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 Alpine Skiing

高山滑雪

Alpine skiing, skiing technique that evolved during the late 19th and ear-ly 20th centuries in the mountainous ter-rain of the Alps in central Europe. Modern Alpine competitive skiing is divided into the so-called speed and technical events, the former comprising downhill skiing and the supergiant slalom, or super-G, and the latter including the slalom and giant slalom. The speed events are con-tested in single runs down long, steep, fast courses featuring few and widely spaced turns. The technical events challenge the skier’s ability to maneuver over courses marked by closely spaced gates through which both skis must pass; winners are determined by the lowest combined time in two runs on two different courses. The Alpine combined event consists of a downhill and a slalom race, with the win-ner having the lowest combined time.

高山滑雪是19世紀(jì)末到20世紀(jì)初在歐洲中部阿爾卑斯山區(qū)形成的滑雪技術(shù)?，F(xiàn)代高山滑雪比賽分為速度系列和技術(shù)系列，速度系列包括滑降和超級大回轉(zhuǎn)，技術(shù)系列包括回轉(zhuǎn)和大回轉(zhuǎn)。速度系列以單次滑行成績決出名次，賽道距離長、坡度陡、速度快、轉(zhuǎn)彎少而幅度大。技術(shù)系列考驗選手的滑行技巧，要求雙板必須穿過賽道上緊密排列的旗門；選手要采用兩條不同的路線，兩次滑行成績相加后，用時最少的選手為獲勝者。全能賽包括滑降和回轉(zhuǎn)賽，成績累計后用時最少的選手獲得冠軍。

Cross-Country Skiing

越野滑雪

Cross-country skiing is the oldest type of skiing. It emerged from a need to travel over snow-covered terrain and developed as a sport at the end of the 19th century. It is a form of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance. Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including alpine skiing, ski jumping and Telemark skiing. Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on ski poles against the snow. The men’s event debuted at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924 and the women’s event debuted at the 1952 Oslo Games.

越野滑雪是最古老的滑雪方式，源于人類雪地旅行的需要，在19世紀(jì)末發(fā)展成為一項體育運動。這項運動需要選手依靠自己的滑行翻過雪坡，而不是借助滑雪纜車或其他輔助工具?，F(xiàn)代越野滑雪與原始的滑雪方式類似，包括高山滑雪、跳臺滑雪和特里馬滑雪在內(nèi)，所有的滑雪項目都由這項運動演變而來。選手用雙手握滑雪杖插入雪地，采用向前跨步（傳統(tǒng)式）或側(cè)向滑行（自由式）的方式推動身體前進(jìn)。1924年的第一屆沙莫尼冬奧會上，男子越野滑雪首次成為正式比賽項目，女子項目在1952年奧斯陸冬奧會上首次出現(xiàn)。

Ski Jumping

跳臺滑雪

Ski jumping is a winter sport which was firstly contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and it has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924, while the first women’s event at the Olympics has been held in 2014.

跳臺滑雪是19世紀(jì)末起源于挪威的冬季運動，1924年以來被列入歷屆冬奧會的比賽項目，2014年冬奧會首次加入女子項目。

The ski jumping venue consists of the jumping ramp (in-run), take-off table, and a landing hill. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed. The distance score is related to the construction point (also known as the K-point), which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a “target” for the competitors to reach. The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points.

跳臺滑雪場地由滑道（助滑道）、起跳臺和著陸區(qū)組成。裁判根據(jù)飛行距離和完成姿勢對選手每次跳躍進(jìn)行評分。飛行距離的分?jǐn)?shù)與著陸點（K點）有關(guān)，這條線位于著陸區(qū)，是比賽選手需要達(dá)到的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。每位裁判對完成姿勢的最高給分為20分。

Nordic Combined

北歐兩項

This sport, which has a long Olympic history, combines ski jumping and cross country skiing.

北歐兩項由跳臺滑雪和越野滑雪組成，是歷史悠久的奧運比賽項目。

Nordic combined individual events have featured in every Games since the first Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix in 1924. Unsurprisingly, the sport has been dominated by the Norwegians, supported by the Finns. Indeed, it was not until 1960 that the Nordic grip on Olympic triumphs in this discipline was finally broken when West German Georg Thoma won the gold medal at Squaw Valley in 1960. In the early-2010s the International Ski Federation sanctioned no women’s competitions. However it was decided in early-November 2016 that women’s competitions were to be established at the Olympic Winter Games in 2022.

1924年第一屆沙莫尼冬季奧運會以來，北歐兩項個人賽被列入歷屆冬奧會的比賽項目。當(dāng)然，這項運動是挪威選手優(yōu)勢項目，也是芬蘭選手的體育強項。事實上，直到1960年西德選手格奧爾格·托馬在斯闊谷冬奧會上贏得了金牌，才最終打破了北歐選手對該項目奧運會冠軍的壟斷。2010年代初，國際滑雪聯(lián)合會還沒有批準(zhǔn)設(shè)立該項目女子組的比賽。不過在2016年11月初，該組織決定將于2022年冬奧會將女子北歐兩項正式列入比賽項目。

Freestyle Skiing

自由式滑雪

Freestyle skiing combines speed, showmanship and the ability to perform aerial manoeuvres whilst skiing. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins, and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. It is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, as well as many other names around the world.

自由式滑雪是結(jié)合速度、表現(xiàn)力和空中技巧能力的滑雪運動，要求選手完成空翻和轉(zhuǎn)體動作，或穿著滑雪板在由鐵軌、箱子等構(gòu)成的賽道上比賽。自由式滑雪通常被稱為花式滑雪、極搏，在全球各地也有許多其他名稱。

Forms of freestyle skiing include Aerial skiing, Mogul skiing, Ski ballet, Ski cross, Half-pipe skiing, and Slopestyle.

自由式滑雪項目包括空中技巧、雪上技巧、雪上芭蕾、障礙追逐、U型場地技巧和坡面障礙技巧。

As for equipment, twin-tip skis are used in events such as slopestyle and half-pipe. Mogul skis are used in moguls and sometimes in aerials. Specially designed racing skis are used in ski cross. Ski bindings took a major design change to include plate bindings mounted to the bottom of the skiers boot to allow for multi-directional release.

在滑雪裝備方面，花式滑雪板用于坡面障礙技巧和U型場地技巧等項目。而雪丘滑雪板用于雪上技巧，有時也用于空中技巧。特殊設(shè)計的競技滑雪板用于障礙追逐?；┌骞潭ㄆ鬟M(jìn)行了重要的設(shè)計調(diào)整，把板式固定器安裝到選手雪靴的底部，可以從多個方向進(jìn)行脫卸。

Snowboard

單板滑雪

Snowboarding, winter sport with roots in skiing, surfing, and skateboard?ing where the primary activity is riding down any snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard with feet positioned roughly perpendicular to the board and its direction, further differentiating it from skiing, in which riders face forward. Moreover, no poles are used as in skiing, and the majority of participants wear not hard but soft-to mid-flexing boots for support. 

單板滑雪是源于滑雪、沖浪和滑板的冬季運動，主要利用滑雪板從雪坡上滑降，選手雙腳站立的位置與滑雪板和滑行方向呈垂直狀，這使它與滑雪區(qū)別開來，滑雪選手正對前方。此外，單板滑雪不使用雪杖，大多數(shù)選手不穿硬鞋，而是穿著軟鞋或硬度適中的鞋提供支撐。

Men’s and women’s snowboarding made their Olympic debuts at the Nagano Games in 1998 with giant slalom and half-pipe competitions. The discipline proved an instant success and returned to Salt Lake City four years later with parallel giant slalom and half-pipe competitions. In Turin, snowboard cross also made its debut. In this event four riders race across a course studded with jumps, bumps and huge turns.

在1998年長野冬奧會上，男子單板滑雪和女子單板滑雪首次被列入比賽項目，進(jìn)行了大回轉(zhuǎn)和U型場地技巧比賽。這個項目很快獲得了成功，并在四年后的鹽湖城冬奧會上進(jìn)行了平行大回轉(zhuǎn)和U型場地技巧比賽。在都靈冬奧會上，單板滑雪越野賽首次亮相。在越野賽中，四名選手要穿過分布著跳躍點、雪丘和急轉(zhuǎn)彎的賽道。