided into seven continents and four oceans.世界分成七大洲和4大洋。
32.because of…由于……，因?yàn)椤?/span>
后面常跟名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞。because是連詞，引導(dǎo)從句
He failed the final game because of his carelessness.
=He failed the final game because he was careless.
I come back because of the rain.
33.let out釋放，放開；泄露（秘密、消息等）；發(fā)出（叫喊等）；放寬，放大（衣服等）
They were let out of prison last month.
let alone更不用說(shuō)
let down使某人失望
The baby can’t ever walk, let alone run.
I’m afraid she let us down.
34.millions of
當(dāng)hundred, thousand, million, dozen等以單數(shù)形式存在時(shí)，其前常用表示具體數(shù)量的詞或several, some, many等修飾。
當(dāng)hundred, thousand, million, dozen等以復(fù)數(shù)形式存在時(shí)，其后要加of，但前面不能用表示數(shù)量的詞修飾。
35.too…to…太……而不能……
在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，too后面跟形容詞或副詞，to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形
該結(jié)構(gòu)還可以拓展為too…for sb. to…
(2)too…to…與never, not等連用時(shí)，也表示肯定意義。
It is never too late to mend.亡羊補(bǔ)牢未為晚也。
(3)a little, a bit, rather, a lot, all, much等都可以修飾too，表示不同的程度。Very, fairly, quite, pretty等詞不能用來(lái)修飾too.
Joan tried on the skirt. It was a bit too big for her.
36.be equal to……與……相等/平等
be equal to (doing) sth. 勝任（做）某事
37. struggle to do sth. 努力去做某事
struggle against 與……作斗爭(zhēng)+反對(duì)的對(duì)象
struggle for為（爭(zhēng)?。窢?zhēng)/奮斗 +目的
struggle with （1）與……作斗爭(zhēng)，（2）和……一起搏斗
38.be content to do sth. 對(duì)(做) ……滿意
be content with sth.
39．重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法
1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)
構(gòu)成和句式：
構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或be(was, were)
句式：否定句not加在did或be后，疑問(wèn)句把did或be提到主語(yǔ)前。
用法：
（1） 表過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
I visited the Water Cube a month ago.
（2）表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
We sometimes went to swim last summer.
（3）表示過(guò)去相繼發(fā)生的一系列的連續(xù)動(dòng)作。
He got up, washed his face, and went to school by bus.
（6）在虛擬證據(jù)中表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況，常和could, would等連用。
If I had time, I would go and visit you.
（7）和一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有two weeks ago, yesterday, last week, the other day, during the night, in ancient times, once upon a time, in those days, earlier this month等。
Mr Smith came to see you just now.
2．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
構(gòu)成和句式：
構(gòu)成： was\were+doing
句式：否定句not加在be，疑問(wèn)句把be提到主語(yǔ)前
用法：
（1） 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)或過(guò)去某一階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
I was watching the football match at this time yesterday.
（2）表示另外一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間背景。
It was snowing when they got to the top of the mountain.
（3）可與always, forever, continually, constantly等副詞連用，表示過(guò)去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，帶有感情色彩。
She was always ringing me up when I was in London. (表示厭煩)
（4）go, come, leave, start, arrive等位移動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義。
Nobody knew whether she was coming.
（5）和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有at that time, at this time last Sunday, at 2 o’clock yesterday afternoon, all morning, the whole night等。
What were you doing at this time last night?
40.get on 融洽相處，進(jìn)展
He gets on well with his classmates.
get on well with也可以說(shuō)成get along well with,后接sb.表示“與某人相處得好”；接sth.表示“某事進(jìn)展如何”。
41.since then“從那以后”，相當(dāng)于from then on,可以放在句子開頭或末尾。
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
Since的基本用法
(1)prep. “自……以來(lái)”，后面接名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
I have been there many times since the war.
(2)conj.“自……以后，自……以來(lái)”，后面接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中一般用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
Ten years has passed since I graduated form the university.
意為“因?yàn)椋热弧?，引?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Since you misunderstood Alice, you should say sorry to her.
42. look forward to sth.盼望……
43.so that以便于
(1)so that既可以表結(jié)果，也可表目的。
I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.我租了一條船，為的是可以去釣魚。
(2)so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)中，“so+形容詞/副詞”位于句首時(shí)，句子用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
So hard does he work that he seldom goes home.他工作那么努力，幾乎不回家。
44.be keen on 喜歡；熱衷于
be keen (for sb.) to do sth.渴望（某人）做某事
I wasn’t keen on going to the party.我不太想去參加這次聚會(huì)。
I’m not keen to go again.我不太想再去了。
45.event/matter/affair/thing用法辨析
event：通常指具有很大影響、意義重大的事件或運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的比賽項(xiàng)目。
matter：意為“事情，問(wèn)題”，通常指遇到的意外麻煩或令人煩惱的“問(wèn)題”。
affair：指已經(jīng)發(fā)生或必須去做的事情，通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示“事物，事態(tài)”。
thing：意為“事情，東西”，指大事，小事，好事，壞事，但一般不用來(lái)指專門的事務(wù)。
The fashion show is an annual event.
What’s the matter with you today?
We should be concerned about state affairs.
To say is one thing but to do is another.
46.make progress取得進(jìn)步，取得進(jìn)展（常與good, great, rapid, no等形容詞連用）
Make progress in...在……方面取得進(jìn)步
47語(yǔ)法：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
構(gòu)成：
肯定式：have/has+過(guò)去分詞
否定式：have/has not+過(guò)去分詞+其他
疑問(wèn)式：have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他？
I have already finished all the work.
I have not read this book before.
Have you finished your homework?
用法：
1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的影響，句中常與already, just, yet, before, ever, never等副詞連用。
--Have you had lunch yet?
--Yes, I have. I’ve just had it.
2.從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常和for, since, so far, up to now, till now, in the past (last) few years...，this week (month, year...), all day, all this week等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
Her life has run smoothly up to now.
He has been teaching here since 1981.
注意：一些短暫性動(dòng)詞即含有終止或短暫意義的動(dòng)詞，如begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等通常不和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，需要時(shí)要用相應(yīng)的表示延續(xù)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞替換。
He has borrowed a book from the library.他已從圖書館借了一本書。
He has kept the book for a week.那本書他已借了一個(gè)星期了。
3.在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)，表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
I shall go as soon as I have finished my lessons.我一完成我的功課就走。
Once you have promised ,you should keep it.你一旦許下諾言，務(wù)必遵守。
48.常用句型：
a.It is the first/second...time that...that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
b.This is the+最高級(jí)+名詞+that...that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.
注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：
兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或有可能繼續(xù)下去，而后者則表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作的事實(shí)或該過(guò)去動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。
I’ve lived here for ten years.我在這里住了10年。（現(xiàn)在仍住這兒）
I lived here for ten years. 我在這里住過(guò)10年。（現(xiàn)在不住這兒了）
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