一、動詞(Verbs)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞have(has)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)以動詞work為例，
將現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定式、否定式和疑問式
以及簡略答語列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑問式和簡略回答
Have I/you worked?Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked?Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked?Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與動詞過去式相同
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
Have you had your lunch yet?Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段
時間的狀語連用。表示持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)的動詞多是延續(xù)性動詞。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
現(xiàn)在完成時可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等狀語連用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的區(qū)別：
have(has) been 表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已經(jīng)去過某地了”
Where has he been? 他剛才跑到哪去了?
Where has he gone?他到哪去了?
She has been to Shanghai。她到過上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延續(xù)性動詞在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可用現(xiàn)在完成時，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示
過去的時間狀語連用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般過去時只表示過去
動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：
I have seen the film。我看過這部電影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了這個電影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以來他一直住在這里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在這里。
2.過去將來時(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)過去將來時由“助動詞would+動詞圓形”構(gòu)成。would常縮略為‘d。
(2)過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示過去的某一時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時常用在賓語從句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
過去將來時也可以用“was(were) going to +動詞原形”來表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.過去完成時(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).過去完成時的構(gòu)成
過去完成時由“助動詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù))+過去分詞”構(gòu)成
(2).過去完成時的用法
過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，它表示動作發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”
表示過去某一時間可用by，before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用when，before等引導(dǎo)的從句或者通過上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.動詞不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)動詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動詞原形”，有時可以不帶to，動詞不定式(或不定式短語)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
在句子中不能作謂語。動詞不定式仍保持動詞的特點(diǎn)。即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語
構(gòu)成不定式短語。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)動詞不定式具有名詞，形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句中可以作主語，表語，賓語，賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語，狀語
作賓語
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作狀語
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作賓語補(bǔ)足語
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定語
Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning。
作主語
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)動詞不定式的否定形式
由“not+動詞不定式”構(gòu)成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)動詞不定式和疑問句連用
動詞不定式虧和疑問句what，which，how，where，when等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不帶to的情況
有一些動詞后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式通常不帶to，這種動詞有兩類;一類是感覺動詞，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看見他來了。
I heard him sing。我聽見他唱歌了。
另一類是某些使役動詞，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。讓他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他們強(qiáng)迫孩子們一天干12小時。
動詞help后的不定式可帶to，也可不帶to。
5.被動語態(tài)。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)
英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)(The Active Voice)和被動語態(tài)(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主動語態(tài))
English is spoken by many people。(被動語態(tài))
(2)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be有人稱，數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，其變化
規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣?，F(xiàn)以動詞ask為例子，將一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時被動語態(tài)的
肯定式，否定式及疑問式列表如下：
一般現(xiàn)在時
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑問式
Am I asked……? Are you asked……? Is he/She asked……?
Are we asked……? Are you asked……? Are they asked……?
一般過去時
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑問式
was I asked……? were you asked……? was he/She asked……?
were we asked……? were you asked……? were they asked……?
(3)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被動語態(tài)的用法
當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的
承受者時，需要被動語態(tài)。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
初中英語語法匯總(三)(2)
二、賓語從句(The Object Clause)
賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作主語的賓語，賓語從句通常作主語的賓語，賓語從句通常由下面一些詞引導(dǎo)
1.由that引導(dǎo)(that在口語或非正式文體中常省略)，如：
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)，如：
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)( 口語中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定語從句(The Attributive Clause)
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句，如：
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面兩句中的man和everything 是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫先行詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有關(guān)系代詞what，which，who，(賓格whom，所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞
where，when，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，同時又作定語從句的
一個成分。
由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
that在從句中作主語或賓語
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主語)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作賓語)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there?(作主語)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作賓語)
which在從句中作主語和賓語。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主語)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作賓語)
who，whom在從句中分別作主語和賓語
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主語)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主語)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作賓語)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作賓語)
四、狀語從句(Adverbial clause)
在復(fù)合句中，修飾主句的動詞，形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語從句，狀語從句根據(jù)它表達(dá)的意思可分為
時間，原因，條件，比較，目的，結(jié)果和讓步等類。
時間
由as，after，as soon as，before，since，until，when，whenever，while等連詞引導(dǎo)。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as，because，since，等連詞引導(dǎo)
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
條件
由if，unless等連詞引導(dǎo)
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比較
由as(so)……as，than等引導(dǎo)
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
結(jié)果
由so……that，等引導(dǎo)
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ，so that等引導(dǎo)
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
讓步
由although，even though等引導(dǎo)
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.
