一、知識概述

在英語中，每個句子必須有一個動詞來擔(dān)當(dāng)謂語。說明主語“是什么”或“做什么”，動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞。動詞和名詞、代詞一樣，有人稱和數(shù)的變化。謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)一般要與主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。

學(xué)好了英語動詞相當(dāng)于學(xué)好了一半的英語語法，可見英語動詞的重要性。在初中英語中，動詞的分類、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)以及動詞的各種形式之間的聯(lián)系，非謂語動詞的構(gòu)成、用法等等貫穿整個初中課本，包括英語句型都離不開動詞時態(tài)或語態(tài)，因此在學(xué)習(xí)時特別要注意英語中時態(tài)的運(yùn)用和語態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。

二、動詞的分類及作用

按照動詞的詞義和在句中的作用，英語動詞可分為行為動詞（又叫實(shí)義動詞）、連系動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。

1、行為動詞

表示動作或狀態(tài)，能獨(dú)立作謂語。如：

She took pictures of trees

He is typing letters.

行為動詞又分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。

（1）及物動詞

及物動詞后面必須跟賓語，意思才完整。

I enjoyed the film very much

I gave the child another piece of cake.

常見的能帶兩個賓語的動詞有：

bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.

（2）不及物動詞

本身詞義完整，后面不要求跟賓語。如：

Horses run fast.

They work in a factory.

She curled up in bed and began her book.

2、連系動詞

（1）本身有詞義，不能在句子中單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常見的連系動詞有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.

My father is an engineer.

My brother has become a doctor.

It seems that he was a millionaire.

I don’t feel very well today.

（2）表示感覺知覺的動詞可以是連系動詞，如feel, touch, sound, smell.

I can smell the sea.

The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.

I feel a pain in the arm.

She looked worried about it.

3、動詞與介詞的固定搭配

動詞與介詞的搭配主要指下列兩種形式：

（1）動詞+賓語+介詞

The song always reminds me of my school days.

Parents usually expect a lot of their children.

I often take her for her sister.

He hide everything from me.

The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.

They supplied people with enough food and drink.

They presented us with a lot of flowers.

The man was charged with mueder.

（2）動詞+反身代詞+介詞

dress oneself in; prepare oneself for

give oneself to pride oneself on

He gives himself to pop music.

She always dresses herself in white.

三、動詞的形式

大多數(shù)動詞有四種基本形式：

1、現(xiàn)在式；2、過去式；3、過去分詞；4、現(xiàn)在分詞；

現(xiàn)在式是字典中所給的形式，也可稱為動詞原形。按照動詞各種形式的構(gòu)成方法，動詞可分為規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞兩類。

1、第三人稱單數(shù)形式；加-s的規(guī)則

動詞一般現(xiàn)在時單數(shù)第三人稱形式的構(gòu)成和名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成法及讀音完全一樣。

2、動詞的過去式和過去分詞：構(gòu)成動詞-ed形式的規(guī)則。

（1）規(guī)則變化的過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成是一樣的。都加-ed。

（2）不規(guī)則動詞的過去式及過去分詞的形式是不規(guī)則的，可以查不規(guī)則動詞變化形式表。

① 有些動詞的三種形式一樣。如：

bet ; burst; cast; cost;

cut; hit; hurt; let;

read; shut; spread

② 下面是一些易誤用的不規(guī)則動詞

bear, bore, born bite, bit, bitten blow, blew, blown

draw, drew, drawn drink, drank, drunk eat, ate, eaten

fly, flew, flown hide, hid, hidden lend, lent, lent

mean, meant, meant ride, rode, ridden rise, rose, risen

shake, shook, shaken swim, swam, swum tear, tore, torn

throw, threw, thrown wear, wore, worn

3、英語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，一般在動詞末尾加-ing。

四、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)

（一）、助動詞

助動詞本身沒有詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等語法形式，或用來加強(qiáng)語氣。常用的助動詞有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它們的具體用法如下：

（1）助動詞be

A. 可用于構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時態(tài)

She is doing her homework now.

I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.

B. 可用于構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)

The baby was put in bed by his mother.

The invitation was received yesterday.

C. 可與動詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語

These books are not to be taken out of the room.

She is to arrive at six this morning.

（2）助動詞have

A. 構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)

I have not seen him for three years.

How long has your uncle taught in the village?

He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.

B. 和動詞不定式構(gòu)成謂語，表示因客觀環(huán)境促使不得不做的事情

She had to go shopping yesterday.

（3）助動詞do

A. 構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句

Did anyone sharpen this knife?

I don’t think you are right.

B．用來加強(qiáng)語氣

I do want to have a talk with you

Do come and see me.

C．用來代替動詞詞組

Have you finished your work? Yes, I did yesterday.

He plays basketball well. So does his brother.

（4）助動詞shall

構(gòu)成將來時態(tài)，單純表示未來情況

I shall not be back tonight.

We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.

（5）助動詞will

構(gòu)成將來時，用于第一、二、三人稱。如：

They will move to a new house.

She will not eat any solid food.

注意：

（1）have to 與must的區(qū)別

must是情態(tài)動詞，意思是“必須”、“應(yīng)該”、“一定要”，后接動詞原形。Must的否定形式為mustn’t.構(gòu)成疑問句時，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如：

Must I do it now ?

Yes, you must No, you needn’t.

have to 表示“不得不，必須”，可用于多種時態(tài)。

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.

I’m sorry I won’t go with you, I’ll have to go to the bank.

We don’t have to install this new television set.

（2）used to 表示過去常常，而現(xiàn)在不再有的習(xí)慣。其否定形式為: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.

I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.

I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.

Used they to have a lot more free time ?

（二）、情態(tài)動詞

（1）情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，或表示主觀設(shè)想。情態(tài)動詞有自己的詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語動詞，必須和不帶to的動詞不定式連用，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，常用的情態(tài)動詞有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.

① 情態(tài)動詞有自己的詞義，表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，或主觀設(shè)想。如：

You may go now.

This bus can seat 40 people.

The work must be finished as soon as possible.

② 情態(tài)動詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和不帶to的不定式連用，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

③ 情態(tài)動詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式。

（2）情態(tài)動詞的用法。

① may的用法

a. 表示允許或征詢對方的許可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示說話人“不許可”，如：

You may go now.

May I use you typewrite?

You may not go=I do not permit you to go.

b. 在回答may引導(dǎo)的疑問句時，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t或No, you had better not.

② can的用法

a．表示能力，有“能、會、能夠”的意思。

b. 表示允許，在口語中代替may，有“可以的意思。

c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑問句。

The hall can hold at least 200 people.

The librarian said we could take these books.

Today is Sunday, he can’t be at school today.

d. can和be able to的用法比較

can用來表達(dá)能力時，由于只有現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種形式，其他時態(tài)要用be able to來表達(dá)。如：

I can play piano.

He has not been able to finish the work in time.

③ must 的用法

a. must表示必須，應(yīng)該。如：

Must I come to the party?

The article must be completed before Friday.

b. must的否定形式mustn’t, 表示“不應(yīng)該、不可以、禁止”。如：

You mustn’t get to school too late.

Must I do it now? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t

She must have gone to Beijing.

You must say sorry to me for that

You mustn’t clean only own room.

④ need的用法

a. need作為情態(tài)動詞主要用于否定句和疑問句，較少用于肯定句。如：

I needn’t wear a coat. = I don’t think I need wear a coat.

I don’t need things like that.

⑤ shall

用于第二、第三人稱，表示說話人的意愿。如:

He shall get his money.

You shall do exactly as you wish.

Shall I turn on the light?

Shall I poen the window?

⑥ would的用法

表示愿望、決心、建議或看法，如：

I would like to go there.

I promised that I would do my best.

表示過去的習(xí)慣.

He would often come to my house to see me.