《薄冰實(shí)用英語語法詳解》獨(dú)家連載之十七：定語從句
第一章、定語從句
定語從句（Attributive Clauses）通常皆放在它所修飾的名、代詞之后，這種名、代詞就叫做先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。定語從句在四、六級(jí)和研究生入學(xué)考試以及各類應(yīng)試中都是一項(xiàng)重要的測試內(nèi)容。
1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
在下面幾種情況下必須用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句:
(1) 先行詞是不定代詞all ,few,little,everthing ,nothing anyting,none等。如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？
(2) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)。如：
This is the best movie I’ve ever seen.
這是我看到過的最好的一部電影。
(3) 先行詞被all, any ,every ,each, few,little, no ,some等修飾時(shí)。如：
I have read all the books(that )you gave me.我讀了你給我的所有的書。
(4) 先行詞被the only , the every ,the same, the last 修飾時(shí)。如：
He is the only person that I want to talk to .
他就是我要談話的那個(gè)人。
(5) 當(dāng)并列的兩個(gè)先行詞分別表示人和物時(shí)。如：
They are talking about thins and persons that they remembered.
他們?cè)谡務(wù)撍麄兯芑貞浧饋淼娜撕褪隆?/p>
(6) 為避免重復(fù)，在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中。如：
Who is the girl that is crying ?正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰？
Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours
從圖書館借的哪一本書是你的？
(7) 用作關(guān)系代詞，修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞如day, time , moment 代替when 。如：
It happened on the day that/when he was born
這事碰巧發(fā)生在他出生的那天。
(8) 如果有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系詞已用which則另一個(gè)用that 。如：
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.
這個(gè)國家建立了一個(gè)工廠，生產(chǎn)以前未曾見到過的東西。
(9) 主句以there be開頭。如：
This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那個(gè)角落還有個(gè)座位空著。
2. 限制性定語從句
(1) who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
關(guān)系代詞who用于指人，通常在句中作主語。在非正式文體中，who可以代替whom在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語，而且常常省略。在作介詞賓語時(shí)，不能位于介詞之后。如：
A doctor is a person who looks after people?蒺s health.
醫(yī)生是關(guān)照人們健康的人。
Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.
懂這一行的人是不會(huì)說這樣的話的。
The man who I saw is called Smith. 我見到的那個(gè)人名叫史密斯。
There’s no one works harder than you. 沒有比你更用功的人了。
(no one后省去了用作 主語的who)
(2) whom引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.
她相遇的那位先生很有禮貌地和她講話。
I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.
我剛遇到一位我上個(gè)星期見過的貴婦人。
關(guān)系代詞whom用于指人，是who的賓格形式，在從句中作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語，常常省略。whom作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可位于whom之前或句末，在非正式文體中常位于句末；緊接介詞的whom不能省略。
He wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books and music.
他想找個(gè)能共同研討書和音樂的人。
This is the teacher (whom) we have talked about.
這就是我們談?wù)撨^的那個(gè)老師。
(3) whose引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語。whose通常指人，也可指動(dòng)物或無生命的事物：
An electromagnet is a device whose magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.
電磁鐵是一種由充電的磁鐵產(chǎn)生磁力的裝置。
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的話他可能會(huì)聽。
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我想要一個(gè)窗戶面臨大海的房間。
(4) which引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
She was not on the train which arrived just now.
她不在剛才到達(dá)的那列火車上。
關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語或介詞賓語，作賓語時(shí)常常省略。which作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可位于是which之前或句末，在非正式文體中常位于句末；緊接介詞的which不能省略。
which主要用于指無生命的事物，除此之外，還可指嬰兒、動(dòng)物、以及某些表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞。
(5) 關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
關(guān)系代詞that既可指人，又可指物。它在從句中可以作主語、動(dòng)詞賓語、介詞賓語和表語。that作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語時(shí)常常省略。在作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞須位于句末，而不能位于that之前。
Water that is impure often causes serious illness.
水不潔常會(huì)引起重病。
Fanny，bring the water and put it down in the middle of the room，lazy creature that you are.
范妮，拿水來，放在屋子當(dāng)中，你這懶鬼。
(6) when等引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
關(guān)系副詞when指代和修飾主句中表示時(shí)間的先行詞，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，可以省略。在語義上，when相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。如：
July and August are the months when the weather is hot.
七八月是天氣很熱的月份。
Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable.
我來之后的每一個(gè)小時(shí)都是非常好玩的。
On the day before we left home there came a snow storm.
在我們離家的前一天，下了一場暴風(fēng)雪。
(7) where引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
關(guān)系副詞where指代和修飾主句中表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，當(dāng)先行詞為place時(shí)，where可以省略。在語義上，where相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”：
The knee is the joint where(=at which)the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿大骨相連處的關(guān)節(jié)。
She’s going home where she can rest.
她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
A stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.
有一塊石頭標(biāo)著那個(gè)簽訂條約的地方。
(8) why引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
關(guān)系副詞why的先行詞只有reason， 在從句中作原因狀語，可以省略：
The reason why he left is not convincing.
他離開的理由無法令人信服。
There was no definite reason why she should do so.
她這樣做并沒有什么一定的理由。
(9) 關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
關(guān)系代詞as既可指人，又可指物，在從句中作主語、賓語、狀語或表語。其具體用法如下：
① as與the same連用：
This is the same computer as I have bought.
這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)和我買的那臺(tái)一樣。（as作賓語）
I’ll do the experiment the same way as he does.
我將采用和他同樣的方法做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。(ａｓ作方式狀語)
he studies in the same college as I do.
他和我在同一所大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。(ａｓ作地點(diǎn)狀語)
② as與such連用：
They returned with coffee，wine，and such provisions as were needed.
他們帶著咖啡、葡萄酒以及所需的給養(yǎng)回來了。（主語）
here are such questions as are of ten asked by the college students.
這是些大學(xué)生們常常問的那類問題。（as作主語）
I have never seen such kind of girl as she is.
我從未見過像她這樣的女孩。（as作表語）
he didn’t believe such reason as she did so.
他不相信她那樣做的理由。 （as作原因狀語）
③ as與as連用：
There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.
海里有的是魚（天涯何處無芳草）。（主語）
She tried to make as few mistakes as she could avoid.
她盡可能地避免犯錯(cuò)誤。（動(dòng)詞賓語）
④ as與so連用：
He can tell so interesting a story as moves us to tears.
他能講把我們感動(dòng)得流淚的故事。（主語）
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
這是一塊沒人能搬得動(dòng)的大石頭。（動(dòng)詞賓語）
(10) “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句
在介詞后引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞為whom， whose和which，介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配：
The family at whose house we stayed were friends of my father?s. 我們?cè)∵^的那家的主人是我父親的朋友。
This is the book for which you asked. 這是你所要的書。
The official to whom we applied for a permit was most obliging.
我們向他申請(qǐng)?jiān)S可證的那位官員非常熱情。
第二章、非限制性定語從句
1. 非限制性定語從句
(1) who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.
我們的向?qū)В粋€(gè)法裔加拿大人，擅長于烹調(diào)。
Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.
后來他遇到瑪麗，瑪麗邀請(qǐng)他去參加晚會(huì)。
My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.
我家的園丁非常悲觀，他說今年將不結(jié)蘋果。
(2) whom引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
關(guān)系代詞whom用于指人，在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語，作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可位于句末。如：
Peter, whom you mey in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見過他。
Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家，我從他那兒學(xué)了許多東西。
(3) whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語。whose通常指人，也可指動(dòng)物或無生命的事物。如：
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力，他的父親是位工程師。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
在樹林的高處是山，其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.
這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作品，風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。
(4) which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語、動(dòng)詞賓語、介詞賓語或表語。
① which指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動(dòng)物的名詞、表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞以及表示職業(yè)、品格等的名詞。如：
These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.
這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的，還沒有結(jié)過果實(shí)。
She is an artist，which I am not.
她是一位藝術(shù)家，而我不是。
Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.
水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.
那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任，事實(shí)上，也真是如此。
② which指代主句中的形容詞。如：
She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.
她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。
She is always careless，which we should not be.
她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。
③ which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。如：
He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.
他說以前從沒見過她，這不是真的。
④ which指代整個(gè)主句。如：
In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張，這是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.
他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。
When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
他經(jīng)常聚精會(huì)神地工作，這時(shí)他會(huì)廢寢忘食。
(5) when引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
關(guān)系副詞when在非限制性定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，指代主句中表示時(shí)間的詞語。如：
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他將把郊游推遲到5月1號(hào)，那時(shí)他將有空。
(6) where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
關(guān)系副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，指代主句中表示地點(diǎn)的詞語。如：
They went to London，where they lived for six months.
他們?nèi)チ藗惗兀谀莾捍袅肆鶄€(gè)月的時(shí)間。
They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.
他們昨天抵達(dá)那里, 有一個(gè)關(guān)于銷售的談判在那兒舉行。
(7) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
as引出非限定性定語從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說明。但通常用于像as we allａknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。as有“正如……， 就像……”之意。 如：
As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美國人都知道，馬克?吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。（as在從句中作主語）
He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了帶筆，這是常事。（as在從句中作主語）
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神貫注地工作，他過去經(jīng)常這樣。（as在從句中作表語）
Boy as he was， he was chosen king.
他雖是孩子，卻被選為國王。（as在從句中作表語）
as we all know, the earth is round.
眾所周知，地球是圓的。 （as在從句中作賓語）
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.
兩兄弟對(duì)此決定都滿意，這項(xiàng)決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語)
Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.
你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語)
(8)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)并不代表主句中某一確定的詞，而是概括整個(gè)主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved.
他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒，沒有它們產(chǎn)量會(huì)減少一半。
They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.
他們對(duì)湯姆表示了感謝，因?yàn)闆]有他的支持他們就不會(huì)成功。
These new neighbors，to whom I was introduced yesterday，have come here from Beijing.
這些鄰居是北京來的，昨天我被介紹同他們認(rèn)識(shí)了。
(9)“名詞/代詞+of+which / whom”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.
現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.
世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十萬公里。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。
The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women.
這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十。
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