代詞
【巧學(xué)妙記】
英語人稱代詞用法口訣:
人稱代詞主賓格,作用不同莫用錯。
主格動詞前作主,動詞介詞后賓格。
You和it主賓同,其他主賓須分清。
人稱代詞并列現(xiàn),尊重他人禮當(dāng)先。
單數(shù)人稱二三一,復(fù)數(shù)人稱一二三。
若把錯誤責(zé)任擔(dān),第一人稱我靠前。
英語物主代詞用法口訣:
物主代詞分兩種,形容詞性名詞性。
形容詞性能力差,自己不能來當(dāng)家。
句子當(dāng)中作定語,身后定把名詞加。
物主代詞名詞性,相當(dāng)名詞可單用。
句中充當(dāng)主賓表,身后沒有名詞影。
兩種代詞形不同,添個 s 形變名。
his, its不用變,my變mine要記清。
【幾組易混不定代詞的用法區(qū)別】:
1. some和any
二者都可用作名詞(作主語或賓語),也可用作形容詞(作定語)來修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。
(1)some一般用于肯定句中。當(dāng)some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前時,表示"某一(個)",與數(shù)字連用則有"大概,大約"的意思;用于疑問句時,表示說話人希望得到肯定的回答,或表示請求、建議。
?I’ve read the story in some book. (某一本)
?Some girl. is waiting for you at the school gate.(某個)
?The country has exported some two million bikes this year. ( 大約 )
?May I have some water? (表示請求)
?Would you like some apples? (邀請)
(2)any多用于疑問句,否定句和條件句中。在肯定句中,any表示"任何的",修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。也可用作狀語,表示程度。
2. much和many
(1)both兩者都,all三者或三者以上,全體;在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。
(2)all指人,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);指物,表示"所有,一切",作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),也可用來作定語,修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
?All but one are present.(作主語,指人,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù))
?All is over with him.(作主語,指物,謂語動詞用單數(shù))
?I have forgotten all about it(作賓語)
?All hope has gone.(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
?They all agree to stay here.(作同位語)
3. much和many
兩個詞都有"許多"的意思,much表示或修飾不可數(shù)名詞,many表示或修飾可數(shù)名詞。在口語中,much或many多用于疑問句或否定句,在肯定句中常用a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of代替。much還可以用a great deal of代替,many可以用a (1arge) number of代替。
(1)much可用作副詞,作狀語,表程度。be not much意為"不怎么樣",much還可與too連用構(gòu)成"too much+
不可數(shù)名詞"短語,意為"太多的……","much too+形容詞或副詞",意為"太……,非常……",是副詞詞組,修飾形容詞、副詞,但不修飾動詞。
?The city is much larger than that one.
?I’ve visited the country and it is not much.
?There is too much noise in the classroom.
?I’m much too busy to see visitors.
(2)many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),表示"許多"。在名詞前如果有冠詞或指示代詞等詞時,要用many
of或much of結(jié)構(gòu)。
?Many a student has gone to the cinema.
?Many of the/my books are English.
4. each和every
(1)each強(qiáng)調(diào)個體,在句子中充當(dāng)定語、主語、賓語和同位語,指兩者或兩者以上的人或事物中的每一個。
?Each room can seat at least fifty people.
?Each of the students will get a new book.
?Each student will get a new book
?The students each will get a new book.
?There are trees and flowers on each side of the street. (街道只有兩邊,不能用every)
(2)every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,在句中只能作定語,指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的每一個。還可以構(gòu)成"every+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞","every + few + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞""every + other + 單數(shù)名詞""every +序數(shù)詞 + 單數(shù)名詞"表示"每隔……"。
?Every one has strong and weak points.
?Every student has told a story.
?every three weeks 每隔三個星期,每隔兩個星期
?every other week = every second week 每隔一星期
?every few weeks(不能說evesy a few weeks) 每隔幾個星期
4. either 和neither
either指"兩個人或物中的任何一個",表示肯定意義;neither指"兩個人或物一個也不",表示否定意義。這兩個詞作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。
①either可放在否定句的句尾,表示"也"。
?I don’t know either. 我也不知道。
②either可用作連詞,"或者,要么"的意思,一般與。or連用,構(gòu)成"either... or"短語,意為"不是……而是……","或者……或者……"。當(dāng)這一短語連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上要同最近的主語保持一致。
?Either he or I am to blame.
?Is either he or you going to the cinema?
?Are either you or he going to the cinema?
③either修飾名詞時,前面不用物主代詞,指示代詞或定冠詞,可以說"either pen",但不能說"the either pen或either my pen"。
④either用作代詞時,可以單獨(dú)使用,也可和of連用,of后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,名詞前要用一個物主代詞,指示代詞或定冠詞。
?He doesn’t like either of the two places.
⑤當(dāng)either of作主語時,動詞一般用單數(shù)形式,但在否定句和疑問句中,動詞也常用復(fù)數(shù),特別在口語中。
?Either of them is good enough.
?I don’t think either of them are at home.
6. no和 none
(1)no表示"不""無",只能作定語,修飾不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù),相當(dāng)于not any或not a。
?There is no water in th
e bottle.
(2)none表示"沒有人,任何人也不",用作名詞,相當(dāng)于no one或not any,常同of連用,構(gòu)成"None of..."結(jié)構(gòu)
,none作可數(shù)名詞用時,指三者或三者以上。作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)均可,none作不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。none在句中作主語或賓語,不作定語,不與名詞連用。
?None of the books are (is) interesting.
【特別注意】
1. "none but+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"作主語時,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
?None but wolves walk like that.除非狼才會那么走。
2. none和noone的區(qū)別:
none回答以howmany/much引出的特殊疑問句或"any of + 限定詞 + 名詞"或表一定范圍的一般疑問句,no one回答以who引出的特殊疑問句及含有anybody或無限定范圍的一般問句,簡言之,none表示數(shù)量,no one表示沒有人。
?— How many students are there in the classroom now?
—None.
?—How any of you ever been to the Great Wall?
—None.
?—Who can answer the question?
—No one.
7. other,another, others,any other和the other
(1)other表示泛指,意為"另外的,其他的",常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用。如果其前有the,this,some,any,each,every,no以及形容詞性物主代詞時,其后就可接單數(shù)名詞。
?I have no other place to go.
(2)another常用于指三者或三者以上中的"另外一個",泛指單數(shù)??梢詥为?dú)使用,也可以接名詞。如果其后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則表示"又,再,還"。
?This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one).
?We need another three assistants in our company.
(3)others是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示泛指,意為"別的人或物",但不指全部。特指時在其前加定冠詞;前面可加任何限定詞以及數(shù)量詞。
?He has more concern for others than for himself.
(4)any other表示一個之外的其他任何一個,而不是兩個之中的另一個。
?China is larger than any other country in Asia.
(5)the other表示兩者中的另外一個??梢詥为?dú)使用,也可接單數(shù)名詞。
?No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give away to the other.
【高考真題解析】
I. 改錯
1.(2017·新課標(biāo)全國卷I·短文改錯)I still remember how hard first day was.
【答案】first前加the/my
【解析】句意:我依然記得第一天是多么艱難。句中特指開始學(xué)駕照的第一天,所以在first前加上the。也可以加上my,my first day表示"我(學(xué)駕照)的第一天",故在first前加the或my。
2.(2017·新課標(biāo)全國卷III·短文改錯)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
(1)【答案】they→that/which
【解析】they不能引導(dǎo)定語從句,因?yàn)橹复鷗hings,所以把they改為that或者which。
(2)【答案】在picture前加the/ this
【解析】單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)該有限定詞,根據(jù)句意可知在picture前加the或者this。
3.(2017·新課標(biāo)全國卷III·短文改錯)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.
【答案】your→my
【解析】考查代詞。根據(jù)句意可知此處是我高中時代生活的美好回憶,故把your改為my。
【應(yīng)試點(diǎn)撥】
高考短文改錯中關(guān)于代詞的錯誤主要是:
1. 代詞的主格和賓格(I/me; he/him; she/her; we/us; they/them)錯誤;
2. 反身代詞(myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves)使用錯誤;
3. 代詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)使用錯誤;
4. 代詞指代錯誤;
5. 多代詞或少代詞。
II. 語法填空
1.(2017·新課標(biāo)全國II卷·語法填空)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ____________ every day.
【答案】it
【解析】考查代詞,這里用it指代前句的the railway,故填it。
2. (2016·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ____________ (it) mother.
【答案】its
【解析】句意:在我最近的一次看望中,可愛的三個月大的雙胞胎中的一只被它的母親遺棄了。由后面的mother和句意可知,此處指代前面的twin,且應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞表示所屬關(guān)系,故用its。
3. (2016·四川)By that time, the panda no longer needed _____________(it) mother for food.
【答案】its
【解析】句意:到那時,這只熊貓不再需要從它的母親那里獲取食物了。此處主語是the panda,用形容詞性物主代詞its修飾mother。
4. (2016·浙江)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ___________ in the UK.
【答案】that
【解析】句意:在很多方面,美國的教育體系和英國的教育體系很不一樣。這里指代前面的名詞education system,同類不同物,所以用that。
5. (2015·陜西)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the ___ .
【答案】other
【解析】句意:為了讓自己暖和起來,這個水手坐在火堆旁,光著腳,用一只腳搓另一只腳。表示兩者中的一個……,另一個……,用one...the other...。
6. (2015·四川)Niki is always full of ideas,but ____ is useful to my knowledge.
【答案】none
【解析】句意:Niki總是有很多主意,但是沒有一個主意對我的知識有用。三者或三者否定以上用none,可指人也可指物。
7. (2015·天津)The quality of education in this small school is better than ____ in some larger schools.
【答案】that
【解析】句意:這所規(guī)模較小的學(xué)校的教育質(zhì)量比一些規(guī)模較大的學(xué)校的教育質(zhì)量好得多。表示比較時,指代前面的quality of education要用that,為了避免重復(fù),可以代替前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞。
8. (2015·福建)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but ____ contained any useful suggestions.
【答案】neither
【解析】考查代詞。句意:這個研究組發(fā)布了以調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)的兩個報道,但是都沒有有用的建議。根據(jù)句意
,兩者都不用neither。
9. (2015·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ) A few hours before/earlier, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with ____ (it) choking smog.
【答案】its
【解析】此處用形容詞性物主代詞修飾choking smog。its的意思是"香港的"。
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