專題13 特殊句式
【高考考綱解讀】
特殊句式比較雜亂，掌握起來(lái)有一定的難度。其中倒裝句是高考的熱點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)句是高考的難點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，祈使句與陳述句的區(qū)別、省略與替代的合理運(yùn)用也是高考考查的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。近三年的高考題更加注重考查知識(shí)之間的交叉現(xiàn)象，如在考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句的同時(shí)考查定語(yǔ)從句，把省略、強(qiáng)調(diào)句與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生綜合把握語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力。
【重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)剖析】
一 、倒裝句
(一)完全倒裝(Full Inversion)
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全放在主語(yǔ)之前的句子便是完全倒裝句。這類句型主要有：
1．表示方式、方位的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首，且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)。如：
In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
在英格蘭一所大學(xué)的講堂里坐著一位教授。
South of the river lies a small factory.
一個(gè)小型工廠坐落在河的南岸。
Out rushed the children.
孩子們沖了出去。
2．such置于句首時(shí)。如：
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist.
這就是艾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦，一個(gè)樸實(shí)的人，也是20世紀(jì)最偉大的科
②如果not until引導(dǎo)的是句子，until從句不可倒裝，只是主句需要倒裝。
(7)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...'剛……就……'等引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)句子時(shí)，前一個(gè)句子用部分倒裝，后一個(gè)句子不倒裝。
Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.
他一聽到這個(gè)消息就哭了。
(三)形式倒裝(Formal Inversion)
形式上的倒裝在語(yǔ)法上稱為前置。它的特點(diǎn)是，只把強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首，主謂并不倒裝。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)較多，但尤其要注意as, though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)采用形式倒裝的情況。
1．表語(yǔ)的倒裝
Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.
盡管他很累，他還是繼續(xù)工作。
2．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的倒裝
Try as he might，he didn't pass the exam.
盡管很用功，但他考試還是不及格。
3．狀語(yǔ)的倒裝
Much as he likes the bike, he doesn't want to buy it.
他雖然很喜歡那輛自行車，但不想買它。
警示
如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)作表語(yǔ)，不再用冠詞。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
盡管他是孩子，但他懂得很多。
Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.
他雖然是我們班年齡最小的，但英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得最好。
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)
It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that＋句子剩余成分
(一)強(qiáng)調(diào)人時(shí)可用who/that來(lái)連接，強(qiáng)調(diào)事物時(shí)用that來(lái)連接。
被強(qiáng)調(diào)的可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是從句，但結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分可以是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，但不能是定語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)。如：
It is I who/that am right.
我才是對(duì)的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))
(二)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊句式
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是在1939年爆發(fā)的嗎？
When was it that you called me yesterday?
你昨天給我打電話是什么時(shí)候？
What is it that you want me to do?
你要我做什么？
I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘掉墨鏡我才認(rèn)出她是著名影星。
(三)用助動(dòng)詞do，does或did來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的肯定的陳述句中，do還可以用于祈使句。
Do be careful while crossing the street.
過(guò)馬路時(shí)一定要當(dāng)心。
三、省略
(一)定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that, which, whom?？梢允÷?。
(二)狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略現(xiàn)象
1．當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，且從句中含be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞。
Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.
While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.
當(dāng)我正在沿著大街走時(shí)，我聽見(jiàn)有人叫我的名字。
The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.
展覽比預(yù)料的更有趣。
He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.
他張了張嘴好像有話要說(shuō)。
2．當(dāng)從句中的主語(yǔ)是it，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if, unless, when, whenever)＋形容詞。如：
Unless (it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary.
如果沒(méi)必要，你最好別查詞典。
另外，我們還可以用so或not代替上文內(nèi)容，此時(shí)可有'if＋so/not'省略句式：If so和If not。
He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note.
他那時(shí)也許不在家。如果不在家的話，給他留下個(gè)便條。
(三)不定式的省略
1．單獨(dú)使用不定式符號(hào)to，代替動(dòng)詞不定式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后邊。如：
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
2．否定形式的省略用not to。
—Shall I go instead of him?
—I prefer you not to.
——我可以代替他去嗎？
——我寧可你不去。
3．如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：
—Are you a sailor?
—No, but I used to be.
——你是個(gè)海員嗎？
——不是，但我以前是。
—He hasn't finished yet.
—Well, he ought to have.
——他還沒(méi)完成。
——哦，他早該完成了。
(四)賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1．由which, when, where, how和why引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引導(dǎo)詞。
Please pass me one of these books, I don't care which(you pass me)．
請(qǐng)遞給我一本書，隨便哪一本。
He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back)．
他會(huì)回來(lái)的，但他不知道什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。
2．由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，連詞that可省略，若帶有多個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，只有第一個(gè)that可省略，其余不能。
He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他說(shuō)這篇課文非常重要，我們應(yīng)該背下來(lái)。
四、主謂一致
(一)并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致
1．兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞用and連接，表示兩個(gè)不同的概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
Tom and Jack were close friends.
湯姆和杰克是親密的朋友。
2．兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞用and連接，表示同一人、同一物、同一個(gè)概念或表示不可分割的整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如：
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演員將參加我們的晚會(huì)。
3．被every, each, many a, no等限定的單數(shù)名詞由and連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。其中，后一個(gè)限定詞可省略。如：
Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.
每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都有一個(gè)蘋果。
【變式探究】Only when Lily walked into the office ________ that she had left the contract at home.
A．she realized B．has she realized
C．she has realized D．did she realize
答案：D
【舉一反三】It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
我們?cè)诨氐郊視r(shí)才意識(shí)到幫助有困難的人是多么的令人高興。
答案 that
【變式探究】Not only ________the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.
【答案】do
【解析】考查倒裝句。句意：護(hù)士們不僅希望漲工資，還希望減少工時(shí)。not only...連接并列分句置于句首時(shí)，其后要用倒裝。
【變式探究】Only when he apologizes for his rudeness ________ to him again.(I will speak, will I speak)
【答案】will I speak
【解析】考查倒裝句和動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：只有他為他的粗魯?shù)狼笗r(shí)，我才會(huì)再跟他講話。only＋時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)，句子要部分倒裝。
【舉一反三】Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.(it occurred, did it occur)
【答案】did it occur
【解析】考查倒裝句。句意：邁克爾從來(lái)沒(méi)想到有一天他會(huì)成為班上的尖子生。否定副詞not置于句首用于強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，句子要用部分倒裝，故答案為did it occur。解答這類題目需要了解用于倒裝的各種前提，準(zhǔn)確理解句子含義。
【變式探究】Never before ________ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.
A．had she B．she had C．has she D．she has
【答案】C
【解析】考查倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)和時(shí)態(tài)。句意：她以前從來(lái)沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)其他人打網(wǎng)球像Robert打得那么好。never before表示否定意義，置于句首時(shí)，主句要進(jìn)行部分倒裝。再結(jié)合后面定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)可知，主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
【變式探究】Only after Mary read her composition the second time ________ the spelling mistake.
A．did she notice B．she noticed
C．does she notice D．she has noticed
【答案】A
【變式探究】 For a moment nothing happened.Then ________ all shouting together.
A．voices had come B．came voices
C．voices would come D．did voices come
【答案】B
【解析】副詞then，away，out，in等位于句首，且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，句子用全部倒裝，故選B。解題的關(guān)鍵是識(shí)別全部倒裝句的標(biāo)志詞，即注意放在句首的一些副詞。如here，there，then，up，down，out，in，away，off等副詞位于句首時(shí)，就很可能是考查全部倒裝句的。
【歸納總結(jié)】
完全倒裝與部分倒裝
(1)完全倒裝：當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)here，there，down，up，now，out，off等方位副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)in the room，on the way等置于句首時(shí)，句子全部倒裝，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，主謂不倒裝。
(2)部分倒裝：
①only修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句，且放在句首時(shí)；
②否定詞、半否定詞never，nor，neither，hardly，seldom，little等置于句首時(shí)；
③so/nor/neither＋助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)，表示也(不)……；
④So＋adj./adv.＋助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)that...
⑤Not only...，but also...連接句子時(shí)，Not only后是主謂倒裝，but also后是正常語(yǔ)序。
題型二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句
【例2】It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbours.
A．who B．where
C．which D．that
【變式探究】You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ________ the coach picks up tourists.
【答案】that 【解析】句意：你等錯(cuò)地方了。長(zhǎng)途汽車來(lái)賓館接游客。本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that/who＋其他。本句中at the hotel是被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分，缺強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中的that，故填that。
【舉一反三】Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized.
A．while B．though
C．that D．a(chǎn)fter
解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。巴赫于1750年去世，但是直到19世紀(jì)早期他的音樂(lè)天賦才被完全承認(rèn)。it is/was...that...是強(qiáng) 調(diào) 句型，本題被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)not until the early 19th century。
答案：C
【舉一反三】It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
我們?cè)诨氐郊視r(shí)才意識(shí)到幫助有困難的人是多么的令人高興。
答案 that
【變式探究】It was the culture, rather than the language, ________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.
【答案】that
【解析】本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的判定。句意：是文化而不是語(yǔ)言使他很難適應(yīng)國(guó)外的新環(huán)境。從理解思路上先看本句是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that＋其他部分。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的判斷方法是將It is/was與that去掉，來(lái)驗(yàn)證此句是不是一個(gè)成分完整的句子。經(jīng)判斷句子'The culture, rather than the language, made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.'成分完整，由此可以斷定本句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，所以空格處應(yīng)用that。
【變式探究】 It was not until near the end of the letter ________ she mentioned her own plan.
【答案】that
【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。句意：直到快寫到信的結(jié)尾的時(shí)候，她才提到了自己的計(jì)劃。本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋that＋其他成分。句中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)not until near the end of the letter。
【舉一反三】It was only after he had read the papers ________ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
【答案】that
【變式探究】It was not until I came here ________ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
A．who B．that C．where D．before
【答案】B
【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，其結(jié)構(gòu)為'it is/was...that...'，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是'not until I came here'，如果將該強(qiáng)調(diào)句還原成正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：I didn't realize this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather until I came here.
【變式探究】(2014·四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school ________ Mr. Smith got angry?
【答案】that
【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。句意：史密斯先生生氣是因?yàn)榻芸松蠈W(xué)遲到了嗎？強(qiáng)調(diào)句用來(lái)引起他人注意，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：'It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that/who. . . '，可譯為：'正是……'或'就是……'。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)是：Is/Was it...that/who...？本題中是對(duì)原因狀語(yǔ)從句'because Jack came late for school'進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。
【變式探究】It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ________ benefits our work most.
A．who B．which C．that D．what
【答案】C
【解析】考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知此句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型'It is...that...'，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是'not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do'。句意：給我們工作帶來(lái)最大益處的不是我們做了多少而是我們將多少愛(ài)投入到我們所從事的事業(yè)中。由于此題題干長(zhǎng)(除空格外有21個(gè)單詞)、成分復(fù)雜(含有表語(yǔ)從句2個(gè)、賓語(yǔ)從句1個(gè))，試題難度大，不少考生容易選錯(cuò)。
【歸納總結(jié)】
1．被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)，連接詞that/who；非人時(shí)，用that。
2．特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋is/was＋it＋that/who＋其他部分。
3．含not...until...的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型為：It is/was not until＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that/who＋其他部分。
4．把句子中的'It is/was...that/who'去掉之后，句子依然成立，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
5．如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用助動(dòng)詞do，does或did。
考點(diǎn)三、反意疑問(wèn)句
【例3】I don't believe you can do today's job with yesterday's methods and be in tomorrow's business, ________？
【答案】can you
【變式探究】 There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent，________？
A．is there B．isn't there
C．is he D．isn't he
【答案】A
【解析】陳述部分中含有表示否定意義的詞little，所以簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用肯定形式，首先排除B、D兩項(xiàng)；陳述部分為there be句型，故簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句應(yīng)用is there，故選A項(xiàng)。
【變式探究】 I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did，________？
A．could he B．didn't I
C．didn't you D．could they
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我告訴他們并非每個(gè)人都可以跑得和你一樣快，不是嗎？在反意疑問(wèn)句中，若陳述部分是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，附加疑問(wèn)句一般要與主句一致。本句含有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句且主句為'I told them...'，故選B。
【變式探究】 He must be helping the old man to water the flowers，________？
A．is he B．isn't he
C．must be D．mustn't he
【答案】B
【解析】must在此表猜測(cè)，是'一定'之意，此時(shí)反意疑問(wèn)句部分以must之后的動(dòng)詞為準(zhǔn)，所以B項(xiàng)正確。
【歸納總結(jié)】
反意疑問(wèn)句的特殊情況
(1)含must的反意疑問(wèn)句。當(dāng)must意為'必須'時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分用needn't；當(dāng)mustn't為'不允許，禁止'時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分用must/may；當(dāng)must表推測(cè)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的動(dòng)詞形式根據(jù)其后面的動(dòng)詞及其句子的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)確定。
(2)含賓語(yǔ)從句的反意疑問(wèn)句。反意疑問(wèn)部分一般與主句保持一致，但是當(dāng)主句是I think，I believe，I expect，I imagine，I suppose等時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分與賓語(yǔ)從句保持一致。
考點(diǎn)四、主謂一致
【例4】The basketball coach，as well as his team，________ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
A．were B．was C．is D．a(chǎn)re
【答案】B
【變式探究】It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and
often ________ years to achieve.
A．is；takes B．a(chǎn)re；takes C．a(chǎn)re；take D．is；take
解析：考查主謂一致。句意：重要的是要記住，成功是每天所做的一些小小的努力的總和，它常常需要很多年的時(shí)間才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。此處success是不可數(shù)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，故選A項(xiàng)。
答案：A
【變式探究】All we need ________(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.
【答案】is
【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：所有我們需要的是我們?cè)谝荒曛猩L(zhǎng)的季節(jié)能種植各種各樣果樹的一小塊土地。All we need相當(dāng)于All that we need，作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；且本句表達(dá)的是客觀需要，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【變式探究】 Look! From opposite the street ________， screaming in panic.(two kids are coming, come two kids)
【答案】come two kids
【舉一反三】—Don't make such a noise again.
—Sorry. Oh, look, away ________(fly) the rest of the birds!
【答案】fly
【解析】考查倒裝和主謂一致。副詞away置于句首且主語(yǔ)是名詞，句子應(yīng)采用完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。注意：該類倒裝句中不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)；又主語(yǔ)the rest of the birds表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故用fly。
【變式探究】Walmart，which is one of the largest American supermarket chains，________ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A．keeps B．keep C．have kept D．had kept
【答案】A
【解析】句意：沃爾瑪是美國(guó)最大的連鎖超市之一，部分店從星期一到星期六24小時(shí)營(yíng)業(yè)。根據(jù)句中的'is'可知，此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為Walmart，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，故選A。
【變式探究】 All the scientific evidence ________ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________ damaging our health.
A．show；are B．shows；are C．show；is D．shows；is
【答案】D
【解析】evidence作'證據(jù)，證明'講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，故第一空用shows；increasing use of chemicals in farming是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，故第二空用is。
【歸納總結(jié)】
'主謂一致'三原則
(1)語(yǔ)法一致原則
主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)通常在語(yǔ)法形式上一致，即主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(2)意義一致原則
意義一致原則是指從意義著眼來(lái)解決主謂一致問(wèn)題。有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)意義亦用單數(shù)形式。如有些集合名詞，如public，goverment，family，class，team，group等。
(3)就近原則
就近原則是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與其鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的有or，either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also，not...but等。
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