(一)不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作;而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時(shí)刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
(3)不定式做主語(yǔ),一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ),把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
(二)不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)。
A.不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作,特別是表示將來的動(dòng)作。例:
To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。
B.如果主語(yǔ)是不定式(表示條件),表語(yǔ)也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。例:
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。
C.如果主語(yǔ)是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說明作用。例:
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.
他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ):動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),表示抽象的一般性的行為。例:
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
〈注〉動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異,進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ),說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況。
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分詞作表語(yǔ)。
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),一種是過去分詞做表語(yǔ),這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)常考到的地方。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite, interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)注解不是“激動(dòng)”、“高興”,而是“使得激動(dòng)”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是 -ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說,若人對(duì)……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有趣時(shí),就是sb./sth. is interesting。這類詞常見的有:
interesting使人感到高興——interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的——excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的——delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的——disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的——encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的——pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的——puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的——satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的——surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的——worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但也是使人疲勞的。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.這個(gè)論點(diǎn)很有說服力。
They were very excited at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng)。
(三)不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語(yǔ),但有些動(dòng)詞要求:
(1)不定式做賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
A.下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ):
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起aim針對(duì)agree同意appear似乎,顯得arrange安排ask問attempt企圖bear承受begin開始beg請(qǐng)求bother擾亂,煩惱care關(guān)心,喜歡cease停止choose選擇claim要求contrive設(shè)法,圖謀consent同意,贊同decide決定decline推卻demand要求design設(shè)計(jì),預(yù)定desire愿望determine決定destine注定dread害怕enable能夠endeavor努力expect期望fail不能forget忘記happen碰巧hate憎恨,厭惡hesitate猶豫hope希望incline有……傾向intend想要learn學(xué)習(xí)like喜歡loathe不喜歡,討厭long渴望love愛manage設(shè)法mean意欲,打算need需要neglect忽視offer提供omit忽略,漏plan計(jì)劃prefer喜歡,寧愿prepare準(zhǔn)備pretend假裝profess表明promise承諾,允許propose提議refuse拒絕regret抱歉,遺憾scorn忽視seek找,尋覓start開始swear宣誓try試圖undertake承接volunteer志愿vow起誓want想要wish希望
B.下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式作賓補(bǔ):動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式。
advise勸告allow允許announce宣布ask要求,邀請(qǐng)assist協(xié)助authorize授權(quán),委托bear容忍beg請(qǐng)求bride收買cause引起command命令compel強(qiáng)迫condemn指責(zé),譴責(zé)deserve應(yīng)受direct指導(dǎo)drive驅(qū)趕enable使能夠encourage鼓勵(lì)entitle使有資格entreat懇求exhort告誡,勉勵(lì)forbid禁止force強(qiáng)迫get請(qǐng),得到hate憎惡help幫助implore懇求induce引誘inspire鼓舞instruct指示intend想要,企圖invite吸引,邀請(qǐng)lead引起,使得leave使,讓like喜歡mean意欲,打算need需要oblige不得不order命令permit允許persuade勸導(dǎo)pray請(qǐng)求prefer喜歡,寧愿press迫使prompt促使pronounce斷定,表示recommend勸告,推薦remind提醒report報(bào)告request請(qǐng)求require要求show(how)summon傳喚teach教tell告訴tempt勸誘train訓(xùn)練urge激勵(lì),力說want想要warn告誡wish希望
例如:They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs.他們訓(xùn)練狗嗅出毒品來。
I recommend you to do what he says.我勸你照他說的去做。
The radio urged people to contribute to the Red Cross.電臺(tái)要求人們向紅十字會(huì)捐助。
(2)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
acknowledge承認(rèn),自認(rèn)admit承認(rèn)advocate提倡,主張appreciate感激,欣賞avoid避免bear忍受can’t help不禁can’t stand受不了consider考慮cease停止commence開始complete完成confess坦白contemplate細(xì)想defer拖延delay延遲deny否認(rèn)detest嫌惡dislike不喜歡,討厭discourage使沮喪dread可怕endure忍受enjoy享有,喜愛envy嫉妒escape逃跑,逃避excuse借口fancy幻想,愛好favor造成,偏愛figure描繪,計(jì)算finish完成,結(jié)束forgive原諒imagine設(shè)想involve卷入,包含hate討厭keep保持loathe不喜歡,討厭mention說到,講到mind介意,留意miss錯(cuò)過pardon原諒,饒恕permit允許postpone延遲,延期practise實(shí)行,實(shí)踐prevent阻止quit放棄,停止recall回想report報(bào)道,發(fā)表repent悔悟resent怨恨r(nóng)esist抵抗,阻止resume恢復(fù)risk冒險(xiǎn)suggest建議save營(yíng)救,儲(chǔ)蓄stand堅(jiān)持,忍受肥沃tolerate忍受;寬容understand明白,理解
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
如果我們現(xiàn)在不出發(fā),就可能會(huì)趕不上火車。
(3)動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
幾乎所有介詞,不管是單個(gè)介詞還是介詞詞組,不管它們是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的組成部分與否,都可用動(dòng)名詞作其賓語(yǔ)。主要有以下搭配關(guān)系:
A.動(dòng)詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞,例:
We insist on your leaving the place before any further disturbances take place.
B.名詞(形容詞,不及物動(dòng)詞)+介詞to(不要把它視為動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)志)。
下面是大綱中所列短語(yǔ)中的“to”為介詞:(be)contrary to(與……相反),object(objection)to(反對(duì)),with a view to(為……起見),(be) opposed to (反對(duì)),in contrast to(與……成對(duì)比),be used to (習(xí)慣于),be exposed to, be dedicated to(致力于),resort to(訴諸于),as to (關(guān)于),be accustomed to習(xí)慣于,be devoted to獻(xiàn)身于,be committed to委身于,react to對(duì)……反應(yīng),with regard to關(guān)于,look forward to期待,contribute to貢獻(xiàn)等,turn to轉(zhuǎn)向, lead to導(dǎo)致, be addicted to沉溺于。
例:Mr. Brown often wore a heavy coat because he was not used to living in such a cold climate.
C.動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞
I look forward to her coming soon.我盼望她的早日到來。
D.形容詞(或具有形容詞性質(zhì)的ed分詞)+介詞+ing
He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.
和總統(tǒng)握手他感到無上的光榮。
It is impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.
他不可能在這樣短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
E.表示征求意見的“How about…?”,“What about?”,例:
How about going there?去那里怎么樣?
What about having a concert?舉行一場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)怎么樣?
(4)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別。
A. forget to do忘記要去做某事(此事未做)。
B. stop to do停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事。
C. remember to do記住去做某事(未做)。
D. regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾。
E. try to do努力、企圖做某事。
F. mean to do打算,有意要……。
例:Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?
(四)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語(yǔ)。
(1)不定式作定語(yǔ)。
A.不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系,例:
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。
B.不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,例:
Get him something to eat.給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上她有很多工作要做。
C.不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ),要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這里的介詞不能省去,例:
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。
There is nothing to worry about.沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。
D.不定式修飾一些抽象名詞如:
ability能力,本領(lǐng)ambition抱負(fù),野心campaign戰(zhàn)役,運(yùn)動(dòng)chance機(jī)會(huì)courage勇氣decision決定determination決心,決定drive趕,駕駛effort努力,嘗試failure失敗,不及格force力,壓力intention意向,意圖method方法,方式motive動(dòng)機(jī),目的movement運(yùn)動(dòng),活動(dòng)need需要,需求opportunity機(jī)會(huì)promise許諾,希望reason理由,原因light光,光線,亮光struggle奮斗,努力,斗爭(zhēng)tendency傾向,趨勢(shì)wish希望,愿望,祝愿
E)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時(shí)候,只能用不定式。
(2)分詞作定語(yǔ)。
分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
A.現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
B.現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài),或己做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired?你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
C.下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),但不具有被動(dòng)意義,這點(diǎn)要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系
一般來說,不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后;現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生;過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見那位將從北京請(qǐng)來的醫(yī)生嗎?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?
(五)不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)
(1)不定式一般作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
A. He lived to be a very old man.他活得很長(zhǎng)。
B. so+形容詞(或副詞)+as to...,例:
C. such+名詞短語(yǔ)+as to...,例:
D. only to...竟然……(表示與預(yù)料相反的結(jié)果),例:
E.形容詞(或副詞)+enough(副詞)to...,夠,足以,例:
F.too…to…太……而不能……
(2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)
分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式和伴隨情況。在表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步和方式時(shí),通常可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句,表示方式和伴隨情況時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)成分。
Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.)學(xué)生看見老師走進(jìn)房間,都站了起來。
Heated, ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...)當(dāng)冰加熱時(shí),它就會(huì)變成水。(條件、時(shí)間)
Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.)
我興奮得睡不著覺。(原因)
I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)
我站在那兒聽廣播。(伴隨)
The children went away laughing.(=The children went away. They laughed as they went.)
孩子們笑著走開了。(行為方式)
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this...)
他們盡管了解這一切,還是要我賠償損失。
(3)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
A..現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
B.過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些,它們本來會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候,我們必須設(shè)法克服。
(4)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)前面可用連詞。
When, while, once, if, unless, though等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,若其主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí),可保留該副詞連接詞,其余部分則化簡(jiǎn)為分詞短語(yǔ)。
When (being) free,I’ll fetch you.有空時(shí),我會(huì)來接你。
While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.一早在街上散步時(shí),他看到了她。
If falling ill, I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我會(huì)去看醫(yī)生。
Once completed, this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.
這個(gè)電力站建成后向附近的城鄉(xiāng)供電。
Even though given every opportunity, they would not try.
即使給他們一切機(jī)會(huì),他們也不肯試一試。
Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.雖然他知道實(shí)情,卻保持沉默。
Unless (being) rich, I am not going abroad.除非有錢,要不然我是不會(huì)出國(guó)的。
(5)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要特別注意其邏輯主語(yǔ)須和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)一致,否則分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ)。這種帶主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱作分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),或獨(dú)立主格。例如:
The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their match.雨停后,戰(zhàn)士們又繼續(xù)行軍了。
The boys returned, their face covered with sweat.孩子們回來了,滿臉是汗。
〈注〉有時(shí)也可用“with(或without)+名詞(或代詞賓格)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨情況。
例如:He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。
The teacher entered the classroom, with a bag (being)in his hand.老師進(jìn)了教室,手中提著一個(gè)包。
(6)分詞作連詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。
這些分詞有:provided (or provided that),providing that, supposing, seeing (that), considering等。如:
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
如果你不介意搭夜班火車,你就能早點(diǎn)兒到北京開會(huì)。
I’ll go, providing you go too.如果你去的話我就去。
Supposing it rains, what shall we do?假如要下雨的話,我們?cè)趺崔k?
Seeing (that) she is old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.
鑒于她已到結(jié)婚年齡,我看你阻止不了她。
Considering he has been learning English only for a year, he speaks it quite well.
考慮到他學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)才一年,他講得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)。
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