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本篇放送:語法精講系列三:深度剖析形容詞、副詞、情態(tài)動詞
上篇回顧:牛津版七年級下冊 Unit 5 重點單詞 短語 語法 話題作文(附真題及答案)
學(xué)習(xí)有方法,備考有策語法作為組織語言的規(guī)律,在英語學(xué)習(xí)中的重要性不言而喻。為助力停課不停學(xué),幫助各位同學(xué)“宅”家高效學(xué)習(xí)備考,翼課君為大家整理了中考必備語法:形容詞、副詞、情態(tài)動詞,方便大家復(fù)習(xí)備考,老師們記得轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)哦!
A.形容詞的概念:形容詞是用來修飾或限定名詞,描述人和事物特征、性質(zhì)、屬性或狀態(tài)的詞。
B.形容詞的位置和用法
1.形容詞修飾名詞時放在名詞的前面。
例如:Mike is a brave boy.
注: (1)形容詞與不定代詞 something, anything, nothing 等連用時,要放在這些詞的后面。
(2) 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序限定詞 (a/the, this/some/her...) 數(shù)量詞 (先序數(shù)詞后基數(shù)詞) 觀點 大小 形狀 新舊 顏色 產(chǎn)地 材料 名詞。
例如:a big old French car.
2. 用形容詞表示類別和整體
(1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
例如:the dead, the living, the rich, the poor
(2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個國家的人或民族的整體,與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
例如:the British, the English, the French, the Chinese
3. 以 -ly 結(jié)尾的形容詞
(1) 以-ly結(jié)尾的詞多為副詞。但 friendly,lovely,lonely, lively, ugly 等雖以 -ly結(jié)尾,仍為形容詞。
(2) 有些以 -ly結(jié)尾的詞既為形容詞,也為副詞。
例如:daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early
C.形容詞的常見句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1.It is adj.for sb. to do sth. 表示對某人來說做某事是怎樣的。用在這一結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有 important, difficult, easy,impossible,dangerous, useful, necessary 等。
例如:It is important for us to learn English well.
2.It is adj.of sb. to do sth. 表示某人做某事是怎樣的。用在這一結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有 kind,brave, careful, foolish, nice, polite 等描述人性格、品質(zhì)的形容詞。
例如:It is kind of him to help the old man.
D.形容詞的原級、比較級和最高級
1.形容詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成
(1)規(guī)則變化
(2)不規(guī)則變化
2.形容詞原級、比較級和最高級的句型結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)比較級的句型結(jié)構(gòu)
a. A be 形容詞的比較級 than B A 比 B 怎么樣
例如:Jack is taller than me.
b. A be the 形容詞的比較級 of the two A和B相比較怎么樣
例如:He is the taller of the two.
c.Which/Who be 形容詞的比較級, A or B? A 與 B 中誰更怎么樣?
例如:Who is taller, Jack or Mike?
注:比較級的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)及用法
a. the 形容詞的比較級,the 形容詞的比較級越……就越……
例如:The more trees we plant, the less pollution there will be.
b. 形容詞的比較級 and 形容詞的比較級 越來越……
例如:It becomes colder and colder.
◆ 比較級的修飾語
形容詞比較級前可加 much, a lot, far, a bit, a little, even(三多兩少一甚至)之類表示程度的狀語。
例如:He is much taller than me.
(2) 最高級的句型結(jié)構(gòu)及用法
a. A be 形容詞的最高級 of /in/among
例如:Tom is the tallest boy in our class.
b. Which/ Who be 形容詞的最高級, A, B or C?
例如:Who is the tallest, Jack, Mike or Jim?
c. one of 最高級 復(fù)數(shù)名詞
例如:It is one of the ugliest faces that I have ever seen.
(3) 同級比較的句型結(jié)構(gòu)及用法
a. A be as 形容詞原級 as B A 和 B 一樣……
例如:This movie is as interesting as that one.
b. A be not so/as 形容詞原級 as B A不如 B……
例如:He is not as tall as me.
一展身手
【2012 福建福州】1. Shu-How Lin is now one of
_____basketball players in the NBA.
A. popular B. more popular
C. the most popular
【2012 貴州貴陽】2. 'Henry;you_____tell the teacher if you want to go out of the classroom.''sorry,sir'
A are supposed to
B. are surprised to
C. are afraid to
【2012 安徽省】3. We lost the match because they had______players. they had eleven and we
had only nine.
A. stronger
B. younger
C. fewer
D. more
(答案見文末)
一、副詞的基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或全句,用來描述某事完成的方式、時間、地點以及頻率等。
二、副詞的分類
常見的副詞有時間副詞(yesterday,tomorrow,now 等)、地點副詞( here, everywhere, outside等)、頻度副詞( always, often,never 等)、方式副詞(carefully, politely, fast 等)、疑問副詞(how,when, why 等)、連接副詞(however, then, therefore等)、程度副詞( much, little, extremely 等)。它們在句中的用法和位置也各不相同。
三、副詞的位置
1.在實義動詞之前。例如:I usually go to school by bus.
2.修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語,一般前置。
例如:Today is quite cold.(形容詞前)
3.在 be 動詞,助動詞之后。
例如:He has already had breakfast, but he still feels hungry.
4.多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞之后。
注意:
(1)大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。
例如:
He always does his homework carefully.
I can hear very clearly a strange noise coming from downstairs.
(2)方式副詞well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。
例如:
She works very hard.
He speaks English well.
(3) 副詞 enough 應(yīng)放在所修飾的形容詞后。
例如:
He is old enough to eat himself.
四、副詞的排列順序
1.時間、地點副詞,小單位在前,大單位在后。
例如:The party will begin at seven o’clock tomorrow evening.
2.多個不同副詞排列,程度副詞 地點副詞 方式副詞 時間副詞。
3.方式副詞排列順序是,短的在前,長的在后,并用 and 或 but 等連詞連接。
例如:
My mother told me to clean the room cleanly and carefully.
注意:
通常不用 very 來修飾動詞。
例如:
I like very much English.(錯誤)
I like English very much.(正確)
五、副詞的構(gòu)成
大多數(shù)副詞都是由“形容詞 + 后綴 -ly”構(gòu)成的。
例如:slowly, cleanly, wonderfully 等。
形容詞變副詞一般遵循以下規(guī)則:
1.在形容詞詞尾直接加 -ly。例如: real→really helpful→helpfully careful→carefully
2.以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的形容詞要變 y 為 i,然后再加 -ly。
例如:
busy→busily lucky→luckily happy→happily
3.以元音字母加 e 結(jié)尾的單詞,去 e 加 -ly。
例如: true→truly
4.以 le 結(jié)尾的單詞,直接將 e 變?yōu)?y。
例如:terrible→terribly gentle→gently
六、兼有兩種形式的副詞
1. late 與 lately
late 意思是“晚”;lately 意思是“最近”。
例如:
I arrived at school late yesterday morning.
Where have you been lately?
2. deep 與 deeply
deep 意思是“深的”,表示空間深度;deeply 時常表示感情上的深度, “深深地”。
例如:
The boy hid the toy deep into the hole so that no one could find it.
I was deeply moved by the movie.
3. high 與 highly
high 表示空間高度;highly 表示程度,相當(dāng)于 much 。
例如:
The bird was flying high in the sky.
His teacher thinks highly of his performance.
4. wide 與 widely
wide 表示空間寬度;widely 意思是“廣泛地”、 “在許多地方”。
例如:The dentist told
the little girl to open her mouth wide.
English is widely spoken in the world.
5. close 與 closely
close 意思是“近的”;closely意思是“仔細(xì)地”。
例如:The little boy is sitting close to his father.
As soon as he came into the room, he watched everyone closely.
6. free 和 freely
free 的意思是“免費的”;freely 意思是“無限制地”。
例如:Everyone can eat free in this restaurant today. Nowadays, most people can travel freely to some countries.
七、副詞的原級、比較級和最高級
1.副詞的比較級、最高級的構(gòu)成規(guī)則通常和形容詞比較級、最高級的構(gòu)成規(guī)則一樣。不同的是,形容詞最高級前通常要加 the,但副詞最高級前可加可不加。
例如:The teacher praised those who worked (the) hardest.
2.形容詞原級、比較級、最高級的幾種句型結(jié)構(gòu)同樣適用于副詞。
例如:
(1) Jim runs as fast as me.
(2) Mike studies more carefully than his brother.
(3) My aunt cooks (the) best in our family.
(4) The better I know her, the more I like her.
(5) Who sings (the) best, Lucy, Sandy or Ann?
一展身手
【09 廣州】4. The boy doesn't speak_____ his sister, but his written work is very good.
A. as well as
B. so good as
C. more better than
D. more worse
【09 杭州】5. —Tina, you know what? We can have a dog!
—Great! But I prefer to have a cat. It is_____ to take care of.
A. easy B. easier
C. easiest D. the easiest
【09 河南】6. China is one of______countries in the world.
A. old B. the older
C. oldest D. the oldest
【09 通化】7. Taking buses in Beijing is_____than taking a taxi.
A. more cheap B. much cheaper
C. a little cheap D. less cheaper
(答案見文末)
一、情態(tài)動詞的定義
表示說話人的情緒、態(tài)度或語氣的動詞。本身有一定詞義,但不能單獨作謂語,要和其他動詞構(gòu)成謂語部分。常見的情態(tài)動詞有:
may, might, can, could, must, have to, need,shall, will, would 等。
二、情態(tài)動詞的位置
1.謂語動詞前。如:I can speak English well.
2.助動詞前。如:She must have finished her work.
3.在疑問句中,放在主語前。如:Could you please open the door?
三、情態(tài)動詞的語法特征
1.情態(tài)動詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,只表示期待或估計某事的發(fā)生。
2.情態(tài)動詞除 ought 和 have 外,后面只能接不帶 to 的不定式。
3.大多數(shù)情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
4.情態(tài)動詞沒有非謂語形式(即沒有不定式、分詞等形式)。
四、情態(tài)動詞的具體用法
1. can / could
(1) 表能力。一般譯為“能、會”。尤指天生具備的體力或智力方面的能力。
She can speak English and Spanish.
(2)表示允許、許可。could 比 can 更委婉。
Can/Could I use your dictionary?
(3) 表推測,意為“可能”。否定句中 can’t 意為不可能。
It can’t be his pen. His is red but this one is blue.
2. may / might
(1) 表示請求、許可。May I come in?
(2) 表示推測,可能性,意為“可能,或許”。might 表過去,語氣比 may 更加不確定。
He may go to Tom’s birthday party tomorrow, but I'm not sure.
(3)表示希望、祈求、祝愿。May you succeed!
3. must / have to
(1) must 用于肯定句中表很有把握的推測,意為“一定”。
It must be Sara’s book, because her name is on its cover.
(2) must 側(cè)重于主觀上的必要;have to 則側(cè)重于客觀上的必要。
It is going to rain, I have to leave now.
I must study hard from now on.
(3) have to 既有人稱和數(shù)的變化,也有時態(tài)的變化。但 must 沒有。
He has to be a real hard worker, or he will still fail next time.
(4) 由 must 提問的一般疑問句,否定回答用needn't/ don't have to。mustn't 意思是“禁止……”。
— Must I hand in the report today?
— No, you needn’t/don’t have to.
4. will
(1) 表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多種人稱。
He will help you if you ask him for help.
(2) 用于第二三人稱的疑問句中,表示詢問或祈求。
Will you go the the museum with me?
5. would
(1) will 的過去式,可用于各種人稱,表示過去時間的意志、愿望和決心。
He told me he would do everything to help me.
(2) 表示說話人本身的意志或向?qū)Ψ教岢鑫竦恼埱蟆?/p>
Would you mind closing the door?
6. should
(1) 表示責(zé)任或義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)該”。
You should study hard.
(2) 表推測,意為“想必一定、照說應(yīng)該、估計”。
The movie should be interesting because
many people go to watch it.
7. shall
用來表示征求對方意見,多用于第一人稱。
Shall we go shopping tomorrow?
8. need
(1) 表示需要,必須。主要用于否定句和疑問句中。用 need 提問時,肯定回答用 must。
— Need I finish the work now?
— Yes, you must.
(2) 作實義動詞。常用結(jié)構(gòu) need to do。We need to drink more water after doing exercise.
注意:
情態(tài)動詞 may, might, can, must 表推測可能性時,其可能性由大到小為:must > can > could > may > might > may not > might not > can’t
一展身手
【連云港】8. Must we leave now?
—No,we_____.We still have two more hours.
A. cant B. mustn't
C. needn't D. shouldn't
【2011 北京】9. — Can you ride a horse?
No I______.
A. needn't B. may not
C. can't D. mustn't
mustnt
【河南省】10. ______you wait a few more minutes? It'll be your turn soon.
A. Must B. Should
C. Could D. Might
【2011 匯蘇徐州】11.She_____be here I saw her come in.
A can B. may
C should D. must
(答案見文末)
答案
C
【解析】考查形容詞最高級的用法。由句尾“ in the NBA”可知這里的比較限制了范圍,所以考慮用形容詞的最高級形式, one of 形容詞最高級 名詞復(fù)數(shù)表示“最…之一“,林書豪現(xiàn)在是 NBA 最受歡迎的隊員之一”。
2. A
【解析】考查形容詞的用法。supposed 意為“假定的想像上的'be supposed to'是固定用法,相當(dāng)于 shoud,應(yīng)該做某事; surprised 意為“驚奇的,驚訝的”;afraid 意為“害怕的”。
3. C 4. A 5. B
6. D 7. B
8. C
【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意:一我們現(xiàn)在必須離開嗎?一不,我們不必,我們?nèi)杂袃蓚€小時。根據(jù)上文,得知'must'引導(dǎo)的一般疑問句應(yīng)用 needn’t 或 don' t have to 來作否定回答。
9. C
【解析】考查點:本題考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。Can 表示能力,用它來提問,就用它來回答,所以選擇答案 C。
10. C
【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞詞義辨析。must 一定;should 應(yīng)該;might 可能;could 能夠,符合句意。句意:你能再等幾分鐘嗎?快輪到你了。
11. D
【解析】考察情態(tài)動詞的用法。Can 和 may 表示沒有把握的推測,should 意為“應(yīng)該, must 表示有把握的推測。
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