“化零為整”復(fù)習(xí)主謂一致
http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/01/26 17:28 英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)報(bào)
在語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中，如果能把各語(yǔ)法知識(shí)要點(diǎn)“化零為整”進(jìn)行概括歸納，不僅能減輕學(xué)生的記憶負(fù)擔(dān)，而且能使學(xué)生更清晰地把握語(yǔ)法脈絡(luò)，從而更有效地掌握語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)。
筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)主謂一致語(yǔ)法板塊中細(xì)節(jié)要點(diǎn)較多，因此就把這些瑣碎的要點(diǎn)集中在一起進(jìn)行分類歸納。最后，把二十多個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)要點(diǎn)分成了七大類。在復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中，以七大要點(diǎn)為大線索的同時(shí)，順勢(shì)引出其中的細(xì)枝末節(jié)。在以后的鞏固記憶中，學(xué)生會(huì)感到更方便一些，或者說(shuō)眉目更加清晰。
主謂一致包括意義一致與語(yǔ)法上的一致。要注意以下要點(diǎn)：
一、and 連接并列成分
1. and 連接并列成分表示不同的人或事物作主語(yǔ)的，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
2. and 連接并列成分表示同一個(gè)人或事物作主語(yǔ)的，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
試比較：
Hard work and much play are both necessary for us.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
二、就近原則類
連詞or， either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but, there be 等連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：
Here are some envelopes and paper for you.
Not he but Jane and Mary have been invited to the party.
三、主語(yǔ)+插入語(yǔ)類
主語(yǔ)后面接以下介詞或連詞連接的說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的修飾詞或插入語(yǔ)：with， along(together)with， as well as， like， rather than， but， except， besides， including等。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)不受修飾成分的影響，仍與主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：
The driver, rather than his friends, was responsible for the accident.
四、特殊名詞類
1. 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示整個(gè)集體的，用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)其中成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。常見(jiàn)的集體名詞有：group, family, team, class, army, government, population, crew, nation等。如：
80% of the population of China are farmers.
The population of China is larger than any other country in Asia.
2. 集合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能表示復(fù)數(shù)概念。常見(jiàn)的集合名詞有：cattle, police, public, people等。如：
The police are searching for the escaped prisoner.
The public are calling for better housing and working conditions.
3. 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見(jiàn)的有：glasses， scissors， trousers， clothes，goods等。如：
All the goods have been shipped abroad.
The trousers are not fit for me. The pair over there is better.
以-s結(jié)尾的名詞表示學(xué)科名，病名，游戲名，國(guó)名，書(shū)名等時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：
The Arabian Nights is well known to the English.
比較： Each means has been tried.
五、抽象概念名詞作主語(yǔ)類
1. 主語(yǔ)是不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為單數(shù)。如：
To catch what he said was not difficult.
When and whether we will go camping hasn't been decided.
試比較：
What we need are more useful materials.
What they need is more time.
2. 主語(yǔ)是定冠詞接形容詞或分詞表示抽象概念的事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，表示一類人時(shí)，用復(fù)數(shù)。如：the rich, the deaf, the sick, the wounded, the oppressed, the poor, the old, the blind, the dead等。如：
The best is to come.
The rich are not always happy.
3. 表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢等度量衡名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常因把主語(yǔ)視為整體而常用單數(shù)。如：
Two thousand dollars is a big sum of money for me.
4. 數(shù)學(xué)算式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。如：
Three times two is six.
Five and five makes ten.
六、不定代詞類
1. something， everything， nothing， everybody，little，much 等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：
Little has been done to control pollution.
2. few, many, how many等不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：
How many work in the company？
3. all， most， the rest， a lot 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)要視情況而定。如：
Most of the country is flooded in the water，and most of the people are suffering.
All are present and all is going on well.
七、限定詞類
限定詞修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常與被修飾的名詞保持一致。
1. 限定詞 a lot of， plenty of，...percent of，most of， the rest of， all of，后接可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與名詞相對(duì)應(yīng)。如：
Two thirds of the books are newly published.
All of the apple has gone bad.
2. 限定詞 many a， more than one 后接名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。every， each， no，many a 修飾名詞單數(shù)，and連接兩個(gè)并列短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)。如：
Every boy and every girl wishes to go to attend the party.
3. a number of， the number of 的用法直接影響主謂一致問(wèn)題。如：
The number of people who go to college keeps climbing these years.
A number of people were injured.
4. a quantity of / a mass of 后接可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)。quantities of / masses of 后接可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用復(fù)數(shù)。
根據(jù)以上歸納的要點(diǎn)，要求學(xué)生在記憶時(shí)應(yīng)善于以點(diǎn)帶面。當(dāng)然，在記憶的基礎(chǔ)上，更應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)主謂一致的實(shí)踐運(yùn)用能力的提高。在一些簡(jiǎn)單句型中會(huì)熟練運(yùn)用這一知識(shí)，在一些較復(fù)雜句中同樣要注意主謂一致。
1. 在定語(yǔ)從句中要注意主謂一致。如：
All that has been done is of little help to us.
All who are here have not been invited.
2. 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中要注意主謂一致。 如：
It is writing that makes what we read ours.
3. 在倒裝句中要注意主謂一致。如：
There，lying on the floor， were some mice rather than his pet cat.
