2019年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語一試題與解析(文字版)
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...
When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All
2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come
3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until
4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally
5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away
6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone
7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar
8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place
9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides
10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually
11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused
12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result
13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example
14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate
15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under
16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks
17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited
18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally
19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings
20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “l(fā)ong-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_________.
A. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility
B. help corporations achieve larger profits
C. build a new system of financial regulation
D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_________.
A. the conditions for generating quick profits
B. governments’ impatience in decision-making
C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies
D. “short-termism” in economics activities
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be__________.
A. indirect
B. adverse
C. minimal
D. temporary
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.
A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
B. the significance of long-term thinking.
C. the approaches to promoting “l(fā)ong-termism”.
D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
Text 2
Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
A. The change of course catalogs.
B. Students’ indifference to GPAS.
C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.
D. The influence of consumer culture.
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.
C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.
28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_________.
A. obtain more financial support
B. boost their student enrollments
C. improve their teaching quality
D. meet local governments’ needs
29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?
A. To counterbalance each other.
B. To complement each other.
C. To be identical with each other.
D. To be contradictory to each other.
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by________.
A. assessing its feasibility
B. analyzing the causes behind it
C. comparing different views on it
D. listing its long-run effects
Text 3
This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, or
consciousness? What makes humans humans?”
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
A. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.
B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.
C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.
D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.
32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness
A. helps explain artificial intelligence.
B. can be misleading to robot making.
C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.
D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.
33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
A. can hardly ever be found.
B. is still beyond our capacity.
C. causes little public concern.
D. has aroused much curiosity.
34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one of
A. affirmation.
B. skepticism.
C. contempt.
D. respect.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
D. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
Text 4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “l(fā)imited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The
Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”
36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
A. Dette business’ relutions with states
B. put most online business in a dilemma
C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax
D. forces some states to cut sales tax
37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
A. have led to the dominance of e-commerce
B. have cost consumers a lot over the years
C. were widely criticized by online purchases
D. were considered up favorable by states
38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has
A. hindered economic development
B. brought prosperity to the country
C. harmed fair market competition
D. boosted growth in states revenue
39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling
A. Internet entrepreneurs B. Big-chair owners
C. Third-party sellers D. Small retailers
40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author
A. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
B. describes the long and complicated process of its making
C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them
D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.
B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote: “there is only one way…to get the
best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.
G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
41→42→F→43→44→C→45
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying details of the project.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should
1) describe the pictures briefly,
2) interpret the meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
Section I Use of English
1、【答案】C. Few 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和上下文語境
【解析】此題詞義辨析和上下文語境。首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個(gè)GPS系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都在我們的智能手機(jī)上唾手可得的世界?？崭袼诰渲赋觯何覀冎衉____在沒有電話，個(gè)人GPS或其他導(dǎo)航工具的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹林。本句有without與few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定，根據(jù)語義應(yīng)該填入few(幾乎沒有人)，符合文意。
2、【答案】C. run 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞組搭配
【解析】此題考查詞組搭配。run on battery表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動，運(yùn)行。其他選項(xiàng)：Put on (穿上;使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn));take on (承擔(dān);呈現(xiàn));come on (快點(diǎn);開始)，語義不通順。故正確答案為[C] run。
3、【答案】B. If 【試題考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系
【解析】此題考查邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰渥g文：____你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，____找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航____文明。此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if(如果)符合上下文的表達(dá)。其余選項(xiàng)：Since (因?yàn)?自從), though (雖然), until (直到)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[B] If。
4、【答案】D. literally 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析
【解析】空格所在句譯文：____你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，____找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航____文明。此處literally表示確實(shí)地，真正地，帶入原文語義通順：你的確找不到北方。其余選項(xiàng)：Formally (正式地)，relatively(相對地)，gradually(逐漸地)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[D] literally.
5、【答案】A. back 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和上下文語境
【解析】空格所在句譯文：____你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，____找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航____文明。前文講lost(迷路)，此處填入back(回到)文明之地相互呼應(yīng)，故正確答案為[A] back。
6、【答案】[B] off 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和詞組搭配
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析和詞組搭配?？崭袼诰涞木湟鉃椋寒?dāng)你____路徑，但不是完全______的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩個(gè)問題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒條路是下坡?哪兒里有最近的水源?通過后半句的問題，能夠了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時(shí)候。B選項(xiàng)off (遠(yuǎn)離，離開)符合語義要求;A選項(xiàng)onto(在...之上)，C選項(xiàng)across(穿過，橫穿)，D選項(xiàng)alone(獨(dú)自地，單獨(dú)地)帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為B選項(xiàng)off。
7、【答案】[D] unfamiliar 【試題考點(diǎn)】 詞義辨析
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪湔f迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道?？崭袼诘暮蟀刖鋌ut開頭，所填入的形容詞詞需要和前面構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D選項(xiàng)unfamiliar(不熟悉的，不常見的)符合要求;A選項(xiàng)unattractive(不吸引人的)，B選uncrowded(不擁擠的，寬敞的)，C選項(xiàng)unchanged(未改變的，無變化的)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[D]unfamiliar。
8、【答案】[C] way 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析和上下文語境
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析和上下文語境?？崭袼诰涞木湟猓耗阈枰卮饍蓚€(gè)問題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒個(gè)_____是下坡?哪兒里有最近的水源?空格處所需的名詞需要符合上下文語境。C選項(xiàng)way(道路)符合語義要求;A選項(xiàng)site(地點(diǎn)，位置，場所)，B選項(xiàng)point(要點(diǎn))，D選項(xiàng)place(地方，地點(diǎn))帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為C選項(xiàng)way。
9、【答案】[A] So 【試題考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系
【解析】此處考察詞邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪渲赋觯荷钤谏焦戎械娜?，基本都靠淡水為生。后面也就是空格所在句：_______如果你下山，沿著水走，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象......很明顯空格處所填入的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果的邏輯關(guān)系，只有A選項(xiàng)So(所以，因此)符合要求;B選項(xiàng)Yet(但是，然而)，C選Instead(代替，反而)，D選項(xiàng)Besides(此外，而且)帶入后，語義不通順。故正確答案為[A]So。
10、【答案】[D] eventually 【試題考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析?？崭袼诰涞木湟猓核匀绻阆律剑刂阏业降乃恢弊?，你______會看到人類的跡象......，空格處所需的副詞需要符合本句語境并是句子語義通順。D選項(xiàng)eventually (最后，終于)符合語義要求;A選項(xiàng)immediately(立即，立刻)，B選項(xiàng)intentionally(故意地，有意地)，C選項(xiàng)unexpectedly(意外地，出乎意料地)帶入空格后，語義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為D選項(xiàng)eventually。
11、【答案】A. surprised
【解析】空格所在句提到：If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be surprised how quickly spotting a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings(如果你之前去過這個(gè)地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或許會____快速識別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹木能幫助你恢復(fù)記憶)。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個(gè)線索，可直接確定A選項(xiàng)surprised為正確答案，即：你或許會感到驚訝。。。。
12、【答案】B. option
【解析】本文第一段提到：“如果你在沒有電話或指南針的情況下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你回到文明社會”。空格所在處提到：另一個(gè)___: 登到高處尋找有人類住所的標(biāo)志，因此此處的another__應(yīng)該與tricks構(gòu)成總分關(guān)系，即，空格處所填的名詞應(yīng)與tricks語義相近。只有B選項(xiàng)option(選擇，辦法)符合要求。
13、【答案】D. For example
【解析】根據(jù)選項(xiàng)特征得知，本題屬于句間邏輯關(guān)系題，因此需要根據(jù)空格前后兩句話之間的語義關(guān)系來選擇?？崭袂疤岬健傲硪粋€(gè)辦法就是登高來尋找有人類居住的標(biāo)志”，關(guān)鍵詞為：look for signs;空格后提到“在茂密森林里，你應(yīng)該能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)由于道路、電纜、火車軌道和人們在樹林中開辟的其他道路而造成的樹木之間的空隙”，關(guān)鍵詞為：spot gaps。而look for與spot語義相近，signs為抽象名詞，gaps為具體名詞，因此空格前后表是例證關(guān)系或總分關(guān)系，故D選項(xiàng)for example(例如)為正確答案。
14、【答案】C. spot
【解析】該題需結(jié)合第13題來選擇。本題空格所在句是對前面句子的例證，故主題一致，因此空格處需填入的動詞需和look for語義相近，故選擇spot(識別，發(fā)現(xiàn))。
15、【答案】B. through
【解析】空格處需填入介詞來和前面的動詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成順暢的語義搭配。Carve____woods:在森林中開辟道路, B選項(xiàng) through用法最恰當(dāng)，故為正確答案。
16、【答案】[D] breaks 【試題考點(diǎn)】上下文語義銜接+詞義辨析
【解析】本題空前有一個(gè)指示代詞these，通過語義，“these 16 ” 指代上文的“roads, train tracks, and other paths”，并由定語從句“people carve through the woods”(人們在森林中開辟的……)修飾。從語義上來看，breaks最合適。
17、【答案】[A] artificial 【試題考點(diǎn)】上下文語義銜接+詞義辨析
【解析】 本空所處的句子“scan … for 17 light sources”, 與本段開頭 “l(fā)ook for sign of human habitation ”結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語義相關(guān)，空格處所填形容詞和human意思相近，選擇artificial “人造的”。除此之外，17題 后面“such as fires and streetlights,”所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點(diǎn)就是artificial。
18、【答案】[D] Finally 【試題考點(diǎn)】上下文邏輯
【解析】 本空位于段首，并由逗號隔開，所以考察上下段落邏輯?？蘸鬄闂l件狀語從句“assuming you ”，與上文的“If you”構(gòu)成順接遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)中，只用finally表順接。
19、【答案】[B] marks 【試題考點(diǎn)】上下文語義+詞義辨析
【解析】空后的定語從句“we leave on the landscape”，由語義得知此處應(yīng)該填“標(biāo)記”，所以選marks。
20、【答案】[C] lead 【試題考點(diǎn)】上下文語義+動詞辨析
【解析】本空主要考察語義搭配，所填動詞需要與主語 “tire blazes, tire tracks and other fearures”(輪胎，輪胎痕跡和其他標(biāo)記)，賓語you，以及不定式 to civilization(文明)之間構(gòu)成完整語義，所以此處填lead“引導(dǎo)”最合適。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21、【答案】A enhance banks’ sense of responsibility
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“paragraph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”回文定位在第一段第三句“The main purpose of this ‘clawback’ rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.”(這個(gè)規(guī)則主要目的是讓銀行家為不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)負(fù)責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任)，對比所給四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有A項(xiàng) enhance banks’ sense of responsibility (增加銀行的責(zé)任感)與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。B項(xiàng)“help corporations achieve profits”(幫助公司獲得利潤)以及C項(xiàng)“build a new system of financial regulation”(建立新的金融監(jiān)管體系)在原文中并未提及。D項(xiàng)“guarantee the bonuses of top executives”(保證高管的獎(jiǎng)金)與原文“…any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years…”(高管的任何有保證的獎(jiǎng)金會被延遲10年)表述相反，故排除。
22、【答案】D “short-termism” in economic activities
【解析】根據(jù)題干中的“Alfred Marshall”回文定位在第二段最后一句“Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like….”，其中的“this financial impatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是Alfred Marshall描述“短期主義”的行為就像……，由此可知，D項(xiàng)“short-termism” in economic activities(經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中的“短期主義”) 為正確答案。其他選項(xiàng)在原文中均未提及，故排除。
23、【答案】B adverse
【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Transient investment”定位第三段第二句，“Transient investors, ... can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”(短暫投資會對公司的長期規(guī)劃設(shè)阻，并影響客戶的忠誠度。)A項(xiàng) indirect (間接的)，原文未提及，排除; B項(xiàng)adverse (不利的) 對應(yīng)原文“hinder”，故為正確選項(xiàng);C項(xiàng)minimal (最小的)和 D項(xiàng) temporary(暫時(shí)的)原文未提及，故排除。
24、【答案】C the approaches to promoting “Long-termism”
【解析】 根據(jù)題干定位到第五、六段，第五段為美國的例子，第六段為法國的例子，(第五段中美國延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”盛行的現(xiàn)狀;第六段在法國持股兩年以上者擁有更大的選票權(quán)。)第六段首句承前啟后講到“Much more could be done to encourage ‘long-termism’”促進(jìn)“長期主義”還有很多做法。A 項(xiàng)The obstacles to preventing “short-termism”(預(yù)防“短期主義”的阻礙)，無中生有，故排除; B項(xiàng) The significance of long-termism thinking(“長期主義”思維的意義)，無中生有，故排除;C項(xiàng)The approaches to promoting “Long-termism”(促進(jìn)“長期主義”的方法)，與原文一致，故為正確選項(xiàng); [D] The prevalence of short-termism thinking (“長期主義”思維的盛行)為第四段內(nèi)容，與題干無關(guān)，故排除。
25.【答案】B Patience as a Corporate Virtue
【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞best title可知這是一道典型的主旨大意題?？v觀全文，文章圍繞西方國家的金融行業(yè)的“短期主義”投資和“長期主義”投資展開。第一段由金融管理者制定的一項(xiàng)限制高管津貼措施引出全文中心話題，促進(jìn)金融投資的“長期主義”規(guī)劃;第二段介紹了目前英國銀行高管中“短期主義”投資占主流;第三段指出“短期主義”投資的弊端，第四段主要介紹美國現(xiàn)階段仍然通過技術(shù)手段使得“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行;五六段舉例點(diǎn)明美法兩國為促進(jìn)“短期主義”投資所采取的措施;文章尾端再次呼應(yīng)首段，點(diǎn)明英國新政提醒銀行家們注重“長期主義”投資。B選項(xiàng)中的Patience對應(yīng)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題詞short-termisim 和long-termisim, Corporate本身在文章中就多次出現(xiàn)，因此為最佳標(biāo)題。其余選項(xiàng)A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism (季度資本主義的失敗), C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives (高管需要的決斷力) D.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers(冒險(xiǎn)銀行家的挫敗感)均不能概括全文，故排除.
Text 2
26、【答案】D The influence of consumer culture.
【解析】根據(jù)題干信息詞定位到首段第一句，句子主干“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education”即高校成績膨脹問題通常被認(rèn)為是消費(fèi)者至上時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物。選項(xiàng)The influence of consumer culture. “消費(fèi)者至上文化的影響”正是該句原因的同義表達(dá)。故D選項(xiàng)正確。
27、【答案】A To help freshmen adapt to college learning
【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第三段第二句。該句中的this practice對應(yīng)題干中的grade forgiveness，first started對應(yīng)題干中的original，而不定式短語to give them(freshmen)a second chance...if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses(如果大一新生在都向大學(xué)課程的過渡中有問題的話在給他們一次機(jī)會......)為目的，對應(yīng)題干中的purpose，故正確答案應(yīng)為[A]選項(xiàng)To help freshmen adapt to college learning(幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí))。
28.【答案】A obtain more financial support
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題做題的技巧是“準(zhǔn)確定位和匹配”。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 “paragrph 5”,以及“grade forgiveness”和“colleges”定位到第五段第一句話。通過第一句話可以看出，“grade forgiveness”滿足了大學(xué)自己的需要，而具體的需要在第二句中體現(xiàn)，因此本題真正的答案出自于第二句即“For public institution…”。第二句話的意思是“對于大學(xué)來講，國家的基金有時(shí)候是跟一些因素有關(guān)的，比如畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生在學(xué)率，因此好的分?jǐn)?shù)意味著錢。題干中問題使“grade forgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠…,而根據(jù)本段的第二句話，可知 “grade forgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠獲得更多的國家的基金，這與A選項(xiàng)“獲得更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持”匹配，因此正確答案選A。
29、【答案】C To be identical with each other.
【解析】根據(jù)題目定位到第6段最后一句：On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. 即“由于學(xué)生和家長都希望通過大學(xué)學(xué)歷找工作，因此符合學(xué)校最佳利益的便是盡可能地證明學(xué)生的能力——或者說至少看起來如此”。由此可知，學(xué)生和學(xué)校有著共同的利益目標(biāo)，所以正確答案為C，學(xué)生和學(xué)校的倡議是一致的。
30、【答案】B analyzing the causes behind it.
【解析】 根據(jù)題干，表面上問作者通過什么論述方式來探討grade forgiveness的實(shí)踐操作，其實(shí)是考全文的主旨寫作手法，屬于主旨大意題。方法即是串讀每段段落大意句，把握作者的論述角度。尤其，在第一段第一句 Grade inflation-…. - is often considered a product of a consumer era…. 以及第二句 But another, related force -…… 談及的都是背后的原因。第五段，第一句 That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well. 也是突出了grade forgiveness 能夠滿足大學(xué)自身的需求，這也是分析了grade forgiveness的原因。所以，該題答案是B項(xiàng)，analyzing the causes behind it.
Text 3
31、【答案】 [C] involves some concerns raised by AI today
【解析】由題干表述可判斷本題為典型的觀點(diǎn)例證題，所證觀點(diǎn)就在例證前后，該例子出現(xiàn)在篇首，引出主題在后。由此可知本題定位句為第一段最后一句話。與選項(xiàng)比對可知，C項(xiàng)為“... that would ... to come”部分的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故為正確答案。其中，involves對應(yīng)foreshadow，some concerns對應(yīng)many ethical questions，剩余部分對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)中的raised by AI today。其余選項(xiàng)在原文均無依據(jù)，故排除。
32、【答案】[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it
【解析】觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的David Eagleman定位到文中第四段第一句，該段第二句there are no good theories與題干中的knowledge屬于等價(jià)代換，該段第二句中的consciousness與題干中的consciousness對應(yīng)，第一句表明光人們?nèi)绾嗡伎季蛷?fù)雜到難以理解的程度更不用說要復(fù)制它了，第二句表明我們沒有解釋什么是consciousness的理論，與選項(xiàng)D吻合。題干our current knowledge of consciousness 及選項(xiàng)is too limited for us與定位句中的there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually屬于等價(jià)代換，選項(xiàng)reproduce it與定位句中reproduced屬等價(jià)代換。選項(xiàng)A、選項(xiàng)B及選項(xiàng)C基于文中出現(xiàn)的artificial intelligence、robot及sci-fi TV series錯(cuò)誤引申。
33、【答案】 [B] is still beyond our capacity.
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的autonomous vehicles定位到第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)for example，可知autonomous vehicle是具體的例子。篇中的例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)往前看，即證明第一句的觀點(diǎn)：涉及人工智能的倫理問題在我們身邊(注意這里doesn’t和aren’t為雙重否定)，說明問題依然存在。選項(xiàng)[B]與題干結(jié)合含義為：找出由自動駕駛車帶來的人工智能倫理問題的解決方法超出了我們的能力。與文章含義一致。[A]選項(xiàng)過于絕對，且從第六段可以看出，不同國家、公司在找解決問題的方法。[C]選項(xiàng)和[D]選項(xiàng)的public concern和curiosity這些信息詞在原文中未涉及，屬無中生有。
34、【答案】[A] affirmation
【解析】態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干中的the author’s attitude，Google’s pledges?；匚亩ㄎ坏降谄叨?，第八段，但其七段都是在講Google’s pledge，繼續(xù)看第八段，開頭while，轉(zhuǎn)折，while the statement is vague,與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn)，這個(gè)地方?jīng)]有說是誰的觀點(diǎn)，無人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的觀點(diǎn)即是作者的觀點(diǎn)。vague是情感向下的詞語，相反方向應(yīng)是正向情感。[B]skepticism[C]contempt 都是負(fù)向情感，全部排除。[D]respect，雖是正向情感，其程度太深。所以選affirmation。
35、【答案】C The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
【解析】主旨題。本文首段通過引用Mary Shelley的書引出本文要探討的話題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問題。第三段和第四段對第二段提出的兩個(gè)問題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度以及因?yàn)樗幁h(huán)境的復(fù)雜無法定義人類自我意識。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出AI所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，因此正確答案為C，The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable。
選項(xiàng)A中的Tech Giants是文章沒有提及的概念。盡管文章以Frankenstein這本書為引子，但是這本書并沒有預(yù)測AI，而是AI技術(shù)引發(fā)的道德問題，故排除選項(xiàng)B。作者在最有一段表明了對未來積極的態(tài)度，AI的發(fā)展并非代替人類的最高智慧，最終還是會為人類所用，故排除選項(xiàng)D，該選項(xiàng)中的AI shall be killers呈現(xiàn)負(fù)向態(tài)度。
Text 4
36、【答案】[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞”The Supreme Court Decision Thursday”定位到首段首句，States will be able to force more shoppers to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.由該句可知，最高法院的裁決可以讓州政府去強(qiáng)制消費(fèi)者在網(wǎng)上購物時(shí)要上繳銷售稅(營業(yè)稅)，直接得出選項(xiàng)[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax，讓更多在線購物者支付銷售稅。
37、【答案】[D] were considered unfavorable by states
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的推理題。根據(jù)題干定位范圍確定為第二，三段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)： overruled decisions確定定位句為第二段的第一句與第二句，第二句that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually州政府抱怨之前的政策導(dǎo)致每年稅收損失慘重。第三句The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases，原政策讓州政府很難收取網(wǎng)上購物的營業(yè)稅。綜合兩句情感色彩都為負(fù)向，對州政府不利，從而得出答案[D] were considered unfavorable by states 州政府認(rèn)為原政策對州不利。
38、【答案】[D] harmed fair market competition
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位Anthony Kennedy定位在第四段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)physical presence rule確定定位句為第四段的第二句與第三句。第二句'Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States，實(shí)體店規(guī)定導(dǎo)致州政府稅收虧損嚴(yán)重，第三句the rule 'limited States' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.該規(guī)定限制了州政府持長期繁榮，并妨礙了所有市場參與者公平競爭，從而得出答案[D] harmed fair market competition破壞了公平市場競爭 。
39、【答案】[B] Big-chain owners
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道推理題。根據(jù)題干定位范圍確定為第五段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)： more likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling確定定位句為第五段的第一句，第一句the ruling is a victory for big chains這項(xiàng)裁決對于大型連鎖公司來說是個(gè)勝利。從而得出答案[B] Big-chain owners 大型連鎖公司。
40、【答案】[D] cites some cases related to it and analyses their implications
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道行文架構(gòu)題，考查學(xué)生對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。整篇文章首段直接點(diǎn)名最高法院通過新的裁決，征收在線營業(yè)稅。第二段介紹原來的判決及其后果，不利州政府。第三段描述原來判決涉及到的案例。第四段列舉大法官觀點(diǎn)，以前判決有瑕疵。 第五段論述新判決的影響：對大型連鎖店有利。第六段談及新裁決對州外賣家的影響。第七段明確新裁決受到零售界的肯定。根據(jù)各段主旨可以看出作者的行文思路為：首段先介紹新判決，然后二三四段列出一些與此有關(guān)的案例，五六七段論其對行業(yè)內(nèi)各界的影響。由此得出正確選項(xiàng)[D] cites some cases related to it and analyses their implications 引用相關(guān)案例，并論其影響。
Part B
本篇新題型屬于排序題。文章主題是對如何進(jìn)行一個(gè)有效的辯論進(jìn)行探討。
41、【答案】E
【解析】快速瀏覽選項(xiàng)，F(xiàn)和C段為已知段?，F(xiàn)在要確定的是剩下的段落哪一段可以作為段首。G段落開頭為there is a better way…出現(xiàn)一個(gè)比較級，說明是和前面的一個(gè)方法相比較，因此不能做段首;A段落these tools開頭，出現(xiàn)代詞，不能組為段首;B段落many discussions are not so successful，出現(xiàn)詞匯so，為代詞，指代上面說的successful discussion，因此不能做句首;這樣只剩D和E段落，D段落開頭Carnegie would be right if…，這里出現(xiàn)了對人物觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行正確與否的判斷，判斷正確與否的前提是首先要提到此人的存在以及其觀點(diǎn)具體是什么，所以D段落不能為段首，因此此題答案為E。實(shí)際上，縱觀全文，本段是以Carnegie的觀點(diǎn)為為切入，然后通過分析Carnegie觀點(diǎn)，對有效辯論進(jìn)行探討。
42、【答案】D (Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights.....)
【解析】首段提及到Carnegie以及他書中的觀點(diǎn)，根據(jù)人物線索，本題優(yōu)先選擇出現(xiàn)人物復(fù)現(xiàn)的段落，瀏覽剩余的段落發(fā)現(xiàn)只有選項(xiàng)D出現(xiàn)了Carnegie這個(gè)人。對這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)稍加分析得知，第一段論述了Carnegie書中的觀點(diǎn)，D選項(xiàng)論述作者對此觀點(diǎn)的評論，符合立論型文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。再者，根據(jù)已知段落F句首出現(xiàn)的代詞指代線索也能得出答案。F首句提到These views of arguments與D段落尾句中的this kind of thinking 為同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，因此D為正確答案。
43、【答案】G(There is a better way to win arguments.)
【解析】該選項(xiàng)位于F項(xiàng)之后，F(xiàn)段最后一句“but they can help you win-in one way”中有“help you win-in one way”，而G段首句“There is a better way to win arguments.”的“a better way to win”是對“help you win-in one way”的進(jìn)一步說明。因此G段則接著F段。
44、【答案】B(Of course, many discussions are not so successful.)
【解析】本題位置為C的上一段。所以我們只需找到一段的尾句可以與C段首句進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)即可。C段的第一句話：None of this will be easy...others refuse to...，句意為這樣不容易，即使別人拒絕，但你可以開始...下文繼續(xù)提到從反方面來對待你的觀點(diǎn)。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B項(xiàng)最后一句話提到了recognize weakness...accept ...on the opposite side...，此處opposite和refuse均為同義復(fù)現(xiàn)的替換詞。此外，B項(xiàng)段尾是從心理上對待相反的論點(diǎn)，而C段中state...ask...spell...assess等均為做出的行動。先有想法再付諸行動的順序也符合了B在前C在后，所以正確答案為B。
45、【答案】A(These tools can help you win every argument……)
【解析】已知段落C段末尾兩句話講到Next time you state your position…. Next time you talk with someone who…. Assess its strength…。由此可知段落講的都是一些幫助取得辯論勝利的做法技巧，這與A段落開頭的These tools can help you win every argument構(gòu)成了呼應(yīng)，尤其是C段后Next time you talk with someone who 與A段開頭but in the better sense of learning about the issues…同時(shí)都在講對于別人觀點(diǎn)的看法。因此確定答案選A選項(xiàng)。
Section III Translation
(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
【題目考點(diǎn)】定語從句;狀語從句省略結(jié)構(gòu);并列結(jié)構(gòu);被動結(jié)構(gòu)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】主干為：There is a good deal of this kind of nonsense. which 引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾nonsense;when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，且形式是狀語從句的省略，省略了主語和系動詞(this kind of nonsense is);介詞短語in the medical journals作狀語;both health scares和short-lived dietary enthusiasms是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，做動詞generates的賓語。
【重點(diǎn)詞匯】nonsense胡說;廢話 take up占據(jù);拿起 broadcaster廣播公司;播音員 lay 外行的;世俗的 generate 引起;產(chǎn)生 short-lived 短暫的
【參考譯文】在醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上有很多這樣的廢話。當(dāng)被廣播公司和非專業(yè)媒體報(bào)道時(shí)，這些廢話會引起健康恐慌和短暫的飲食狂熱。
(47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
【題目考點(diǎn)】分詞定語;定語從句;比較結(jié)構(gòu)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】主句主干：nowadays anyone…h(huán)as to have published twice the number of papers…。applying for為現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語，修飾anyone;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞papers;twice the number of papers為比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
【重點(diǎn)詞匯】applying for 申請 research post 研究崗位
【參考譯文】現(xiàn)在人們申請科研工作不僅要發(fā)表論文，而且所發(fā)論文的數(shù)量必須比10年前的數(shù)量多1倍。
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.
【題目考點(diǎn)】 被動語態(tài);狀語結(jié)構(gòu);
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】本句主干為：Attempts have been made to curb this tendency;by引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)方式狀語，該結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)核心搭配是incorporate A into B結(jié)構(gòu)。
【重點(diǎn)詞匯】curb 控制 incorporate包含 quantity數(shù)量 assessment 評估，估價(jià)，估值
【參考譯文】人們已經(jīng)努力去控制這一趨勢，例如，試圖通過將某種對論文質(zhì)量和數(shù)量的衡量納入到申請人論文的評估中。
(49) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
【題目考點(diǎn)】條件狀語從句、賓語從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】if...reproducible, 為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，主句為we must ensure that..., 其中
that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句
【重點(diǎn)詞匯】 ensure vt. 確保;meaningful adj. 有意義的;reproducible adj. 可再生的;
institution n. 機(jī)構(gòu)
【參考譯文】如果我們認(rèn)真確保我們的科學(xué)既有意義又可重復(fù)利用，那么我們必須確保我們的研究機(jī)構(gòu)鼓勵(lì)那種科學(xué)。
(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
【題目考點(diǎn)】狀語從句;賓語從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】主句主干：we must ensure that...。If we are serious about ensuring that...，這部分是if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，從句中的ensuring后為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;主句中ensure后同樣為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
【重點(diǎn)詞匯】be serious about 認(rèn)真對待 reproducible 可再生的，可重復(fù)的 institution 制度
【參考譯文】如果我們認(rèn)真確保我們的科學(xué)既有意義又可重復(fù)利用，我們必須確保我們的制度鼓勵(lì)這種科學(xué)。
Section IV Writing
51、【參考范文】
Dear William,
I am exceedingly delighted to receive your letter in which you inquired something about the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools”. I, as a member of the project, am writing you this letter for the purpose of informing you some of the necessary information.
First and foremost, the theme of the project is to help those rural primary schools in remote areas by arranging some activities, such as sending various kinds of books about different aspects to those lovely students, which can not only broaden their horizon and enrich their life, but also cultivate their ability of thinking and learning independently and critically. In addition, the volunteers should have the character of diligence, coupled with an optimistic and pleasant personality, which will assure them of positive attitude when facing some setbacks during the process of these activities.
If you have any question about this project, please contact me without any hesitation at aidingruralprimaryschools@edu.cn.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
52、【參考范文】
As is vividly portrayed in the cartoon, two people are climbing the mountain together. One of them sits on a higher step with his backpack beside his feet and complains, 'I'm tired, I don't want to climb anymore.' However, the partner carrying a bag catches up with him and hands him a bottle of water, he says, 'Come on, take a break then continue to climb.' Under the picture lies a caption: On the Way.
The impressive drawing has profoundly revealed that the process of our life is just like the mountain-climbing and only by adjusting our own pace and persisting in our goals can we reach a higher life realm——realizing the dreams for which we are always longing. For one thing, all kinds of interference make us give up sticking to dreams. For another, we haven't integrated dreams into our life because of being anxious for success. The most common instance is that when we want to improve our health or obtain a better figure, majority of us may determine to do exercise, but often end in laziness and various excuses.
As the saying goes, the end of man is the beginning of God, only those who do their best can get the favor of heaven and enjoy the joy of victory. It is advisable for us, positive climbers, to view persistence and struggle as a lifestyle. Only by taking these approvals into action can we enjoy the richness and beauty of life.
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