八下Units1-2
重點詞組：Unit 1
in 100 years 100年以后 space station 太空站
fall in love with sb. / sth.愛上某人/某物
go skating 去滑冰 dress casually穿著隨意
the World Cup世界杯 come true變成現(xiàn)實
be used by被…使用 science fiction科幻小說
in the future將來 help with在…給予幫助
help do sth. 幫助做… the same as… 和….一樣
wake up醒來 over and over again再三地,反復地
a hundred year ago 100年以前
Unit2詞匯
keep out不許進入,阻止在外 out of style過時
argue with sb.=have an argument with sb.與某人爭吵
in style = be fashionable 時尚,時髦
write sb. a letter.=write a letter to sb. 給某人寫信
buy sb. sth.= buy sth for sb. 為某人買某物
call sb.up = ring sb. up = make a telephoneto sb.
給某人打電話.
on the phone 通電話 need to do sth.需要做某事
pay for sth. 付款 borrow sth from sb. 向某人借某物
ask sb.for sth. 向某人要某物 find out 查明事實真相
plan sth. for sb. 為某人計劃某事 do wrong 做錯事
leave sth somewhere把某物落在某處 fail a test考試失敗
pass a test 通過考試 get on 相處,進展
get on well相(人)處好,（工作）進展順利
have a fight with sb.跟某人打架
get on well with sb.與某人相處融洽
complain about抱怨… fit…into找到時間做…
return = come back = give back = get back回來,歸還,給回
return sb sth = return sth to sb. 歸還某人某物
look up(在詞典工具書中)查詢,查閱 not…until直到…才
compare A with B 拿A跟B比
on (the )one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面
重點句型:
1.What do you think life will be like in100 years?
2.Every home will have a robot.
3.Will kids go to school?
No, they won’t. They ‘ll study at home.
4.There will be fewer trees.
5.My brother plays his CD too loud.
What should I do ?
Why don't you talk to him about it?
知識清單一: 不定代詞
不明確代指某個人、某個事物、某些人、某些事物的代詞叫不定代詞。如: all, both, each ,every, some, any等。它們沒有主格和賓格之分，在句中可做主語、賓語、表語、定語。由于英語中不定代詞數(shù)量較多，用法也較靈活，前面我們已就其中的大部分在詞匯里作了講述，在這里這只著重講述一下復合代詞的作用及用法。
復合代詞指的是有some-, any-, every-, no- 與-one,-body,-thing構成的詞，具體如下表所示：
后綴 前綴 | -one | -body | -thing |
some- | someone | somebody | something |
any- | anyone | anybody | anything |
every- | everyone | everybody | everything |
no- | no one/none | nobody | nothing |
1.這些詞在句中的作用相當于名詞，可作主語、賓語、表語、補足語等。
Somebody must have been using my books. They are all mess on the shefl.
肯定有人用過我的書，因為它們亂七八糟放在書架上。（作主語）
Have you got anything else to say before you leave?
走之前，你還有什么話要說嗎？(作賓語)
What I get for you is something you are intersted in.
我?guī)淼氖悄愀信d趣的東西。（做表語）
2.some-類符合不定代詞主要用于肯定句中，any-類復合不定代詞主要用于否定句、疑問句和條件句。當some-類復合不定代詞用于疑問句和條件句時，表示肯定的意義。當any-類用于肯定句時表示“任何”之意。
I haven’t seen anybodyaround here that I can turn to for help. (anybody用于否定句，表示“任何人”。)
在這周圍，我沒找到任何能幫助我的人。
Does someonehere know Lily’s telephone number?
(some用于疑問句，表明說話者期待著肯定的回答。)
這兒有人知道莉莉的電話號碼嗎？
3.由-one和-body構成的不定代詞可以相互換用，只是前者較文雅。
Someone/Somebody seems to have been here.
似乎有人來過這里。
4.形容詞修飾復合不定代詞，應該形容詞置于其后。在需要強調的時候，偶爾將形容詞置于復合不定代詞之前。
There’s nothing important in today’s newspaper.
今天報紙上沒有什么重要的新聞。
If you want to get something successful, you are to work twice as hard.
如果你系那個獲得某些成功，就應該加倍努力。
5.復合不定代詞后可加-‘s構成所有格。
There’s somebody’s backpack left in the classroom.
某人的書包落在了教室里了。
It’s anybody’splan,not time.
誰知道這是誰的計劃，反正不是我的。
6.復合不定代詞后常加else表示“另外….的”。
I cannot finish the work on time. Can someone else come to help me out?
我不能按時完成這項工作了，有沒有人能幫我一下？
There’s already five people included in ourguoup.
Does anythingelse would prefer to join.
我們組已經有有五個人了，還有想加入的嗎？
知識清單二:相互代詞
One another和each other表示相互關系，所以叫相互代詞。在劇中常用作賓語和定語。作定語時，在第二個詞尾加’s.
One another表示兩者以上的相互關系，each other表示兩者的相互關系，但現(xiàn)在一般多用each other代替one another.如：
We must help each other and learn from each other.
我們必須學習互相幫助。
知識清單三:關系代詞
用法見定語從句中的有關內容。
知識清單四: it的用法
1.代替前文提到的人物，事物或事件。如：
Who’s it? It’s me.是誰？是我。
My watch is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
我的手表丟了，我到處找不到它。
Don’t read in the sun. It’s bad for your eyes.
別在陽光下看書，這對你的眼睛有害。
2.指時間、自然現(xiàn)象、日期和距離等。如：
It is time for lunch。該吃午飯了。
It is a long way from here to the zoo。
從這里到動物園有一段很長的路。
It is raining now。正在下雨。
3.代替指示代詞this，that。如：
What is this？It is a computer。
這是什么？它是一臺計算機。
4.作形式主語或形式賓語。
可用作形式主語，將真正的主語（一般是動詞不定式、主語從句等）移到后面。如：
It took me twohours to do my homework。
花了我兩個小時來做家庭作業(yè)。
可用作形式賓語，將真正的賓語（一般是動詞不定式、賓語從句）放在賓語補足語后面
I found it very difficult to work out this problem。
我發(fā)現(xiàn)算出這到題很難。
知識清單五:
替代詞one, ones, the one, the ones, that,those, it的用法區(qū)別
替代詞可以用來替代句中或上文中已提到的名詞，以避免重復。但我們應注意他們所使用的場合。
1.One通常替代上文中出現(xiàn)過的可數(shù)名詞為中心詞組的整個名詞，指同類異物。One的復數(shù)形式是ones。One和ones既可指人也可指物，意思是指與有關名詞同類型的另一個（或另一些）。通常用one代替可數(shù)名詞，用ones代替復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：
I have lost my pen，I am going to buy one。
我的鋼筆丟了，我要去買一只。
I have a new coat and several old ones。
我有一件新大衣和幾件舊的。
one前可用this，that修飾，但ones前不能用these或those修飾，除非one前有形容詞。
I prefer this one to that one。我喜歡這個，而不喜歡那個。
These yellow ones are so small。I want those green ones。
這些黃的太小，我要那些綠的。
one和ones前面不能用物主代詞。如：
This is my apple and that is yours 。這是我的蘋果，那是你的
one和ones前面有修飾詞時，可以加冠詞，有時the ones和those可互換使用，但要求后面有修飾語。
I do not like this pen .Show me a betterone。
我不喜歡這支鋼筆，再給我好一點的看看。
2. that 作為代詞用來代替上文中出現(xiàn)的名詞,它表示與前面同類的東西.
that既可代替可數(shù)名詞,又可代替不可數(shù)名詞,常要求有后置定語，一般不指人。如：
The price of wheat is higher than that ofrice. 小麥的價格比大米高。
that one 用來指代同類事物中特指的另一個,可與that替換.如：
This story is not so interesting as the one/ that we heard last night.
這個故事不如我們昨晚聽到的那一個有趣。
另外,that可代替上文中全句的內容,it和one則不能.如:
He will ask me to lend him some money and Ican’t do that.
他問我借點錢，可我不能借。
We see him when he comes to town,but thatisn’t often.
他進城時我們能見到他,但是這種情況不常有.
3.those可用來代替可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù),表示特指。有時the ones和those可互換使用,常要求有后置定語.如:
The students in our class work harder thanthose in their class.
我們班的同學比他們班的同學學習更刻苦。
4. it代指前面提到過的名詞,而且就是那個名詞,即同類事物. It可以替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,如:
Doyou want the magazine? Yes, I want it.
你想要這本雜志嗎？是的，我要。
I don'twant to drink the tea. It is too hot.
我不想喝這茶，它太熱了。
七下Units3---4
重點短語
in front of 在---前面 get out of 從---里面出來
take off （飛機等）起飛，脫下（衣帽等）
an unusual experience 一次非同尋常的經歷
walk down 沿著----走 jump up/down 跳上跳下
run away 逃跑，跑開 next to 在---隔壁，緊挨著
shout at 朝---叫喊，呼喊 at the doctor’s 在醫(yī)院，在診所
hear about 聽說 everyday activity 日常的活動
take place 發(fā)生 a national hero 一名民族英雄
be mad at sb =be angry with sb 生某人的氣
first of all =at first 起初，首先
not any more 不再，再也不 pass on sth to sb 把---傳給某人
leave a message 留口信 take a message 捎口信
be supposed to 被期望---，被要求做---
be good at =do well in 在---方面做的好，擅長于
in good health 身體健康
end—of--year exams 期末考試 report card 成績單
a disappointing result 一個令人失望的結果
copy one’s homework 抄某人的作業(yè) get over 克服，原諒，恢復
open up 打開 outside world 外面的世界
a good start 一個好的開端a good influence 一個好的影響
in danger 在危險中
重點句型
The boy was walking down the street whenthe UFO landed .
While the boy was walking down the street , the UFO landed .
What were you doing when the UFO landed .
She said she was mad at Marcia
She said she was having a party for Linda.
He told me he would call me tomorrow /thenext day
She said she could speak three languages.
過去進行時
一、 概念和用法：過去進行時表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間內進行或發(fā)生的動作。也可理解為是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。其形式為was /were V-ing。常用的時間狀語this morning, thewhole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening,last night,last Saturday,when, while例如：
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七點到九點的時候我們在看電視。
What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
二、 過去進行時可以表示在過去某個時間點發(fā)生的事情。時間點可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。如：
What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday? 昨天晚上九點她在做什么？ (介詞短語表示時間點)
When I saw him he was decorating his room. 當我看見他的時候他正在裝飾房間。 (when從句表示時間點)
三、 在復合句中，如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續(xù)的或同時發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進行時。例如：
While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他邊等車邊看報。 (兩個動作都是延續(xù)的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦車時我在做飯。(兩個動作同時進行)
四、 通常不能用于過去進行時的動詞主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem,suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如：
誤：I was knowing the answer.
正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。
誤：I wasn‘t understanding him.
正：I didn‘t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。
句型：
肯定句：主語 was/were doing 其它
否定句：主語 was/were not doing 其它
一般疑問句及答語：Was/Were 主語 doing 其它
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞 was/were 主語 doing 其它
What were they doingjust now?
他們剛才在干什么?
典型例題：
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. wasmaking D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，“瑪麗在做衣服時”提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進行時。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為'當……之時'。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發(fā)生的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生。句意為 '在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。'句中的 fell (fall的過去時)，是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。
過去進行時和一般過去時的區(qū)別
一．一般過去時敘述舊事，過去進行時描述背景。
Ａ、一般過去時
１）敘述過去狀態(tài)、動作或事件
He went to Beijingthe other day.（帶具體時間）
?。玻┍硎具^去的習慣
a) would ,used to與過去時
would 表間斷性不規(guī)則的習慣，常帶頻率時間
used to 表一貫性有規(guī)律的習慣
They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words. b) Would 用于文中不用于句首，只表過去習慣。
Used to 表今昔對比的含義，敘述習慣動作可與would 換用。
When he was a boy , he would often go there . （敘述過去）
She isn't what she used to be. (今昔對比)
c) 表示狀態(tài)時一般只用used to
Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (狀態(tài))
d) was (were) used to ving表示“合適于，適應于…..”
He used to work at night . (“習慣”表經常)
He was used to working at night. (習慣表適應)
?。常┍硎具^去的經歷，平行動作，依此事件用一般過去時。
He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此發(fā)生)
B. 過去進行時
?。硎驹谶^去某階段或某一時刻正在發(fā)生
What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (過去某時刻正在發(fā)生)
?。虝盒詣釉~用過去進行時表示按計劃、打算
During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)
?。calways ,often ,usually 等連用表喜愛，討厭等感情色彩。
He was always Changing his mind.
二、過去進行時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
A. 進行時表某一行為的“片斷”一般時表示行為的“整體”和存在的狀態(tài)。
I was reading the book at that time. (未讀完，“讀”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已讀完，表整個“讀”)
B、一般持續(xù)時間狀語多與進行時連用
It was raining all night.(優(yōu)先用was raining,rained 為持續(xù)動詞，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暫動詞與持續(xù)時間連用，表反復，連續(xù)發(fā)生，不可用一般過去時)
C、while 時間狀語從句中用短暫動詞時只能用進行時。
例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D、While 所在主從句動作大致持續(xù)相等時主從句一般都用進行時，但若是持續(xù)動詞可都用一般過去時，兩個動作一長一短時短的用一般時，長的用進行時。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.
三、英語中有四類動詞一般不用進行時（不用現(xiàn)在進行時和過去進行時）
1表心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞，如love ,hate ,like ,care ,respect ,please,prefer ,know 等，若用進行時則詞意改變。
I’m forgetting it . (=beginning to forget )
2表存在、狀態(tài)的動詞，如appear ,exist ,lie ,remain ,stand ,seem等
3 表感覺的動詞，如see ,hear ,feel ,smell ,sound ,taste等.
4表一時性的動詞，如accept ,allow ,admit ,decide ,end ,refuse ,permit,promise等。
四、例題
考題1 As she ____the newspaper ,Granny ____ asleep .(95)
A. read /was falling B .was reading /fell
C. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell
分析 時間從句的動作長，而“入睡”動作短，故前者用過去進行時，而較短動詞用一般過去時，選B
考題2 Tom ___ into the house when no one ___ .
A. slipped/was looking B. Had slipped /looked
C. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked
分析 此題先要理解好when ，表“此時”，說明主句中slipped是較短行為，而look是較長行為的片斷，即湯姆溜進房子，此時沒人瞧見，故選A為正確。
注意
1. when 和while引導的狀語從句中，強調某個動作正在進行的過程中時要用進行時態(tài)，while表示一段時間，因此它所引導的狀語從句中，謂語動詞常用進行時態(tài)，如：
When/While we were having supper, the light went out. 我們正在吃飯時燈熄滅了。
2. when用作并列連詞時，主句常用進行時態(tài)，從句則用一般過去時，表示主句動作發(fā)生的過程中，另一個意想不到的動作發(fā)生了。如：
I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走時突然有人喊我。
二、下面幾種情況不用一般過去時而要用過去進行時：
1. 表示過去某一階段暫時性的習慣動作時。如：
Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week. 湯姆那一周里每天都是六點鐘起床。
2. 與always連用表示贊美，厭煩等感情色彩時。如：
John was always coming to school late. 約翰上學總是遲到。
Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷鋒總是為人民做好事。
3. 用來描寫故事發(fā)生的情景時。如：
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain wasfalling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted tocross the river.那是一個漆黑的夜晚，風刮得很厲害，雨下得很大，一個解放軍戰(zhàn)士突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上，他想過河去。
4. when作并列連詞，表示“（這時）突然”之意時，第一個并列分句用過去進行時，when引導的并列分句用一般過去時。如：
I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇見了他。
We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我們正在外邊玩，這時下起雨來了。
5. go, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞可用過去進行時表示過去將來的含義。如：
I was leaving for Wuhanthat day. 那天我正要去武漢。
She was coming later. 她隨后就來。
三、過去進行時表示婉轉語氣（只限于want, hope, wonder 等動詞），用以提出請求。如：
I was wondering if you could help me.
I was hoping you could send me home.
Unit 5-6
重點短語
Have a good/great time過得很愉快 takeaway 拿走
around the world 在世界各地 make a living 謀生
all the time 一直 play football 踢足球
in order to 為了 around the world 全世界
run out of 用盡,用完 by the way 順便, 附帶說說 be interested in 對…感興趣 far away 在遠處
the Olympic Games 奧林匹克運動會
重點句型
1. If you do, you’ll have a great time.
2. You should wear your cool pants.
3. How long have you beenskating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
4. When did you startskating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
反意疑問句
一：反意疑問句的基本構成：
陳述句，助動詞/情態(tài)動詞 代詞？
1． 反意疑問句的結構可以簡單列為：前肯后否；前否后肯。
You dislike adventurous sports, don’t you? 你不喜歡冒險運動, 是不是?
Sophia is not good at playing the Violin, is she? 索菲亞不擅長拉小提琴, 是不是?
2． 反意疑問句的答語：在回答這類問句時，不管反意疑問句前的陳述句是肯定的或是否定的，事實是肯定的，就用yes來回答，事實是否定的，就用no來回答。
-You didn’t attend the conference, did you? 你沒參加研討會，是吧？
-No, I didn’t. 是的, 我沒參加./Yes, Idid. 不， 我參加了.
二：各種形式的反意疑問句：
1．肯定陳述句， 否定疑問
這種結構分為be動詞，have助動詞，情態(tài)動詞，實義動詞型等。
You are coming this evening， aren’t you?
Lucy often goes to the theater, doesn’t he?
Sophia can play the piano, can’t she?
You’ve read the evening paper, haven’t you?
注意: 反意疑問句中, 如果后半部分出現(xiàn)的是否定副詞,必須用其縮寫形式.
2．否定陳述句， 肯定疑問
這種結構也分為be動詞，have助動詞，情態(tài)動詞，實義動詞型等。
You are not interested in reading, are you?
You didn’t tell Toby the news, did you?
You haven’t finished your work, have you?
3．祈使句的反意疑問句
（1）在肯定的祈使句后可加上will you？would you？won’t you？ can you？couldyou， can’t you？等，從而使語氣更加委婉。
Come in and sit down, won’t you?
Be sure to come on time, can you?
Make less noise, will you?
在肯定的祈使句后，以上各種形式皆可選擇,但在否定的祈使句后只能用will you?
Don’t be careless, will you?
(2) 在Letus/me祈使句后加will you?或won’t you? 在Let’s祈使句后加shall we? 或shan’twe? 從而使語氣變得更加緩和.
Let me do it, will you?
Let us do it for you, will you?
Let’s have a rest, shall we?
4．陳述句部分如果含有否定意義的詞時（如：never, seldom, hardly, few, little, no one,nobody, nothing, neither, none等）,疑問部分必須用肯定式.
You have never been to Beijing, have you?
No one will believe you, willthey/he?
在含有dislike, unimportant等以否定前綴構成的詞的反意疑問句中,這些詞仍按肯定詞對待.
This is an unimportant question,isn’t it?
5．Therebe和That/this be 結構中的反意疑問句，陳述部分是there be 結構時，疑問部分用be there結構；是That/Thisbe 結構時，疑問句部分用it 代替that或this。
There are some students playing， aren’t there？
That’s a good idea, isn’t it?
6. 不定代詞作主語時的反意疑問句: 陳述句部分如果有everything, nothing等表示事物的詞作主語時, 疑問部分的主語用it, 陳述部分若有everyone, someone, anyone, no one 等不定代詞作主語時,其疑問句部分的主語既可用he, 也可用they.
Nothing has been said at themeeting, has it?
Everything goes well, doesn’t it?
Nobody wants to make mistake, dothey?
7．否定前移的反意疑問句: 陳述部分是含有賓語從句的復合句時, 疑問部分中的動詞和主語應和主句中的動詞和主語保持一致.
He never thought I would come, didhe?
They told us that we needn’t go toschool tomorrow, didn’t they?
如果陳述部分是 “I don’t think (believe, guess, consider,feel, find, suppose等) 賓語從句”時,疑問部分中的動詞和主語應和賓語從句的主語保持一致, 并且要用肯定形式.
I don’t think that he has donethat, has he?
練習:
1. She is a singer, ?
A. doesn’t she B. hasn’tshe C. isn’t she
2. I told you not to be late again,John, I?
A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
3. –You will go swimming thisSaturday, won’t you?
- . I have to workthis Saturday.
A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. No, I won’t
4. Nothing is difficult in the world if youput your heart into it, ?
A. aren’t there B. arethey C. isn’t it D. is it
5. What about Sally? She’s doneher best these days, ?
A. hasn’t she B. isn’tSally C. hasn’t Sally D. isn’t Sally
6. There are some people on theplayground, ?
A. aren’t there B. arethere C. are they
7. –How many students do you thinkare still in the classroom now?
-I’m afraid there are few of them, ?
A. are there b. aren’t I C. aren’t there D. am I
8. –Let’s go and play football, ? -That’s wonderful.
A. will you B. do you C. won’t you D. shall we
9. I don’t think she will agreewith me, ?
A. won’t she B. will she C. does she D. isn’t she
10. Light doesn’t travel as fastas sound, ?
A. doesn’t it B. is it C. does it D. do they
11. –You don’t come from
- . I come from
A. No, I do B. Yes, I do C. Yes, I don’t D. No, I don’t
12. Yangyang never plays videogames in his spare time, ?
A. is he B. isn’t he C. does he D. doesn’t he
13. Go to see a movie with ustonight, ?
A. shall we B. will you C. don’t you D. aren’t you
14. –Katty isn’t going to the beachwith us tomorrow, is she?
- . She has gone toHainan Island.
A. No, she is B. Yes, she isn’t C. No, she isn’t D. Yes, she is
15. –Jim, please copy the newwords in this lesson, ?
-But I copied them yesterday evening.
A. do you B. don’t you C. didn’t you D. will you
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