狀語(yǔ)從句
一.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
在句中作狀語(yǔ)的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句都是由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的。它與主句連接,位于句首時(shí),常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi);位于句末時(shí),其前一般不用逗號(hào)。狀語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)其用途可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句九種。
1.where的用法
(1)when意為“在……時(shí)”“在....之后”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或先后發(fā)生。
I feel very happy when you come to see me.
When you are crossing the street,you must be careful.
(2)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,也可以是終止性動(dòng)詞。
He was working at the table when i went in.
I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai.
2.While
while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)作“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候;與.....同時(shí)”講,從句中的動(dòng)詞一般要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。
3.as
as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表達(dá)“正當(dāng),一邊....一邊...,隨著”等意思。
(1)表示某事情一發(fā)生,另一事立即發(fā)生
As the sun rose the fog disappeared.
(2)表示某事發(fā)生的過(guò)程中另一事發(fā)生
As he was speaking there was a loud explosion.
(3)表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行
He smiled as he passed.
4.before
before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前,之后用after.
5.until/till
(1)until/till引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句用肯定形式表示這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到until/till所表示的時(shí)間為止。till和until都表示“直到”,??蓳Q用,但till不用于句首,也不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
(2)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),用否定形式表示主句的主句的謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作直到until所表示的時(shí)間才發(fā)生。構(gòu)成句式not...until...有時(shí)不用not,而用其他如never,nothing等表示否定的詞。
6.since
Since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“自...以來(lái)”,主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
I have worked for a this company since I graduated from ....
7.as soon as
as soon as引導(dǎo)的從句表示從句的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生,主句的動(dòng)作隨即發(fā)生,“一....就....”。該從句經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
As soon as he arrives,I’ll tell him.
8.by the time
這個(gè)詞組常用來(lái)指到某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止,主句常用完成時(shí)態(tài)。若主句謂語(yǔ)是be的系表形式或像know等表示“認(rèn)知”的持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,則往往用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
By the time you arrived,the lecture had already ended.
By the time he went abroad,he was fourteen.
二.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的從句稱為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句,可置于句首、句中或句尾。
1.引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的常用詞有where,wherever
Put it where we can see it.
Wherever there is injustice,we’ll try to help.
2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句間的轉(zhuǎn)化
在where 前加上to/in/from the place(s)或to/in/from any place(s)等構(gòu)成to/in/from the place(s)where或to/in/from any place(s) where,便可變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句。
Just stay where you are and don’t move.
Just stay in the place where you are and don’t move.(定語(yǔ)從句)
三.原因狀語(yǔ)從句
在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)的從句稱為原因狀語(yǔ)從句。原因狀語(yǔ)從句可置于句首,也可置于句尾。引導(dǎo)詞有because,as ,since,now that等。
1.because
表因果關(guān)系的語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),用來(lái)回答why的問(wèn)句,所引出的原因往往是說(shuō)話者所不知道的或最感興趣的,because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句往往比主句顯得更重要。
2.Since
表示人們已經(jīng)知道的事實(shí),不需強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因,故常譯為“既然...”,通常放在句首。Since引導(dǎo)的從句是次要的,重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的內(nèi)容。
Since you are free tonight,why not drop in and play chess with me?
3.as
As與since用法差不多,所引出的理由在說(shuō)話者看來(lái)已經(jīng)很明顯,或已為聽(tīng)話人所熟悉而不需用because加以強(qiáng)調(diào)。as引導(dǎo)的從句與主句同等重要。
I left a message as you weren’t there.
重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn):
(1)because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng),用來(lái)回答why引起的提問(wèn),可表示已知的或未知的事實(shí)。它可與強(qiáng)調(diào)詞only,merely,just及否定詞not連用,所引導(dǎo)的從句常位于主句之后,只有強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)才置于主句之前。它還可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)as語(yǔ)氣最弱,較口語(yǔ)化。多表達(dá)的原因比較明顯或是已知的事實(shí),故不需要強(qiáng)調(diào)。As之前不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)詞和not,且不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。as從句多置于主句之前。
As it was getting late,I turned around to start for home.由于天色漸晚,我就調(diào)頭回家了。
(3)since的語(yǔ)氣也較弱。常表示地方已知的事實(shí),相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“既然”,它和as一樣,其前不可用強(qiáng)調(diào)詞和not,亦不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。
知識(shí)拓展:for和上述三個(gè)從屬連詞不同,它是一個(gè)并列連詞,即連接并列句。它有時(shí)可用來(lái)作附加說(shuō)明,為前面的事實(shí)提供一種推論的理由。一般把for引起的從句放與主句之后。
We should be more careful,for it is already dark.
4.now (that)
now (that)主要用于口語(yǔ),表示微弱的原因,主、從句因果關(guān)系不明顯,譯為“既然”。
Now (that) you have come, you may as well stay.
四.目的狀語(yǔ)從句
目的狀語(yǔ)從句可置于句首、句中或句尾。常用引導(dǎo)詞有so that,in order that,for fear that,in case(that),for the purpose that等。
1.in order that與so that
多數(shù)情況下兩者可以替換,句首不用so that,只用in order that;逗號(hào)之后不用so that,只用in order that.
知識(shí)拓展:在目的狀語(yǔ)從句中常常含有may/might/will/would/shall/should/can/could等。
2.目的狀語(yǔ)從句與不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)的呼喚
當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),可用so as to,in order to
He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.=.....night in order to succeed.
五.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
1.So...that....
So...that..引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句可以構(gòu)成如下結(jié)構(gòu):
adj/adv
many/few(+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))
So much/little(+不可數(shù)名詞) +that+從句
adj+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)
2.Such...that..
a/an+adj+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)
Such+ adj+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) +that+從句
adj+不可數(shù)名詞
知識(shí)拓展:so/such....that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可把so/such置于句首,主句用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
Such was his worry that he couldn’t go on with his work.
3.so that
六.條件狀語(yǔ)從句
條件狀語(yǔ)從句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有時(shí)還可置于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間。
1.If
(1)見(jiàn)八年級(jí)上unit 10 語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)
(2)If 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的前提或條件將來(lái)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)或正在進(jìn)行,動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或進(jìn)行時(shí),主句通常用將來(lái)時(shí)。
I’ll show you how to do it if I have finished the book.
2.Unless=if..not
七.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表示某種與主句相反的條件或情況,但從句所表達(dá)的這些不利因素并不能阻止主句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生,即在相反的條件下,主句的情況依然存在。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有though/although,even though/if,whoever/no matter who,however/no matter how,whatever/no matter what和as
1.though/although
(1)although和though意義一樣,都作“雖然,即使”解,都表示讓步,一般情況下可互換使用,只是although語(yǔ)氣較重,大多置于句首。
Although he was Japanese,he spent most of his life in China.
The article is very important though it is short.
(2)Though可以與yet連用,這里的yet雖然意思與but相同,但yet在這里不是連詞,而是副詞。Though不與but連用。
Though it was cold,yet he went out without a coat.
2.even though,even if
表示語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)的讓步,常常譯為“再退一步說(shuō);盡管”。Even though更加強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)“既成事實(shí)”的讓步,even if更強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)“假設(shè)”的讓步。
She is going to have problems in finding a job even if she gets her level A.
Even though he’s 24 now,he’s still like a little child.
We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.
3.as
as表示讓步時(shí)常用倒裝。倒裝時(shí)若有帶冠詞的名詞,冠詞需要省去。as的這種用法與though倒裝時(shí)的用法完全一致。
Pop star as/though she is,she still needs to improve.
4.whether..or not與whether...or...
Anyway,its a good story whether or not it’s true.
I shall go whether you come with me or stay at home.
5.wh-ever類引導(dǎo)詞
在英語(yǔ)中可作疑問(wèn)詞,可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)常可換成“no matter+相應(yīng)的wh-詞”,在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)只能用wh-ever.
八.比較狀語(yǔ)從句
比較狀語(yǔ)從句常用的引導(dǎo)詞為as....as(和...一樣 ),not as/so...as(....不如....),than,the more...the more...,而且這類從句通常以省略形式出現(xiàn)。
九.方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀語(yǔ)從句一般位于句尾,有時(shí)位于句中。常用連接詞為as,as if,as though.
1.as
Leave the children as they are. 讓孩子們隨便待著,不要管他們。
2.as if,as though
(1)兩者引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句所表示的情況是事實(shí)或具有很大可能性時(shí),通常用陳述語(yǔ)氣,常與look/seem/taste/smell/sound等詞連用。
(2)從句所表示的情況不是事實(shí),而是主觀的想象或夸大性的比喻,通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
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