動(dòng)詞不定式用法小結(jié)
動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“ to do ”，其中to不是介詞，而是動(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)，稱(chēng)為小品詞，動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。 但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。 動(dòng)詞不定式和其后面的名詞等構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句子中可以用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ),獨(dú)立成分或與疑問(wèn)詞等連用 。
一、結(jié)構(gòu)： to do 否定式：not to do
二、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
不定式
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式
to do
to be done
進(jìn)行式
to be doing
------------
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式
to have been doing
-----------
(1).They pretended not to see us. (一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)/幾乎/發(fā)生在它之后.)
(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的同時(shí),不定式的動(dòng)作也正在進(jìn)行)
(3).She pretended to have known it before. (完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前)
(4).We’re happy to have been working with you.
(完成進(jìn)行式表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前,不定式的動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行而且可能之后也繼續(xù))
一. 作主語(yǔ) 例如： To be a doctor is hard. 做醫(yī)生很難。
To learn English well is not easy. 學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不容易。
☆ 單個(gè)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)
☆ 動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了避免句子的頭重腳輕，可以用“it”作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)－－動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示為：
1) To learn English well is not easy.= It is not easy to learn English well.
2) To use English every day is important for students. = It is important for students to use English every day.
二. 作表語(yǔ)：( 系動(dòng)詞+ to do sth. ) 動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作表語(yǔ)常用于系詞be的后面。例：
1) 他的工作是開(kāi)車(chē)。His work is to drive a car.
2) 我的工作是飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物。My job is to feed animals.
3) 她的理想是當(dāng)醫(yī)生。Her ambition is to be a doctor.
三. 作賓語(yǔ) ( vt. + to do ) 動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）可以放在一些動(dòng)詞后面用作賓語(yǔ)，能以動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask , decide, expect, want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, mean 等等 例如：
1）I want to tell you a story. 我想給你講個(gè)故事。
2）They begin to work at eight every morning. 他們每天早晨8點(diǎn)開(kāi)始工作。
3）Don’t forget to lock the door. 別忘了鎖門(mén)。
4）Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow? 明天和我們一起去野餐好嗎？
☆ 注意： *如果and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式一般省“to” 例：
（1）He wants to go and have a swim with us. 他想和我們一起去游泳。
（2）若作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）很長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。
☆ I find it interesting to learn English with you. 我覺(jué)得和你一起學(xué)英語(yǔ)很有趣。
☆ He found it hard to catch up with others. 他覺(jué)得趕上別人很困難。
四. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：(want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite 等等：
1. ( vt. + 賓語(yǔ) + (to) do sth. ) 例如：
The teacher asked us to read English for half an hour in the morning. 老師讓我們?cè)绯孔x半小時(shí)英語(yǔ)。
Please let me help you. 讓我來(lái)幫助你。
2. with+賓語(yǔ)+ to do (表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema. 對(duì)比：With all the work done, he went to the cinema.
☆ 不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以歸納為以下三種句式：
1.要帶 to 的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： tell /ask / want / would like / wish / like / invite /encourage /teach sb. to do sth.
例：The teacher told us to come earlier tomorrow.
I want you to go now. 我想讓你現(xiàn)在就走。
Her parents wish her to be a teacher. 她父母親希望她當(dāng)老師。
2.不 帶“to”的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：Let / make / have / see / watch / hear / notice / feel sb. do sth.
Let the boy go out now. 讓那個(gè)男孩出去。
The boy made the baby cry. 男孩弄哭了這個(gè)小孩。
I saw the students play basketball on the playground yesterday. 昨天我看見(jiàn)學(xué)生們?cè)诓賵?chǎng)打籃球。
3.可省可不省的： help sb. （to）do sth.
I often help my mother（to）do housework. 我經(jīng)常幫媽媽做家務(wù)。
☆注意： 如果將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式則不省“to”，即原來(lái)省的再加上，例：
The boy made the baby cry. = The baby was made to cry by the boy. 那個(gè)孩子被男孩弄哭了。
4. ☆特別注意☆：不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時(shí),如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do，does, doing, did, done,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to, 如果沒(méi)有則要帶to. ( 有do無(wú)to，有 to無(wú) do．)
(1). She could do nothing but cry.
(2). What do you like to do besides sleep.
(3). I have no choice but to go.
五. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)常用來(lái)修飾名詞或不定代詞，放于所修飾的詞后，為后置定語(yǔ)，與所修飾的詞有如下關(guān)系：
1. 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.
2. 主謂關(guān)系（be the first/second/last… to do ）：He is always the first one to come.
第一個(gè)到太空的中國(guó)人是楊利偉。 The first Chinese to travel in space was Yan Liwei.
3. 同位關(guān)系(說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容)：We all have a chance to go to college.
☆ 注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，要有相應(yīng)的介詞，
如：He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一幢很好的房子住。
Please give me a pen to write with. 請(qǐng)給我一支寫(xiě)字的筆。
☆但如果不定式修飾的是 time, place, way等就可以省略介詞：如： He has no place to live.
4. something, anything, nothing, everything 等復(fù)合不定代詞常用不定式作后置定語(yǔ)
Do you have anything to send.
六. 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)：
1. 作目的狀語(yǔ)， 常用在go, come, hurry等不及物動(dòng)詞后，表目的。（常用的短語(yǔ)：in order to do, so as to do 等等： 例如：
He came here to see you.
In order to keep healthy, he often play sports.
2. 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：（常用結(jié)構(gòu)：too…to; so …as to do; …enough to do; only to do; never to do.）
1) I visited him only to find him out.
2) Mike ate so much as to have a stomachache that day.
☆ 注意：too…to 是否定的，表示太…而不能…, 但是，當(dāng)too前面有only, all, but 時(shí)， 意思是非?！?相當(dāng)于very,是肯定的。
例如： I am only too pleased to be able to help you 能幫助你我非常高興。
3. 作原因狀語(yǔ)：（sb. + be/ feel +adj/adv + to do. ）例如： They are very sad to hear the bad news.
4. 表示程度 The question is easy for him to answer.
七. 不定式和疑問(wèn)詞連用，可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。例：
The problem is where to get a computer. （表語(yǔ)）
No one knows how to do it. 沒(méi)有人知道如何做這件事。（賓）
When and where to have the party is not known. （主語(yǔ)） 何時(shí)何地舉行聯(lián)歡還不知道。
☆ *不定式和疑問(wèn)詞連用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)有時(shí)可以改為賓語(yǔ)從句。例：
I don’t know what to do next. = I don’t know what I should do next. 我不知下一步該做什么？
八. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)： 常用的短語(yǔ)：to start/begin with, to be honest/frank/exact, to make things worse/ to be short/ to make a long story short, to tell the truth。。。
鞏固練習(xí)
( )1. He asked me ________ here earlier. A. come B. to come C. coming D. came
( )2. Please tell him _______ on the wall. A. don’t draw B. to not draw C. not to draw D. not draw
( )3. He wanted ________ a cup of tea. A. to have B. having C. have D. had
( )4. I’d like ________ a word with you. A. had B. having C. to have D. have
( )5. I came here _______ my uncle. A. saw B. to see C. seeing D. to be seen
( )6. The man refused ________ back his words. A. to take B. taking C. took D. takes
( )7. I can let you ________ one ticket. A. to have B. have C. having D. had
( )8. We often heard him _________ in his room. A. to sing B. sings C. sang D. sing
( )9. He was made ________ day and night. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked
( )10. He stopped ______ a look, but saw nothing. A. having B. to have C. have D. had
( )11. My father was too angry _________ a word.
A. to say B. not to say C. to saying D. didn’t say
( )12. My brother was old enough ________ to school. A. went B. goes C. going D. to go
( )13. It is time ________ him ________ supper.
A. of, to have B. for, to have C. of, having D. for, to has
( )14. It’s very kind _______ you ______ me. A. of, to help B. for, to help C. of, help D. of, helping
( )15. It’s important _________ our classroom clean every day.
A. kept B. to keep C. to give D. keep
( )16. Before liberation （解放）they had no chance _______ to school.
A. went B. go C. to go D. to be gone
( )17. He said he had an important meeting ________.
A. attend B. would attend C. attending D. to attend
( )18. Please give me a piece of paper ________. A. to write B. to write on C. writing D. to write it
( )19. I don’t know _______. A. what do B. what will do C. what to do D. do what
( )20. Your radio needs ________. A. to be repaired B. to repair C. repaired D. to repairing
( )21. My wish is ________ a teacher. A. becoming B. to become C. become D. became
( )22. I want ________ him a letter now. A. to write B. not write C. write D. wrote
( )23. It took us three days _________ the trees. A. plant B. planted C. to plant D. plants
( )24. Why not ________ here _______ me?
A. to come, to see B. come, to see C. came, seeing D. come, see
( )25. He wishes me ______ my best _________ hard at English.
A. to do, to work B. doing, working C. to do, working D. do, work
( )26. Please tell me ________ her. I have something _______ her.
A. where to find, telling B. where to find, to tell C. where can find, to tell D. where finding, telling
( )27. How happy they are ______ each other again! A. to see B. see C. saw D. being seen
( )28. They decided _______ a letter ______ their thanks.
A. to write, expressing B. writing, express C. write, expressed D. to write, to express
( )29. The officer ordered （命令）him _______ down _________ a rest.
A. lying, have B. to lie, to have C. to lie, having D. lie, had
( )30. The headmaster called on （號(hào)召）us ______ hard for our country.
A. to work B. worked C. work D. to working
二. 根據(jù)上句意思完成下句，使兩句意思相近或相同，每空一詞。
1. He was so angry that he couldn’t say anything. = He was too angry ____________ ____________ anything.
2. I don’t know when we will have the meeting. = I don’t know when _____________ _____________ the meeting.
3. He said he would write a letter. =He said he would have a letter _______________ ________________.
4. That you read English in the morning is very important.
=It is very important ___________ you ___________ _____________ English in the morning.
5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone. =He was strong __________ ___________ ___________ the stone.
6. His father went to Beijingfor his holiday. =His father went toBeijing_____________ ____________ his holiday.
7. They got up early so that they could get there in time.
=They got up early ___________ ____________ _____________ ____________ there in time.
8. His brother decided that he would buy the book. = His brother decided ___________ _____________ the book.
9. He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall. = He hopes ___________ _____________ the Great Wall.
10.I saw him go into the room. = He was seen ___________ ____________ into the room.
一. 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. D
18. B 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. A
二. 1. to say 2. to have 3. to write 4. for, to, read 5. enough, to lift 6. to spend 7. in, order, to, get 8. to buy 9. to visit 10. to go
高考原題：
一“ 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)： 通常和 only 連用
1.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told (tell) the film stars had left. （2004福建）
2.(廣東卷) He hurried to the station only to fine (find) that the train had left.
二：目的狀語(yǔ)：既可句首也可句中
1.（上海卷）It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just to have (have) a look at the sports stars.
2.（浙江卷） To find out more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.
A．To find out B．Finding out
C．Find out D．Having found out
３. All these gifts must be mailed immediately C in time for Christmas.
A．in order to have received B．in order to receive C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving
４. Helen had to shout D above the sound of the music. (NMET 2013)
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
三：賓補(bǔ)
He was observed to slip (slip) into the house and help himself to what he liked before the owner came back.
四：疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式作賓語(yǔ)： 常用疑問(wèn)詞加不定式作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞有：advise, decide, discuss, find out, forget, know, show, teach, tell. 例如：
I've worked with children before, so I know what to expect ( expect)in my new job. (NMET 2000)
五、不定式各種形式的區(qū)別用法
1. The flu is believed to be caused (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （2004上海）
2. (江蘇卷) ---- Is Bob still performing?
---- I'm afraid not. He is said to have left (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.
用動(dòng)詞不定式的正確形式填空:
1. She wishes to go back to her motherland. (go)
2. The witness refused ___to be photograghed__ ___. (photograph)
3.I hate to be lying / to be in bed while other students are having class. (lie)
4.I’m glad to have received your letter. (receive)
5. I’m ready __to shave / to be shaved_____________.(shave)
6. Hawking’s book is said to have been translated into some 40 languages. (translate)
7. I would like to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours. (go )
8. The conference to be held next week is very important. (hold)
9. He pretended to be studying when his mother came in. (study )
10. She looked so tired. She seemed to have had a sleepless night. (have)
現(xiàn)在分詞，過(guò)去分詞和不定式的區(qū)別：
一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
⑴.下列動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：
aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。
如：He offered to help us .
(2)下列動(dòng)詞通常用~ing形式作賓語(yǔ)：
v admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practice, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。
如 ：1）Would you mind my smoking here ?
2）The girl was told to practice playing the piano for three hours every day．
3）Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm．
(3)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接~ing形式意義相近：
v like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等.
v 但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別：*指具體某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用~ing形式.
v 如：I like reading books of this kind．(慣常行為)
v I hate to say so，but really I can't go with you．(具體某次行為)
(4)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接~ing形式意義不同：
v ①stop to do 停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事
e.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to help him．
Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroom．
v ②forget to do忘記做某事(此事未做)/ forget doing忘記曾做過(guò)某事(此事已做)
He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office．
I'll never forget seeing him for the first time．
v ③remember to do記得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing記得某事已做過(guò)(此事已做)
e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewhere．
You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave home．
v ④go on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing接著做同一件事
e.g. ：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing something．
AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel．
v ⑤try to do企圖／想做某事 try doing試著做某事(看看有什么后果發(fā)生)
e.g. ：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldn’t listen．
Let's try doing the work some other way.
v ⑥mean to do (意思是) 打算做某事 mean doing意味著做某事
e.g. ：Revolution means librating the productive force．
Sorry ,I didn't mean to hurt you．
v ⑦regret to do遺憾地做某事(通常后接say ,tell等動(dòng)詞)/ regret doing后悔做了某事
e.g. ：I regret to tell that you didn’t pass the exam again．
He regretted having told her the bad news．
(5) 動(dòng)詞如： (permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider) advise sb to do sth\ advise doing sth
e.g. ：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.
Please permit me to introduce myself to you first．
v * 注意：
v *在imagine／consider后通常用“to be…”作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。to be有時(shí)可省略。
e.g.：You'd better imagine yourself (to be) in his place．
v *在consider后，作賓補(bǔ)不定式主要是to be，行為動(dòng)詞to do則多用to have done 形式。
如:We all considered him to have told a lie .
即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑴ 用所給動(dòng)詞的to do 或~doing 形式填空：
1)Little Tom regretted having wasted (waste) so much time playing computer games .
2)They were expecting to get (get) the results of the examination.
3)Will you advise me which of them to buy (buy) ?
4)On the bus the young man pretended not to see (not see) the old woman standing beside him.
5)We all consider John to be (be) an honest boy.
6)Our boss forbids chatting (chat) during office hours .
7)The rules do not permit players to step (step) out of bounds.
8)The boy begged to permit him to explain (explain).
9)The young man imagined living (live) on a lonely island.
10) It was useless to forbid children to play (play) here.
不定式、分詞做表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
不定式：具體的，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
動(dòng)名詞：抽象的，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作
分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞表示: 令人….的； 過(guò)去分詞表示：感到….的
不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
v 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。
v 如：I have something important to tell you．
The poor children had little to eat．
它和被修飾的名詞有時(shí)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
如：There is some books for you to read．(可看成：to read some books)
I'd like to get something to drink．(可看成：to drink something)
v 如果這這個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，注意不可忽略不定式短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。
如：I need a pen to write with．(可看成：to write with the pen)
She now has nothing to worry about．(可看成：to worry about nothing)
二、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)在時(shí)態(tài)上有區(qū)別：
v *不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river．
v *現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river．
v *過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示已完成的動(dòng)作。
如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river．
鞏固練習(xí) 用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：
1)The man being questioned (question) in the police station now is a spy．
2)A man respecting (respect) others will be respected．
3)she can find no one to make (make) friends with．
4)Is there anybody __to answer_____ (answer) the question ?
5)Half of the guests invited (invite) to the conference were foreigners.
6)She would be the best to agree (agree) the opinion ．
7)The matter discussed (discuss) is very important．
8)That is the way to operate (operate) the machine．
9)She was the professor loved (love) by all her students．
10)With much money to spend (spend)，the boy formed a bad habit．
不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：
v *現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。
如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment ． (看到他時(shí)他正從自行車(chē)上掉下來(lái)。)
He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himself． (他蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)正躺在地上。)
v *不定式作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程。
如：I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left leg．(看到他從自行車(chē)上掉下來(lái)，并且摔傷了腿。動(dòng)作有先后，是全過(guò)程。)
v *過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如：I heard my name called by someone． (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)
即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí) 用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：
1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didn't see anyone selling (sell) them.
2)I know that to be (be) a fact.
3)Paul doesn't have to be made to learn (learn). He always work hard.
4)The patient was warned not to eat (not eat) after the examine.
5)Just now I saw a man walking (walk) in the street, with a little girl seated (seat) on his shoulder．
6)The lady loved to have her luggage weigh (weigh).
7 )Who did the teacher have clean (clean) the blackboard just now?
8)Businesses are beginning to develop (develop) new methods of reaching customers.
9)The thief was caught stealing (steal) goods in the supermarket again ．
10)---What happened to Mr. White early this morning ?
---Oh，he was seen knocked (knock) down and the driver drove (drive) away．
不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示：原因，結(jié)果，目的； 分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示：原因，結(jié)果，時(shí)間，伴隨情況
v (1)不定式和分詞表示原因時(shí)的區(qū)別：
v *不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容詞后，用來(lái)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。
如：I was so excited to hear the news．(不定式to hear the news表示激動(dòng)的原因。) ．
We were surprised to see such great changes in that village．(不定式to see such great changes in that village表示驚訝的原因。)
v *分詞表示原因時(shí)，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
如：Being a monitor, she takes lead in everything ． (Being a monitor=As she was a monitor)
Knowing some English, he offered to be an interviewer for us. (Knowing some English= As he knew some English)
v (2)不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時(shí)的區(qū)別：
v *不定式表示結(jié)果，含有沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的情況的意味。
如：I got up only to find it was raining outside ．(起來(lái)時(shí)沒(méi)有料到在下雨。)
He was too excited to say a word ． (太激動(dòng)了說(shuō)不出話，是沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的情況。)
v *分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。
如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money．(父母去世，錢(qián)留給兒子。這是自然的事。)
The output of iron decreased by 23％last year, reaching 80，000 tons． (產(chǎn)量下降，到了80，000噸，這是必然結(jié)果。)
即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)
1)--Why was the official meeting called? -- To select (select) new officers．
2) To get (get) back my story, he refused the invitation．
3) The beautiful girl tried to kill herself only to be saved (save)．
4)When faced (face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreated．
5) Worn (wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldn't come．
6)He was said to have refused a gift from her, knowing (know) that it meant a bribe.
7) The president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation, adding (add) that he had enjoyed his stay here ．
8)The president promised to keep all the board members informed (inform) of how the negotiations were going on．
9) Having been allowed (allow)to develop his talent, he could become an excellent artist．
10) Having been invited (invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bag．
不定式符號(hào)的省略
v (1)兩個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，后一個(gè)常省去to。 I told her to stay and wait for me to come back．
★★ 但表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，要帶to。 He hasn't decided to stay at school or to go home.
v (2)在下列句型中不定式符號(hào)to常省去。
*Why not do…? * …would rather do…than do… *You'd better do...
☆特別注意☆：不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時(shí),如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do，does, doing, did, done,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to, 如果沒(méi)有則要帶to.
(1). She could do nothing but cry. (2). What do you like to do besides sleep.
(3). I have no choice but to go.
★★★★注意：★★★★
1. 在plan, hope, expect, would (should) like,mean等動(dòng)詞后的不定式的完成時(shí)表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。
I hoped to have seen her．(But I didn't see her)
They expected to have found him in the cave．(But they failed to find him．)
2. 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)：-for\of sb +to do sth
如：It's impossible for him to move such a big stone ．
The question is too hard for a little child to answer．
★★*但表示性質(zhì)的adj (good，nice, kind, rude, polite, impolite, clever, wise, stupid,silly, foolish, right, wrong)等而用介詞of。
It's clever of him to do so． It's polite of you to make room for the old man
3. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)：-sb's +doing
如：Little Franz's being late again for the school made the teacher very angry.
★★ *但動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)邏輯主語(yǔ)可用普通格或人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格，邏輯主語(yǔ)用普通格。
I suggested him (his) going there by taxi.
綜合練習(xí)：高考題
1) The flu is believed to be caused (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
2) When first introduced (introduce) the market, these products enjoyed great success.
3) Helen had to shout to make (make) herself heard (hear) above the sound of the music.
4) When compared (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
5) You were silly not to have locked (lock) your car.
6) Victor apologized his not being (not be) able to inform me of the change in the plan.
7) After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, exhausted (exhaust).
9) Generally speaking (speak), When taken (take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
10) She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role to play (play) in making the earth a better place to live (live).
11 ) Though lacking (lack) money, his parents managed to send (send) him to university.
12) -- How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
-- The key to solving (solve) the problem is to meet (meet) the demand made (make) by the customers.
13) With a lot of difficult problems to settle (settle), the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
14) Having suffered (suffer) such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear (clear) up the river.
15) Do let your mother know (know) all the truth? She appears to have been told (tell) everything.
16)Sandycould do nothing but admit (admit) to his teacher that he was wrong.
17) Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote (devote) all he had to setting (set) up some schools for poor children.
18) One learns a language by making (make) mistakes and correcting (correct) them.
19) I've worked with children before, so I know what to expect (expect) in my new job.
20) Tony was very unhappy for not having been invited (not invite) to the party.
21) Given (give) the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover (recover) from the operation.
22) There are five pairs of shoes to choose (choose) from, but I'm at a loss which to buy (buy).
23) Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid (pay) by the hour.
24) What worried the child most was his not being allowed (not allow) visit his mother in the hospital
26) To fetch (fetch) water before breakfast seemed to me a rule never to be broken (break).
27) While shopping (shop), people sometimes can't help being persuaded (persuade) into buying something they don't really need.
29) Once your business becomes international, flying (fly) constantly will part of your life
30) The little time we have together we try to spend (spend) wisely.
