第六節(jié)分詞
1．分詞的形式
這里所講的分詞包括-ing分詞和-ed分詞，即傳統(tǒng)意義上的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形+-ing構成(如listening)；過去分詞通常由動詞原形+-ed構成(如listened)，但也有不規(guī)則形式(如go-gone)?，F(xiàn)代英語的絕大多數(shù)都是規(guī)則動詞，不規(guī)則的只是少數(shù)。
2．分詞的基本用法
分詞在句中通?？梢杂米鞅碚Z、定語、補語和狀語。下面按照現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法分別作介紹。
現(xiàn)在分詞的基本用法：
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意義；表示一般性的或正在進行的動作；在表現(xiàn)形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”與“主動式”和“被動式”之分，
1)作表語
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語通常表示主語所具有的特征。例如：
This story is quite interesting．
The journey without you will be boring．
2)作定語
現(xiàn)在分詞可以單獨作定語，也可以構成合成詞作定語，但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗號與其他部分分開)，在意義上相當于一個定語從句?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義。例如：
The man following was obviously in ahurry．(現(xiàn)在分詞單獨作定語)
They acted just like a conquering army．(現(xiàn)在分詞單獨作定語)
Do you know the man standing over there by thedoor? (分詞短語作限定性定語)
Last night，we caught a thief stealing John’sbike．(分詞短語作限定性定語)
The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word“ebrathka”，meaning flat water．(分詞短語作非限定性定語)
3)作賓語補足語
a．表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如hear，feel，find，listento，lookat，watch，notice，observe，smell，see等詞的賓語可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。例如：
1.I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting．
2.I can smell turkey roasting，and it's making me hungry．
b．表示“致使”等意義的動詞，如catch，get，have，keep，leave，set等詞的賓語可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。例如：
What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in thecountryside．
Please don't keep the machine running while you are away．
4)作狀語
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示主語在進行一動作的同時所進行的另一動作，它對謂語動詞起修飾或陪襯的作用。這時要注意現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語在時態(tài)和意義上的統(tǒng)一。例如：
Rushing out of the room，he was knocked down by acar．(作時間狀語)
= When he rushed out of the room，he was knocked down by acar．
Working harder，you will pass the entrance exam. (作條件狀語)
= If you work harder，you will pass the entrance exam．
She sat at a window，reading a book．(作伴隨狀語)
=She sat at a window and read a book．
Having won the championship，he was awarded a milliondollars．(作原因狀語) =
Because he had won the championship，he was awarded a milliondollars．
Even if taking a taxi，I will still be late for themeeting．(作讓步狀語)
= Even if take a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．
The road is under construction，thus causing thedelay． (作結果狀語)
= The road is under construction，and thus caused the delay.
注意，當現(xiàn)在分詞作讓步狀語時，一般放在句首，常常由although，though，evenif,unless等連詞引入；作結果狀語時，一般放在句末，前面可以加so，thus，hence，thereby等副詞。
過去分詞的基本用法：
與現(xiàn)在分詞不同，過去分詞表示被動的意義，表示已經(jīng)完成和被動的動作。在表現(xiàn)形式上，只有一種形式。
1)作表語
過去分詞作表語表示主浯所處的狀態(tài)。用作表浯的過去分詞大多來自及物動詞；不及物動詞的過去分詞能作表語的只限于少數(shù)表示位置轉移的動詞，如go，come，assemble等，它們用在連系動詞之后，表示完成意義，無被動意義。例如：
The man looked quite disappointed．
He is greatly discouraged by her refusal．
His hair is nearly all gone.
已經(jīng)形容詞化了的過去分詞大多可作表語，常見的有：accomplished，amazed，amused，astonished，broken，closed，completed，complicatcd， confused，crowded，devoted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，excited，frightened，hurt，interested，lost，satisfied，surprised,worried等。
做定語
a)前置定語的過去分詞通常來自及物動詞，帶有被動意義和完成意義。例如：
1.We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter．
= We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in thewinter．
2.How many finished products have you got up to now?
= How many products that have been finished have you got up tonow?
來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置定語，能作這樣用的僅限以下幾個詞，這時僅表示完成意義，不表示被動意義：
1.a retired worker = a worker who has retired
2.an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped
3.a faded／withered flower = a flower that has faded
4.the risen sun = the sun that has just risen
5.a returned student = a student who has returned
6.vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished
b)用作后置定語的過去分詞通常也來自及物動詞，表示被動意義和完成意義。這時相當于一個定語從句。例如：
1.Things seen are better than things heard．
= Things which are seen are better than things which areheard．
2.The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious．
= The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.
做賓語補足語
a) see, hear,feel，find，think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如：
Tom found himself involved in an awkwardsituation．
I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street．
Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.
b) make, get, have, keep等表示“致使”意義的動詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如：
I have my clothes washed everyday.
Don't get your schedule changed；stay with us in the class．
He’s trying to make himself understood.
Please keep us informed of the latest price．
c)like，want，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如：
We don't like such topics (to be) discussed in class．
I wish this problem (to be) solved this week．
4)作狀語
用作狀語的過去分詞通常來自及物動詞。過去分詞用作狀語時，修飾主句的謂語動詞，意義上相當于狀語從句，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。過去分詞作狀語，前邊往往可以加when,while, if，as if,though。一般說來，這種結構的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。例如：
1.Whenever praised，she blushes．(作時間狀語)
= Whenever she is praised，she blushes．
2.United，we stand；divided，we fall．(作條件狀語)
= If we are united，we stand；If we are divided，we fall．
3.Written in great haste，this book is full oferrors．(作原因狀語)
= Because this book is written in great haste，it is full oferrors．
4.Mary was reading a love story，completely lost to the romanticlife．(作伴隨狀浯)
= Mary was reading a love story，and was completely lost to theromantic life.
5.Although born in Germany，John lives and works in U.S.A.(作讓步狀語)
= Although John was born in Germany，he lives and works inU.S.A.
3．分詞的完成式及被動式
前面提到過，過去分詞只有一種形式，所以這里所講的完成式及被動式均指現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式及被動式。
如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的是一般性動作，不表明動作的先后或與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，這時要用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般形式。例如：
Living in the downtown，we found a lot of amusements．
如果現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作先于句子謂語發(fā)生，就要用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式“(not)having+過去分詞”。例如：
1.Having heard from my father，I was relieved．
2.Not having received any letter from my family，I wasworried．
如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作的對象，則要用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being+過去分詞”和其完成形式“(not) havingbeen+過去分詞”。例如：
1.Upon being questioned，he denied having robbed the bank．
2.The new method，having been widely used abroad，can increase theworking efficiency.
4．分詞獨立結構
如果過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞帶有與句子主語不同的主語，這就構成了獨立結構，也叫獨立主格結構或垂懸結構，通常在句中起狀語叢句的作用，表示原因、時間、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。例如：
1.The holidays being over，they began to get down to do their workagain．(原因狀語)
= As the holiday was over，they began to get down to do their workagain．
2.All things considered，her paper is of greater value thanyours．(條件狀語)
= All things are considered，her paper is of greater value thanyours．
3.His homework done，Johan went out to play. (時間狀語)
= After his homework had been done，Johan went out to play．
4.The girl was smiling sweetly，her long hair flowing in thebreeze．(伴隨狀語)
當獨立結構表示伴隨狀況時，可變?yōu)橛蓋ith引導的介詞詞組,而表示否定意義的類似結構便可由without引導。例如上例可變?yōu)椋?br>The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in thebreeze．
Without anyone noticing，I slipped out of the room．
獨立結構的位置比較靈活，它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外，獨立結構中用作主語的名詞之前的限定詞有時可以省略。例如：
1.The manager sat quietly in his office，(his) eyes closed．
2.He stood in the doorway，(his) wet cloak dripping water on therug，and waited for some sign of recognition．
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