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http://www.infjs.com/forums/showthread.php?t=14436轉(zhuǎn)載請告知并注明中英文出處。
主導--第三功能循環(huán)及常見人格障礙
人們經(jīng)常問，為什么我的前兩個功能不可以都是內(nèi)向（或外向的）？答案是可以，但是這終將導致人格不平衡/障礙，而且如果你就是這樣，你可能并不是你認為的類型。
最近我發(fā)現(xiàn)很多類型誤判原因是關(guān)于功能結(jié)構(gòu)的幾個錯誤假設(shè)。我寫這篇文章的目的是描述“主導--第三功能循環(huán)”這個現(xiàn)象：自然輔助功能被壓制、沒發(fā)展好或者本人的自我更看重第三功能。
首先我們要記住16種類型的標準功能排列只代表理想平衡：我們把自身及現(xiàn)實概念化的十六種不同的方式。在現(xiàn)實中，它們不總是完全按強弱順序顯現(xiàn)。我們來看個例子：
首先我要用我自己的類型，ENTP。以下是每個功能：
主導 Ne
輔助 Ti
第三 Fe
第四 Si
但是如果Ti沒有發(fā)展好會發(fā)生什么？這普遍發(fā)生因為第三功能與主導功能的共同方位指向，使得它看上去比輔助功能更舒服！我們的覺察角度（很顯然）依賴于Ne，但是如果Ti罷工，我們被迫把判斷力放到第三功能（且較弱）Fe。
我們最終狀態(tài)是以Ne Fe作為最顯著的功能。如果你看不出這是個問題，想一下內(nèi)向/外向的重要性：
外向功能試圖使得內(nèi)在自我更趨近于外界客觀的理想狀態(tài)。內(nèi)向功能試圖使得外界更趨近于內(nèi)在自我的主觀理想狀態(tài)。一個平衡的心理同時需要內(nèi)在和外在刺激物的重大影響-- 如果太內(nèi)向我們會完全縮進自身，且忽略所有外界影響：到不健康的程度；如果太外向我們將無法和我們主觀內(nèi)在自我保持聯(lián)系，變得過于依賴外界情況和別人的態(tài)度。
我太?？吹饺藗兎傅腻e誤是假設(shè)用T多于F會自動成為xxTx類型。在一個健康，平衡的個人這是正確的，但是當一個自我變得比起輔助功能更加依賴于第三功能，那情況就不一樣了。
比如，有一次我把INFJ誤判為INTJ，因為他有弱輔助Fe，并且主要依賴Ni Ti 。當時我只用MBTI滑動尺度，還不知道功能，所以既然我看到主要是N和T，我想他應(yīng)該是NT類型。對于普通的觀察者，他似乎是使用N多過S，T多過F ，所以他一定是一個NT類型，對不對？錯了！他不是一個NT型，除非他的直覺和思維定向在相反的方向。
這種混亂的一個非常有趣的結(jié)果是每個主導--第三功能循環(huán)類型開始看起來非常像只有第一個字母和他一樣的主導--第三功能循環(huán)類型！例如：
INTJ: Ni [Te被壓制] Fi Se
ISFP: Fi [Se被壓制] Ni Te
這也正是為什么許多不平衡的性格困擾于把自己和單一的榮格類型配對。勿庸置疑，如果上述INTJ提高他的Te，以及ISFP提高他的Se，每個外向功能將平衡目前由內(nèi)向功能對于他的視角的壟斷，并使他自己得到更多個人的平衡和滿足。
例如：在typologycentral某個用戶苦苦思索她的類型幾個月，創(chuàng)建大量長貼，反復改變了主意。我最初的印象是ENFP，我和她分享了這個想法，但她迅速拒絕。閱讀功能的看法后，她描述Te和Ne作為她最突出的功能 - 在這時候，我改變了我的猜測，認為她是ESTJ，這可能看起來像一個奇怪的跳躍，如果你不明白主導--第三功能循環(huán)運作，但它真的不奇怪：
ENFP: Ne [Fi被壓制] Te Si
ESTJ: Te [Si被壓制] Ne Fi
所以，如果從某人主要看到Ne和Te，不要假定他是一個NT型 - 事實上，他也許不是。基于哪個是占主導地位的，他最有可能要么是ENFP （Ne Te以及弱Fi）或ESTJ（Te Ne以及弱Si）。
諷刺的是，該用戶的人格失衡主要是不發(fā)達的輔助Fi - 原來她其實是一個ENFP，這提供了一個完美的過度依賴外向型看法的例子。她回復說她過于強調(diào)別人的認可，反思不足以找出她真正的類型。如果沒有強大的內(nèi)向功能她只剩下很弱的個人自我意識，這體現(xiàn)在她依賴別人的意見來確定她的類型。她到處找，但沒看正確的地方 - 內(nèi)在。
那么，這種過度依賴內(nèi)向（或外向）是如何在每個類型體現(xiàn)的？我認為是這種現(xiàn)象導致（或至少參與）了很多常見的人格障礙：
ENTP / ESFJ：Ne/Fe或Fe/Ne -- 自戀型人格障礙。這種類型行為往往有沖動性和操縱性，需要別人不斷的認可和欽佩，四處奔波投資一個又一個新的東西，但從未開發(fā)一個強烈的主觀視角的自信心。消極使用Fe可能會利用它對其他人的習俗標準的了解去故意冒犯或擾亂他們，來滿足Ne對于他們的反應(yīng)模式的好奇心。如果Ti/Si分別正常運作，它會給予使用者一個平衡意識，即個人主觀重要性，并讓他免于依賴他人的阿諛奉承和無條件接受。 （可怕的例子：美國精神病人里的帕特里克·貝特曼。 ）
INTP / ISFJ：Ti/Si 或 Si/Ti -- 分裂型人格障礙。我覺得這個最常見于INTP的主導--第三功能循環(huán)（Ti Si），導致完全放棄去嘗試獲得社會/人際關(guān)系：這個關(guān)系是第四功能Fe驅(qū)使他們無意識地渴望的。分裂型人被認為（也通常自己認為）是具有太不尋常的想法和行為，以至于幾乎不可能得到廣泛的社會認可。 Ti認為，“我找不到任何邏輯解釋社會禮儀” 同時Si加強了這種自我隔離，規(guī)避風險的行為，通過不斷提醒使用者：“還記得上次你嘗試后結(jié)果多糟嗎？”如果Ne在做自己的工作，它會提醒使用者繼續(xù)嘗試尋找一種新的方法。在ISFJ版本，Si變成超級規(guī)避風險，并拒絕嘗試任何新的或不熟悉的事物。如果Fe在做自己的工作，這個ISFJ會學到一些風險是必要的，以便遵守對他人的義務(wù)，和避免生活在完全孤獨中。在內(nèi)心深處，這些類型確實想保持社交聯(lián)系和禮儀（Fe），但認為自己這么差勁，他們干脆放棄努力。
ESTP / ENFJ：Se/Fe 或 Fe/Se -- 表演型人格障礙。這往往體現(xiàn)在夸張的，侵略性的性行為和身體沖動。由于反映外部世界是唯一重要的事情，無論什么事只要能震撼他人，使人印象深刻，或影響他人，足以使他被他們的社會禮儀接受，這個使用者都會去做。真正的同情是罕見的，因為這種類型需要不斷的刺激或沖突 - 在ENFJ版本，這往往導致過度敏感感知“粗魯”或不尊重使用者的偏好文化習俗（Fe），加上第三功能Se，通過暗示威脅使用暴力激烈地反應(yīng)。 （例如，維托·柯里昂：“我會向他提出一個他無法拒絕的報價” - 給了尊重談判的習俗標準的表面外觀，而是意味著拒絕接受這個“報價”將是非常不愉快的收件人?。┤绻鸗i/Ni在做自己的工作，使用者會發(fā)現(xiàn)平衡，舒適與自己的感覺，讓他發(fā)現(xiàn)什么是他主觀上重要的，而不是一味跟隨習俗和社會走向。
ISTP / INFJ ：Ti/Ni 或 Ni/Ti - 分裂樣人格障礙。這些類型社交能力缺乏--他們不去嘗試，因為他們看到顯著與他人交往沒有什么價值。他們生活在自己抽象的世界，不斷的懷疑自己-- Ti 帶來問題的框架而Ni否定掉它，因為它從定義來講太精確。如果沒有任何真正的外界輸入，這兩個功能將夢想種種復雜的系統(tǒng)，以及它們的意義，卻最終重復自我否定的行為，不費心去強調(diào)把其任何強烈的想法付諸實踐。經(jīng)常無視規(guī)則，法律和其他形式的行為標準是很常見的，因為沒有功能提供任何顯著的外部影響。如果Se/Fe在做自己的工作，使用者將認識到與他人聯(lián)系的價值，以及關(guān)注他們的需求，喜好，習慣和外觀的價值。
ESFP / ENTJ：Se/Te 或 Te/Se -- 強迫型人格障礙（和OCD不一樣）！我見過別人把在Se Te主導--第三功能循環(huán)中的ESFP誤判為ESTP，因為他們可以在控制他們的環(huán)境的問題上如此堅持。這些類型的縮影九型人格類型8，因為他們是有攻擊性的，生硬的，沖突的，并且沒有一絲害怕傷害任何人的感情。內(nèi)在他們需要別人認可的程度比他們讓人知道的要深，因為Te堅持控制和組織外部環(huán)境到荒謬的地步，而Se用暴力和趕盡殺絕的態(tài)度推開任何唱反調(diào)的人。堅持領(lǐng)地并找任何理由來顯示自己的力量，這些類型都是所有主導--第三功能循環(huán)里最難搞的。如果Fi/Ni在做自己的工作，這些類型會停下來考慮自己的行為對他人的負面影響，并意識到暴力掌控領(lǐng)導權(quán)不總是在各種情況下的最佳解決方案。
ISFP / INTJ：Fi/Ni 或 Ni/Fi - 妄想型人格障礙。這些類型是典型的陰謀論者; 他們深深堅持著他們的個人價值觀，隨處可見并找到能夠襲擊或攻擊那些價值的陰謀。沒有正當?shù)睦碛删烷L期不信任他人的意圖，這些類型很確定他們是唯一真正知道“真相”的人。第四功能，Te 或 Se，有時會導致無意識的欲望去吸引別人的注意力或引導/組織他人來揭露到無處不在的邪惡的陰謀。如果Te/Se在做自己的工作，這些類型將能夠看看周圍，觀察經(jīng)驗證據(jù)：大部分的理論都可能沒有反映在現(xiàn)實中，但由于他們幾乎完全依賴于內(nèi)部驗證，Ni會用盡方法證明Fi的以情感為基礎(chǔ)的懷疑。
ENFP / ESTJ：Ne/Te 或 Te/Ne - 邊緣性人格障礙。我上面描述的ENFP可能已經(jīng)這些類型之一。同時，他們渴望用自己非凡的領(lǐng)導才能和宏偉的表演來控制和炫人。對于ENFP，這往往以--堅持要別人對他/她的藝術(shù)或創(chuàng)意保持持續(xù)的，定時的關(guān)注--這樣的形式顯現(xiàn)，而對于ESTJ它往往體現(xiàn)在當別人拒絕完全跟隨使用者“富有遠見”的領(lǐng)導風格時的憤慨。這樣的組合，諷刺的是，使使用者非常依賴別人來尋求意義，從來沒有真正發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部平衡的感覺，無論他如何努力創(chuàng)造和分工。雖然Te會導致這些類型渴望結(jié)構(gòu)和紀律，與之相矛盾的是Ne不斷堅持沖動地顯示創(chuàng)作自由。經(jīng)常自我貶低了無法控制的Ne的沖動探索，Te將用盡方法讓使用者占據(jù)權(quán)力和影響力的地位，其他人必須服從他的權(quán)威。如果Fi/Si分別做自己的工作，這些類型將認識到，他們正在尋找的東西在外界找不到 - 他們必須學會有時為自己，且只有自己而活，暫時忘記外部的結(jié)果。
INFP / ISTJ：Fi/Si 或 Si/Fi-- 回避型人格障礙。通常被一些強烈負面的過往經(jīng)驗傷害--由于放開太多的私人感情，這種類型強制避免社交場合，以及與他人互動。他們是極端敏感的，可能夸大或曲解從他人的話語或行為中所察覺的負面情緒意圖。他們有時會投射自己的負面情緒到他人（Fi），因為Si告訴他們，如果我如此表現(xiàn)，這意味著我很不高興，所以任何人這樣表現(xiàn)也一定是。這些類型通常有一個老大難問題：信任他人的意圖或動機，拒絕與他們連最親密的朋友和家人分享私人信息。他們是如此之深的敏感，他們拒絕冒著被傷害去嘗試與他人建立深厚的關(guān)系 - 你會發(fā)現(xiàn)有阿斯伯格癥的ISTJ這很常見。如果Ne/Te在做自己的工作，這些類型將明白要健康地放開過去，并試圖為實現(xiàn)一個更大的目標而嘗試新事物，但其中的一些仍然在大部分（或整個）人生里隱居避世。
Source:
http://www.infjs.com/forums/showthread.php?t=14436Dominant-Tertiary Loops and Common Personality Disorders
People often ask, why can't my top two functions both be introverted (or extroverted)? The answer is that they can, but that this invariably causes personality imbalance/disorders, and if this is the case for you, you may not be the type you think you are.
Lately I've been noticing that a lot of typological mistakes and misreads are the result of a couple of incorrect assumptions about functional structure. I'd like to dedicate this article to describing the phenomenon known as Dominant-Tertiary Loops, where the natural secondary function is suppressed, poorly developed or otherwise not valued as highly by the individual's ego as the tertiary function.
First let's remember that the standard function arrangements of the 16 types merely represent the ideal balances for each of sixteen different ways to conceptualize ourselves and reality. In reality, they don't always show up in exactly that order of emphasis. Let's look at an example:
To start with I'll use my own type, ENTP. Here's our functional breakdown:
Dominant Ne
Secondary Ti
Tertiary Fe
Inferior Si
But what happens if Ti is poorly developed? This most commonly happens because the tertiary function's common directional orientation with the dominant can make it seem more comfortable than the secondary! Our perception (obviously) relies on Ne, but with Ti not doing its job, we're forced to relinquish judgment to the tertiary (and less able) Fe.
We end up with Ne Fe as the most dominant attitudes. If you don't see why this is a problem, consider the significance of intro/extroversion:
Extroverted attitudes attempt to make the inner self more like the outer world's objective ideal.
Introverted attitudes attempt to make the outer world more like the inner self's subjective ideal.
A balanced psyche requires significant influence from both internal and external stimuli--too much introversion and we retreat entirely into ourselves and ignore all outer world influence to an unhealthy degree; too much extroversion and we are not able to remain in touch with what is important to our subjective internal selves, and become far too dependent upon external conditions and attitudes of others.
All too commonly I see people make the mistake of assuming that using T more than F automatically makes an xxTx type. In a healthy, balanced individual that's true, but when an ego becomes more dependent on the tertiary than the secondary, that's no longer the case.
For instance, I once mistook an INFJ for INTJ because he had poor secondary Fe and relied primarily on Ni Ti. At the time I used only MBTI sliding scales and didn't know functions yet, so since I saw primarily N and T I figured he would be an NT type. To the casual observer he would appear to be using N over S, and T over F, so he must be an NT type, right? Wrong! He is not an NT type unless his iNtuition and Thinking are oriented in opposite directions.
One really interesting result of this confusion is that each dom-tert loop type starts to look very similar to the dom-tert loop form of the type sharing only its first letter! For example:
INTJ: Ni [S]Te[/S] Fi Se
ISFP: Fi [S]Se[/S] Ni Te
This is exactly why many unbalanced personalities have difficulty fitting themselves into a single Jungian archetype. Unsurprisingly, if the INTJ above would improve his Te, and the ISFP would improve his Se, each would balance out the monopoly introverted attitudes currently have on his perspective and lead himself to much greater personal balance and contentment.
For example: A certain user on typologycentral agonized over her type for months, creating numerous long threads and repeatedly changing her mind. My initial impression was ENFP, which I shared but which she promptly rejected. After reading about function attitudes she described Te and Ne as her most prominent functions--at this point I changed my guess to ESTJ, which may seem like a bizarre jump if you don't understand dom/tert loop functions, but it's really not:
ENFP: Ne [S]Fi[/S] Te Si
ESTJ: Te [S]Si[/S] Ne Fi
So if you pick up mainly Ne and Te in someone, don't presume that he's an NT type--in fact, he's probably not. Depending on which is dominant, he is most likely either ENFP (Ne Te with poor Fi) or ESTJ (Te Ne with poor Si).
Ironically, this user's primary personality imbalance was poorly developed secondary Fi--it turned out she actually was an ENFP providing a perfect example of over-dependence on extroverted attitudes. She reported placing far too much emphasis on the approval of others and couldn't introspect enough to figure out which type was really her. Without a strong introverted function she was left a poor sense of individual self, and showed it through her dependence on the opinions of others to determine her type. She was looking everywhere but the right place--inside.
So how does this over-dependence on introversion (or extroversion) manifest itself in each type? I believe this phenomenon is responsible for (or at least involved with) a lot of common personality disorders:
ENTP/ESFJ: Ne/Fe or Fe/Ne--Narcissistic Personality Disorder. This type often behaves impulsively and manipulatively, needing constant approval and admiration from others, running around investing in new thing after new thing but never developing the self-confidence of a strong subjective perspective. Fe used negatively may use its awareness of the cultural standards of others to intentionally offend or upset them, in order to service Ne's curiosity about the patterns in their responses. If Ti/Si were working properly, it would give the user a balancing sense of personal, subjective importance and free him of his dependence upon the adulation and unconditional acceptance of others. (Horrible example: Patrick Bateman from American Psycho.)
INTP/ISFJ: Ti/Si or Si/Ti--Schizotypal Personality Disorder. I see this most commonly in INTP dom/tert loops (Ti Si), resulting in totally giving up on attempting to obtain the social/interpersonal connections that inferior Fe drives them to unconsciously desire. Schizotypal people are seen (and typically see themselves) as having such unusual thoughts and behaviors that widespread social acceptance is nearly impossible. Ti thinks, 'I cannot find any logical explanation for social rituals' and Si reinforces this self-isolating, risk-averse behavior by constantly reminding the user: 'Remember how badly this went last time you tried?' If Ne were doing its job, it would remind the user to continue experimenting to find a new approach. In the ISFJ version, Si becomes ultra risk-averse and refuses to try anything new or unfamiliar. If Fe were doing its job, the ISFJ would learn that some risk is necessary in order to uphold obligations to others and avoid living in total solitude. Deep down, these types really do want social connection and ritual (Fe), but have found themselves so poor at it that they simply give up trying.
ESTP/ENFJ: Se/Fe or Fe/Se--Histrionic Personality Disorder. This tends to manifest itself in terms of exaggerated, aggressive sexual behavior and physical impulsiveness. Since reflecting the outer world is the only thing that matters, whatever will shock, impress, or otherwise affect others enough to include the user in their social rituals is what has to be done. Real empathy is rare as this type requires constant thrills or conflict--in the ENFJ version, this often results in excessive sensitivity to perceived 'rudeness' or failure to respect the user's preferred cultural custom (Fe), combined with tertiary Se responding aggressively through implied threats of brute force. (e.g., Vito Corleone: 'I'll make him an offer he can't refuse'--gives a surface appearance of respecting the cultural standards of negotiation, but implies that refusal to accept this 'offer' would be quite unpleasant for the recipient!) If Ti/Ni were doing its job, the user would find a sense of balance and comfortability with himself, granting him the ability to discover what is subjectively important to him, rather than constantly shifting with the tide of cultural and social trends.
ISTP/INFJ: Ti/Ni or Ni/Ti--Schizoid Personality Disorder. These types are socially incompetent for lack of trying, because they see little to no value in significant interaction with others. They live in their own abstract worlds, constantly second-guessing themselves as Ti poses a framework for a problem and Ni shoots it down as too definitionally precise. Without any real external input, these two functions will dream up all sorts of elaborate systems and implications for them, only to repeat their own self-defeating behavior, never bothering to emphasize putting any of its intense ideas into practice. Frequent disregard for rules, laws and other forms of behavioral standards is common, as no function provides any significant sense of external influence. If Se/Fe were doing its job, the user would recognize the value of connecting with others and of paying attention to their needs, preferences, habits and appearances.
ESFP/ENTJ: Se/Te or Te/Se--Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (not the same thing as OCD)! I've seen people mistake ESFPs in Se Te dom-tert loops for ESTPs because they can be so insistent upon controlling their surroundings. These types epitomize enneagram type 8, as they are aggressive, blunt, confrontational and not the least bit afraid of hurting anyone's feelings. Inside they require the approval of others to a much higher degree than they let on, as Te insists on controlling and organizing external surroundings to ridiculous proportions, while Se pushes any naysayers out of the way with aggressive force and a take-no-prisoners attitude. Territorial and looking for any reason to display their power, these types are some of the most difficult to deal with of all dom-tert loops. If Fi/Ni were doing its job, these types would stop to consider that their actions have negative implications for others, and that aggressively taking charge is not always the best solution in every situation.
ISFP/INTJ: Fi/Ni or Ni/Fi--Paranoid Personality Disorder. These types are your typical conspiracy theorists; they cling deeply to their personal values and can find a conspiracy to assault or attack those values everywhere they look. Chronically distrustful of others' intentions for no legitimate reason, these types are certain they are the only ones who really know 'the truth.' The inferior function, Te or Se, can sometimes lead to an unconscious desire to attract the attention of or lead/organize others in efforts to expose the nefarious conspiracies they invariably see everywhere. If Te/Se were doing its job, these types would be able to look around them and observe empirical evidence that most of their theories are probably not reflected in reality, but as they rely almost entirely on internal validation, Ni will go to any lengths to justify Fi's emotion-based suspicions. (I mentioned Dale Gribble from King of the Hill in a previous article--he's a perfect example.) There's also this guy Victor on typologycentral who's such a perfect example of this it's absolutely ridiculous.
ENFP/ESTJ: Ne/Te or Te/Ne--Borderline Personality Disorder. The ENFP I described above may have been one of these types. They simultaneously desire to control and dazzle others with their extraordinary leadership and grandiose performances. For the ENFP, this tends to take the form of insisting on consistent, scheduled attention from others for his/her artistic or creative gifts, while for the ESTJ it tends to manifest itself in terms of indignation when others refuse to follow every detail of the user's 'visionary' leadership style. This combination, ironically, makes the user extremely dependent upon others for meaning, never really finding a sense of internal balance, no matter how hard he works to create and delegate. While Te leads these types to desire structure and discipline, Ne continually contradicts it by insisting on impulsive displays of creative freedom. Often self-denigrating over the inability to control Ne's impulsive explorations, Te will go to any lengths to keep the user in a position of power and influence, where others must defer to his authority. If Fi/Si were doing its job, these types would recognize that what they're looking for cannot be found outside themselves--they must learn to sometimes live for themselves and only themselves, and forget about external results for a moment.
INFP/ISTJ: Fi/Si or Si/Fi--Avoidant Personality Disorder. Often scarred by some intensely negative past experience with opening up too many of their private emotions, this type compulsively avoids social situations and interaction with others. They are fiercely sensitive and may exaggerate or misconstrue perceived negative emotional intent in the words or actions of others. They will sometimes project their negative feelings onto others (Fi), as Si tells them that if I were to behave this way, I would have to be very upset, so anyone who behaves that way must also be. These types often have a chronic problem with trusting the intentions or motivations of others, refusing to share private information with even their closest friends and family. They are so deeply sensitive that they refuse to risk being hurt by attempting deep connections with others--you'll see this a lot in ISTJs with Asperger's. If Ne/Te were doing its job, these types would maintain a heathy grip on the importance of letting go of the past and trying something new in the name of accomplishing a greater goal, but some of these remain total recluses for most (if not all) of their lives.
Source:
http://www.infjs.com/forums/showthread.php?t=14436
