英語的語態(tài)共有兩種:主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
主動(dòng)語態(tài)所在句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,即施動(dòng)者。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)所在句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者,即受動(dòng)者。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本構(gòu)成方式是:
如:
He ate the apple just now.
The apple was eaten by him just now.
需要注意的是,其中的be會(huì)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化,也會(huì)有與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用的情況,即:
如:
He can eat the apple anytime.
The apple can be eaten by him anytime.
當(dāng)要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者(受動(dòng)者)時(shí),就會(huì)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),如:
The police caught the thief last night.
The thief was caught by the police last night.
第二句的主語是the thief,是整句話的話題中心,所以得到了凸顯。
當(dāng)我們不知道施動(dòng)者是誰或是一時(shí)無法確定誰時(shí)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),往往會(huì)采用被動(dòng)語態(tài),如:
My bike was stolen last night.
我的自行車被偷,但我又不知道是誰偷的,所以就只能采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)了。
這種情況往往是因?yàn)槭﹦?dòng)者不重要或者是施動(dòng)者已經(jīng)暗含在上下文中,沒有必要指出,如:
We were given forty minutes to finish the test paper.
句中的動(dòng)作give的執(zhí)行者大多是老師,所以沒必要指出。或者作者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是誰要求他們?cè)?0分鐘內(nèi)完成試卷,而是要強(qiáng)調(diào)他們被要求在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)要完成試卷這件事情。
有的時(shí)候,為了避免句子描述時(shí)在結(jié)構(gòu)上過于繁復(fù),會(huì)采用被動(dòng)語態(tài),如:
The famous actress got on the train and was immediately recognized by the other passengers.
上句中的后半句采用了被動(dòng)語態(tài),是為了確保整句話的主題保持不變,都是the famous actress。
在英語中,有一類句型往往形式上會(huì)采用被動(dòng)語態(tài),其結(jié)構(gòu)為:
或是
這兩種句型中的done一般都是這類動(dòng)詞:believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等。如:
It is said that they have arrived in Beijing for ten days.
They are said to have arrived in Beijing for ten days.
本文主要按照《新概念英語》第一冊(cè)中出現(xiàn)的七種時(shí)態(tài)為主,另外增加了三種常用的時(shí)態(tài),來舉例說明不同時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。
am/is/are +done,如:
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. (游客禁止觸摸展品。)
am/is/are being done,如:
A new bridge is being built here. (這兒正在造一座新橋。)
was/were done,如:
The window was broken by Jack this morning. (窗戶是今早被杰克打破的。)
has /have been done,如:
The work has already been finished by the newcomer. (工作早就被新來的員工做完了。)
shall/will be done,其中shall主要用于第一人稱。如:
The factory will be closed next week. (工廠下周就要關(guān)閉了。)
was/were being done,如:
A meeting was being held when I was there. (我到那兒時(shí),有個(gè)會(huì)正在進(jìn)行。)
had been done,如:
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. (到去年年底為止,北京又造好了一個(gè)新的體操館。)
should/would be done,如:
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived. (消息一到,就會(huì)被送往這個(gè)士兵的母親。)
shall/will have been done,較為少用。如:
The project will have been completed before July. (工程將于七月份完工。)
will have been doing,較為少用。如:
They will have learning English for ten years by next Friday. (到下周五為止,他們就已經(jīng)學(xué)了十年的英語了。)
該用法相對(duì)簡單,需要注意的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。如:
The job can be finished within an hour. (這件事可以在一個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)做完。)
The job must be finished before next Friday. (這件事必須在下周五前完成。)
這種情況往往表猜測(cè)或是虛擬語氣,如:
He can't have been to the party yesterday, because he was with me all day yesterday. (他昨天不可能去參加聚會(huì)了,因?yàn)樗蛱煲徽於己臀掖谝黄稹#?/span>
The job should have been finished last night. (工作本該昨晚就做完的。)
需要注意的是,與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),表示現(xiàn)在和將來時(shí)間的情況下,也可能存在表猜測(cè)的用法。限于篇幅,本文不做贅述了。
基本步驟為:
1、把原主動(dòng)句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語;
2、把動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式,,即be +過去分詞,并注意其人稱和數(shù)隨主語的變化,而動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)則保持不變。
3、原主動(dòng)句的主語如果要保留,則放在by后面,以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)(當(dāng)主語是代詞時(shí)),如不需要?jiǎng)t可省略。
4、其它的成分(定語、狀語等)保持不變。
如:
主動(dòng):She broke the balloon with a pin this afternoon.
被動(dòng):The pin was broken by her with a pin this afternoon.
主動(dòng)句中的主語是she(施動(dòng)者),賓語是the balloon(受動(dòng)者)。
改為主動(dòng)句時(shí),
1、先把受動(dòng)者the balloon提到句首作主語;
2、然后把broke改為was broken,保持時(shí)態(tài)仍然是一般過去時(shí);
3、接著把施動(dòng)者she放到by后面,改為賓格形式的her;
4、最后,剩下的成分照抄。
英語中有很多及物動(dòng)詞(如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等)被用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),主要用來描述事物的特征,這時(shí)常用其主動(dòng)形式來表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。
The book sells well. (這本書賣得很好。)
注意:主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較:
The door won't lock.(“這門鎖不上”,指門本身有毛病。)
The door won't be locked.(“這門不會(huì)鎖上的”,指這門會(huì)一直開著。)
英語里這類的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語有:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等,以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
How do the newspapers come out?(這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢?)
英語里系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中,常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
This kind of cloth feels smooth. (這種布料摸上去很滑。)
在need,want,require, bear等詞的后面,動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式,但其主要必須是事物。如:
The bike needs repairing(to be repaired).(這輛自行車需要修理。)
worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而worthy后面卻要跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。如:
The book is well worth reading.(=The book is very worthy to be read.)
動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系,不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
I have a lot of things to do next week.
to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,與I是主謂關(guān)系。
試比較:
I'll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?
此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作定語,表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
這些結(jié)構(gòu)一般用做句子的表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語,而此時(shí)句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語,這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。如:
This problem is difficult to work out.
句中的difficult to work out就是整個(gè)句子的表語,而整個(gè)句子的主語this problem其實(shí)是to work out的邏輯賓語,此時(shí)work out其實(shí)是表被動(dòng)的,即problem被work out。
不定式前面可加邏輯主語,即增加“for sb.”,所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí):
There is no time to lose.
用to lose可理解為for us to lose,即對(duì)我們來說,我們沒有時(shí)間可以浪費(fèi)了。
There is no time to be lost.
用to be lost,說明誰lose time不明確,而是側(cè)重time被lose了。
由于受古英語的影響,諸如rent, blame, let等動(dòng)詞仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用,含被動(dòng)之義,其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。
1、“under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治療中), under repair(在修理中), under discussion(在討論中), under construction(在施工中)。如:
Everything is under control ( is being contolled). (一切都在掌控之中。)
2、“beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),“出乎……勝過……、范圍、限度”。常見的有:beyond belief (令人難以置信),beyond one’s reach(鞭長莫及),beyond one’s control(無法控制),beyond our hope.我們的成功始料不及。如:
The rumour is beyond belief(=can’t be believed). (這個(gè)謠言不可信。)
3、“above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“(品質(zhì)、行為、能力等)超過……、高于……”。如:
His honesty is above all praise.=His honesty cannot be praised enough.(他的誠實(shí)簡直無法形容。)
4 、“for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“適于……、為著……”。如:for sale(出售), for rent(出租)等。如:
That house is for sale (= That house is to be sold). (這座房子正在出售中。)
5、“in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“在……過程中或范圍內(nèi)”,常見的有:in print(在印刷中),in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi)),等。如:
The book is not yet in print (=is not yet printed). (這本書還沒付梓印刷。)
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