Who owns this?
月球是誰的？
Is it America, the country that planted a flag on it?
是美國嗎？因?yàn)樵谒厦娌辶艘幻鎳欤?/p>
Or this man, who has been selling plots of it for almost 40 years?
或者這個(gè)已經(jīng)賣了將近40年的月球上的土地的人？
Or is it us and anyone else who bought one and has the certificate to prove it?
或者是我們中的某人？買下了月球并且持有證書證明的？
Today many believe the Moon could be the next frontier for tourism, space exploration, or even the mining of precious natural resources, which means this question might be about to become a lot more important.
今天，許多人認(rèn)為月球可能是下一個(gè)旅游、太空探索，甚至是開采寶貴自然資源的前沿陣地，這意味著這個(gè)問題可能會(huì)變得更加重要。
In 1969, an estimated 650 million people watched as Neil Armstrong took his first step on the surface of the Moon.
1969年，據(jù)估計(jì)有6.5億人觀看了尼爾·阿姆斯特朗踏上月球表面的第一步。
Five more landings followed.
隨后又有五次月球著陸。
And then for almost 50 years, no humans went back.
然而，近50年來，沒有人再去過月球。
That is about to change.
這種情況即將發(fā)生變化。
There are dozens of lunar missions planned over the next 20 years, and some will carry crews.
未來20年計(jì)劃進(jìn)行數(shù)十次登月任務(wù)，其中一些還將搭載宇航員。
The first to land could be in 2024, when NASA hopes to send a crew to the lunar south pole, where it's believed water may be frozen in craters.
第一次登陸可能是在2024年，美國宇航局希望派遣一批宇航員前往月球的南極，據(jù)稱那里可能有水被凍結(jié)在火山口中。
That crew may well include the first woman to land on the Moon.
這些船員中很可能會(huì)有一名女性，第一名登上月球的女性。
After years of being left alone, why is the Moon hot property once again?
這么多年的無人問津之后，為什么月球現(xiàn)在又火了？
This book could have the answers, or at least the man who wrote it might.
這本書中有答案，或者至少是寫這本書的人有答案。
He's Oliver Morton, senior editor at The Economist.
他是奧利弗·莫頓，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的高級(jí)編輯。
The most simple reason perhaps is tourism.
最簡單的原因就是旅游業(yè)。
We do live on a planet now with an extraordinary number of very rich people, and only some of them need to think this is a cool idea for it to happen.
我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個(gè)擁有大量富人的星球上，這些富人中就有人有這個(gè)想法。
There is a Japanese billionaire who has ordered a space flight from SpaceX, Elon Musk's company.
有一位日本億萬富翁從埃隆·馬斯克的公司SpaceX訂購了一次太空旅行。
The Chinese have talked about putting people onto the Moon, then the Americans are thinking about going back because the Chinese are thinking about going.
中國說要把人送上月球，而美國因?yàn)橹袊诳紤]去月球之后，也想去月球了。
Of course none of this would be happening if you still had to spend sort of like a huge chunk of America's national budget to go to the Moon.
當(dāng)然，如果仍然需要花費(fèi)大量的美國國家預(yù)算才能去月球的話，那絕對(duì)不可能。
But in fact you probably don't now.
但事實(shí)是可能已經(jīng)不需要花這么多錢了。
The price of a space launch, the most expensive part of going to the Moon, has dropped substantially.
太空發(fā)射是去月球這個(gè)計(jì)劃中最昂貴的部分，但是它的價(jià)格已經(jīng)大幅下降了。
In 1981, NASA paid almost $62000 a kilo to launch the Space Shuttle.
1981年，美國宇航局花了將近每公斤62000美元的價(jià)格來發(fā)射航天飛機(jī)。
Last year SpaceX's Falcon Heavy cost just under one and a half thousand dollars a kilo.
去年，SpaceX公司的Falcon重型飛機(jī)的價(jià)格幾乎低于每公斤1.5美元。
That's a real term drop by a factor of 40.
這個(gè)價(jià)格實(shí)際上下降了40倍。
There's another reason the Moon may be an attractive destination: its resources, one of which is vital for supporting life in space.
月球如此有吸引力的另一個(gè)原因是：它有某種對(duì)于維持太空生命至關(guān)重要的資源。
One of the things you don't have much of in space near the Earth is water.
在地球附近的太空中有一種必須存在的資源就是：水。
But in the past few decades, ice has been discovered in craters of the Moon's poles.
在過去的幾十年里，在月球兩極的隕石坑中發(fā)現(xiàn)了冰。
So that's something that would be really useful if you're building a Moon base, because you wouldn't have to ship it up from Earth.
所以，如果要建造一個(gè)月球基地，那是非常有用的，因?yàn)槲覀兙筒恍枰獜牡厍蛏线\(yùn)水上來了。
And there's the potential of mineable treasure, including highly valuable platinum-group minerals, left over from asteroid impacts.
還有可開采的寶藏，包括價(jià)值極高的小行星撞擊留下的鉑族礦物。
And the very rare isotope helium-3, absorbed by the Moon's surface from the sun, and used in nuclear fusion to produce a clean source of energy.
和非常罕見的從太陽吸收的同位素氦-3，可以用于核聚變產(chǎn)生清潔能源。
There are plans to mine both.
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有計(jì)劃要去開采這兩種礦物。
But Oliver isn't convinced.
但奧利弗不相信這種事情。
If the platinum-group metals are there in really, really localized rich ways, there might be something to be done there, but we don't know that that's the case.
如果鉑族金屬是以非常、非常局部化的方式存在的，那可能需要提前做一些事情，但我們不知道情況是怎樣的。
The helium-3 is there, but if you're doing something really difficult, like trying to recreate the power that drives the sun in a little magnetic bottle, do you really want to make life harder by saying, oh yeah and I'll use Moon dust too?
氦-3是存在的，但是如果你正在做一些非常困難的事情，比如試圖在一個(gè)小小的磁瓶里重現(xiàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)太陽的能量，你真的想讓一切變得更困難嗎，例如說什么我也要使用月球塵埃？
I don't think that's a very serious idea.
我認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)非常不嚴(yán)肅的想法。
As well as its resources.
以及它的資源。
The Moon can teach scientists more about the history of the solar system.
月球可以讓科學(xué)家更多地了解太陽系的歷史。
And it could be a proving ground for further space exploration, for example for a manned mission to Mars.
它可能成為進(jìn)一步太空探索的試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)，例如載人火星任務(wù)。
But ultimately the main driver for returning to the Moon is nationalism.
但最終讓人們回到月球的主要?jiǎng)恿κ敲褡逯髁x。
I think the politics of the Moon will probably reflect the politics of the Earth.
我認(rèn)為月球的政策可能會(huì)反映地球的政治。
Make no mistake about it.
不要出任何差錯(cuò)。
We're in a space race today, just as we were in the 1960s.
今天我們正在進(jìn)行太空競(jìng)賽，就像上世紀(jì)60年代一樣。
And the stakes are even higher.
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。
Boundless vistas are beheld from perilous peaks, I hope that our spaceworkers will boldly scale the high peaks on their journey to develop the space industry.
無限風(fēng)光在險(xiǎn)峰，希望廣大航天人在航天事業(yè)發(fā)展的征程上勇攀高峰。
If the two nations that both have an interest in a crater on the south pole of the Moon, also have an interest in say the South China Seas, then the chances that they might be somewhat daggers drawn on the Moon is obviously higher.
如果兩國都對(duì)月球南極的一個(gè)隕石坑感興趣，就像對(duì)中國南海感興趣一樣，那么在月球上就可能發(fā)生劍拔弩張的情況。
And this is where who owns what on the Moon really starts to matter.
這就是月球是誰的這個(gè)問題變得極其重要的原因。
Which brings us back to this man.
讓我們回到這個(gè)人身上。
He's Dennis Hope.
他是丹尼斯·霍普。
In 1980, he claimed ownership of the Moon, and started selling it off for around $25 an acre.
1980年，他聲稱擁有月球，并開始以每英畝25美元的價(jià)格出售月球上的土地。
He says it's netted him millions.
他說這讓他賺了幾百萬美元。
Apparently even three former US presidents have Moon plots from him.
顯然，就連三位美國前總統(tǒng)都從他那里買了土地。
Vicky Jeong is a space lawyer.
鄭薇（音譯）是一名太空律師。
Yes, that is a real job.
是的，那是一份真正的工作。
We showed her our lunar certificate.
我們給她看了我們的月球證書。
Oh you've even got a land registration form, wow!
哦，你甚至有一張土地登記表，哇！
It looks very pretty and nice but doesn't have any legal validity at all.
它看起來很漂亮，但根本沒有任何法律效力。
This is because of an agreement signed in 1967 called the Outer Space Treaty.
這是因?yàn)?967年簽署的一項(xiàng)名為《外層空間條約》的協(xié)定。
Meanwhile the foreign minister presided at the signing of the treaty banning nuclear weapons from outer space.
同時(shí)，外交部長主持簽署了禁止外太空核武器條約。
As well as trying to avoid an arms race, the treaty set out certain restrictions.
該條約除了試圖避免軍備競(jìng)賽外，還規(guī)定了某些限制。
It states that it should be for the benefit of all mankind, and it sets out important principles such as non-appropriation.
該條約指出，月球應(yīng)該是全人類的利益所在，它還提出了一些重要的原則，如不占有。
So whether you put up a flag, whether you do anything, you build anything, you just don't have property rights over the Moon.
所以，無論你掛起哪面國旗，無論你做了什么，你建造了什么，你還是沒有對(duì)月球的產(chǎn)權(quán)。
But the Outer Space Treaty only prohibits ownership of the Moon itself.
但《外層空間條約》只禁止擁有月球本身。
The legality of who owns resources found on the Moon like metals or water is left up to interpretation.
誰擁有在月球上發(fā)現(xiàn)的資源，如金屬或水，其合法性還有待解釋。
So what if say China and America both want to mine the same bit of the Moon?
那么，如果說中美兩國都想開采同樣的月球資源呢？
To work out what could happen up here, we have to look down there.
為了弄清楚會(huì)發(fā)生什么，我們得往下看。
So the deep sea is really not a part of any country.
我們知道深海并不是任何國家的一部分。
It's also very hard to get to and that's like the Moon.
人類也很難到達(dá)深海，就像也很難到達(dá)月球一樣。
So the Law of the Sea is the best model there is at the moment for what a Moon agreement might be like.
因此，《海洋法》是目前達(dá)成月球協(xié)議的最佳模式。
The Law of the Sea sets out which part of the deep ocean belongs to specific countries, and which is shared by all humankind.
《海洋法》規(guī)定了深海的哪一部分屬于哪個(gè)國家，哪些是全人類共有的。
For those areas it has strict criteria for how private companies can mine for their own gain.
在這些領(lǐng)域，《海洋法》對(duì)私營公司如何為自己的利益進(jìn)行資源開采制定了嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
This includes respecting the environment and ensuring some of the proceeds go to help less-developed countries.
包括保護(hù)環(huán)境和確保部分收益用于幫助欠發(fā)達(dá)國家。
But America has refused to ratify the Law of the Sea, believing as with the Moon in 'finders keepers'.
但美國拒絕承認(rèn)《海洋法》，認(rèn)為月球也是：誰發(fā)現(xiàn)就是誰的。
So even if there is a new Moon treaty, America is unlikely to sign up to it if it's modelled on the Law of the Sea.
因此，即使有一個(gè)新的月球條約，如果是仿照《海洋法》的話，美國也不太可能簽署。
There is definitely a need to create another international legal framework.
所以絕對(duì)有必要建立另一個(gè)國際法律框架。
Most countries recognize that.
大多數(shù)國家都意識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。
But it is very hard to reach consensus, because a lot have their own interests.
但很難達(dá)成共識(shí)，因?yàn)楹芏嗳硕加凶约旱睦妗?/p>
It will be a political mess.
這將是一場(chǎng)政治上的混亂。
Just how much of a mess won't be known until the first crater is mined or the first hotel is built.
直到第一個(gè)隕石坑被開采或第一家旅館建成，我們才能知道到底有多少亂七八糟的東西亟待解決。
And it may be many moons until the question of who owns the Moon is finally resolved.
所以可能會(huì)有很多個(gè)月球（這里是指很多人都聲稱自己擁有月球，所以有許多不同的說法），直到月球是誰的這個(gè)問題最終得到解決。
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