狀語從句.概念狀語從句修飾主句中的動詞,形容詞,副詞等,在復(fù)合句中作狀語.引導(dǎo)狀語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞.狀語從句用陳述句語序,一般位于復(fù)合句的句首或句末.當(dāng)從句在句首時,從句后常用逗號和主句相隔.狀語是句子謂語動詞的重要組成部分。它的主要語法功能是說明謂語動詞，在時間、地點、方式、原因、結(jié)果，條件等方面對謂語動詞作細(xì)節(jié)上的描述這些狀語經(jīng)常由副詞、短語和從句表示。起狀語作用的從句就是狀語從句。狀語從句可分為1時間 2地點 3目的 4原因 5結(jié)果 6方式 7條件 8讓步 9比較九個種類。考點分析：1. 狀語從句雖然有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，卻是不能獨立的從句。2. 狀語從句它由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)成為整個句子一個不可缺少的部分。3. 考查的熱點有條件、時間、地點、讓步等狀語從句的連接詞詞義辨析.4. 動詞的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)、狀語從句的省略等。5. 題干結(jié)構(gòu)呈交叉和綜合特征，選項設(shè)計多從定語從句和名詞性從句的角度進行思維干擾。引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連接詞列表狀 語 從 句連 接 詞時間狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as(一……就……), while, before, after, since , till, until。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, barely \ scarcely … when(一……就……)，each time, the first（第一次）, last time。every time（每次）,地點狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since。特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, in as much as,條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless,。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that。讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever。結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so … that, so… that, such … that,。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that。方式狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that。比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較)。 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B★★★★第一講：時間狀語從句★★★★1. 表示“一…就…”的連接詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句：1由“as soon as, the instant/ the moment, the minute, instantly, directly, once, immediately”等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句：The moment he saw me, he ran away. 他一看見我，就跑了。My sister came directly she got my message. 我妹妹一收到我的信息就來了。Once printed, this book will be very popular.一印刷，這本書就將非常流行。Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes.這個扭一按下去，這礦就爆炸了。They told me the news immediately they got the message.他一得到信息就馬上把消息告訴了我。2 由“no sooner… than”和“had just/hardly/scarcely/ barely …when”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。Hardly had I returned when I bought a fine house. 我一回來就買了個好房子。He had no sooner received the news than he started.他一收到這個消息就出發(fā)了。No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest. 我們一到達山頂就全都坐下來休息。Scarcely had he entered the room when the phone rang.他一進屋電話就響了。We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.我們剛一吃完早飯門口就來了一個老人。2. 其它引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連接詞：1由“as, while, when, whenever”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，同時whenever引導(dǎo)的也是讓步狀語從句。The volumes varies as the temperature increases.She entered the room when the meeting was going on.當(dāng)會議正在進行時她進了屋。Come and see me whenever you want to.無論你什么時候想來看我都可以。Whenever father says”not bad”, he really means “very good”.無論父親什么時候說“不錯“，他真正的意思是”很好“。While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively and took notes.當(dāng)老師解釋課文時，學(xué)生們認(rèn)真地聽并記下筆記。While ,when 和as的用法區(qū)別：在表示“當(dāng)…時候“，句中是延續(xù)性動詞時，三個詞的用法差別不大，一般可互換。例如：While /when/ as the students were studying, the lights went out.學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)時等滅了。1 As 從句可用來表示以下三種情況，意為“一邊……一邊……”、 “隨著”“正當(dāng)”之意：1. 某事一發(fā)生，另一事立即發(fā)生。As I expressed to him my thanks, he held my hand firmly. 當(dāng)我向他表示感謝時，他緊緊地抓住了我的手。2. 在某事發(fā)生的過程中另一事件發(fā)生。兩個句子動詞都用一般時態(tài)，從句也可用進行時態(tài)。As they opened the door on the ground floor, Mary said,”don’t light the lamps.”當(dāng)他們打開一樓的門時，瑪麗說：“別開燈?！?div style="height:15px;">
One evening in 1902 as she was sitting with Pierre at home, she said to him, “l(fā)et’s go down to the laboratory again.” 1902年的一個夜晚，她和皮埃爾坐在家里時，她對皮埃爾說：“咱們再去一下實驗室吧?！?div style="height:15px;">
3. 兩個動作同時發(fā)生。As each day passes(=with the passing of each day), China becomes more and more powerful and prosperous.隨著一天天的過去，中國變得越來越繁榮強大。As the peasant boy fought back, the nobleman drew his sword(劍) and thrust(刺) it at him.正當(dāng)那農(nóng)家男孩還手時，那個貴族拔出劍朝他刺過來。While 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句必須用持續(xù)性動詞或to be 表示狀態(tài)，意為“當(dāng)…時候“”趁著…“while從句可以表示：1. 一般或現(xiàn)在的情況。Make hay while the sun shines. 太陽好，就曬草。We must strike while the iron is hot. 我們必須趁熱打鐵。Never get on or off a bus while it is in motion. 汽車運行時不要上下車。2. 將來情況（從句謂語可用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時）。I will be kind to him while you are away.你不在時我會對他好的。I am going to the postoffice. ---while you are there,can you get me some stamps?我要去郵局了。---你在那兒時，幫我買些郵票好嗎？I will get something to eat while you are finding the book.你找書時我要拿點東西吃。3. 過去情況（時態(tài)主要有下面三種情況）。1主句和從句謂語都用一般過去時。A letter came here for you while you were ill.你生病時來了封你的信。She listened carefully while he read the letter.他讀信時她仔細(xì)聽著。2. 從句謂語用過去進行時，主句謂語用一般過去時。I hurt my left shoulder while I was doing gym.. 我做操時傷了左肩膀。While I was windering at this,our master took his place. 我正對這感到納悶時，我們的老師就座了。3主句和從句謂語都過去進行時。While people in other countries were trying to catch animals, farmers in China were developing the science of agriculture. 當(dāng)世界上其他國家的人們還在捕獵時，中國的農(nóng)民已經(jīng)在從事農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究了。When 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句既可用持續(xù)性又可用非持續(xù)性動詞。1When只是單純的表示動作的時間，意為“當(dāng)…時”。When he answers questions, it takes about two minutes.他回答問題時大約要花兩分鐘時間。Are you going to be a sailor when you leave school? 你畢業(yè)后想當(dāng)個海員嗎？2when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句還表示突然發(fā)生某事，意為“正在……忽然”。Tom and susan were walking down the street when they saw an accident.湯姆和蘇三正在街上走，忽然看到一場意外事故。I was about to go swimming when our guide stopped me. 我正要去游泳，這時向?qū)О盐覕r住了。3when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句還可以表示過早的發(fā)生某事，意為“還沒（剛剛）… 就”，這時連詞before也可以這么用，表示出現(xiàn)意想不到的情況。He had gone through six carriages （before）when he found he could go no further. 他走過了六節(jié)車廂，這時他發(fā)現(xiàn)再也走不過去了。She had not been married many weeks when that man’s younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.她結(jié)婚剛剛幾個星期，那個人的弟弟就看見了她，并且被她的美貌所吸引。Someone called up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before(when) I could answer the phone。有人半夜打來電話，但是沒等我接就掛斷了。4when還有“盡管，雖然，既然，鑒于，如果，屆時，在那時”等意思。He walks when he might take a taxi.雖然他可坐出租車，不過他還是步行。How could I live in Los Angeles when all my favorite people live here? 既然我最喜歡的人都在這里，我怎能住在洛杉磯呢？How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 如果你不寬恕別人，你自己怎能希望得到別人的寬恕呢It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the world cup.對于這些足球迷們來說，這時今年令人激動的時刻，這是他們的隊多年來第一次贏得世界杯。2 由“till, until”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句時，在肯定句中主句常用延續(xù)性動詞（如wait, work, study等），意為“一直到…”。在否定句中，主句要用非延續(xù)性動詞（如stop, begin, arrive, die, get married等）。Not…until結(jié)構(gòu)常被譯成“直到…才”。The couple worked in the laboratory until day had broken. 夫妻倆在實驗室一直工作到天亮。The couple didn’t stop working in the laboratory until day had broken.They didn’t go home until they had finished the work. 他們直到完成工作才回家。★注意：該句型的強調(diào)句是歷年高考的熱點。肯定句要進行強調(diào)時可以采用正規(guī)的強調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以直接將until從句或短語提至句首。It was Until the train had left that he waited for his companion to come. 直到火車已經(jīng)離開了，他還在等他的伙伴來。She stood there till/ until he had passed out of sight. 她站在那里，直到看不見他的身影.Until the train had left, he waited for his companion to come. 直到火車已經(jīng)離開了，他還在等他的伙伴來。★注意: 而否定句的強調(diào)常用it is/ was not until……that……結(jié)構(gòu)或把not和until從句或短語提至句首，而主句采用倒裝語序。Until they had finished the work, they didn’t go home.It was not until she finished doing her homework that the determined girl went to bed.Not until she finished doing her homework did the determined girl go to bed.直到做完作業(yè)以后，那個有決心的女孩才睡覺的。趁熱打鐵-----學(xué)生練習(xí): 把下列not…until 結(jié)構(gòu)變成強調(diào)句。1. The director didn’t realize that clerk’s importance until he asked to leave the unit.It _____ ______ ______ he asked to leave _____ the director _____ that clerk’s importance.(was not until, that, realized)_______ until he asked to leave ______ the director _____ that clerk’s importance.（not, did, realize）2. The journalist won’t leave until he sees the headmaster. 這記者直到看到校長才會走。It ______ _____ ______ he sees the headmaster _____ the journalist will leave.(not, will )______ until he sees the headmaster _____ the journalist leave.(is not until,that )由“before, after”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句：★before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之后，而after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之前。Remember to turn off the light before you leave.在你離開前記得關(guān)燈。After she had written the letter, she went to the post office.她寫完這封信后，她去了郵局。在時間狀語從句中，連詞before除表示“在……之前”外，還常用來表示兩件事情的發(fā)生相隔時間之長或之短。Before I could say anything, he had read my mind. 我還未能說什麼，他就猜出了我的心思。The host and the hostess had waited for hours before the guest came. 主人等了幾個小時以后客人才來了。考點突破之重點精講一“狀語從句的省略”Unless _____ to the meeting, you should stay at home with your family.A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited答案：A. 因為主從句的主語都是you,將條件狀語從句中的主語you和助動詞are省略了。1在時間狀語從句（when, while, once, until等引導(dǎo)的）條件狀語從句，讓步狀語從句（though,although等引導(dǎo)的），比較狀語從句（than引導(dǎo)的）和方式狀語從句中，如果主從句的主語相同，且從句中有be動詞時，可以省去從句中的主語和be動詞。例如：Although he is very old. He is still very strong, 可省略成“Although very old. He is still very strong,”The product is better than it is commonly supposed. 可省略成“The product is better than commonly supposed.,”2注意：如果狀語從句中的主語是it,且謂語為be動詞時，即使主從句的主語不一致，也可以省略狀語從句中的主語it和謂語be動詞。例如：I will come early to help you prepare the speech if (it is) possible. 如果可能的話，我會早點來幫你準(zhǔn)備演講。考點突破之重點精講二“狀語從句中的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)”--What are planning to do in the future? ---No idea. After all, I still have three terms to go before I ______ .A. will graduate B. will have graduate C. graduate D. an graduating答案：C. 在時間狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。1在時間，條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，但有時也可在條件句中出現(xiàn)will表意愿。如：If you will come this way,our manager wants to see you. 請您這邊來，經(jīng)理想見你。2在時間，條件狀語從句中，也常用現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來完成時。在間接引語中的時間和條件狀語從句中，常用一般過去時代替過去將來時，過去完成時代替過去將來完成時。例如：The tuorists will get to the destination in time if their car doesn’t break down.如果車不出故障那些游客會及時到達目的地的。I need one more stamp before my collection is completed. 在我的集郵完整之前我還需要另外一枚郵票。The traveller won’t leave the hotel(招待所)until he has done all his business.直到處理事務(wù)以后那個旅客才會離開旅館。趁熱打鐵-----學(xué)生練習(xí): 用所給動詞的正確的時態(tài)完成句子。1. Your cousin will be a government official by the time he ______ (be) thirty. 答案：is.2. I don’t know if the musician will get married to the politician as they have planned, but if they _____ (do), I will let you know. 答案：do.3. the coach won’t forgive the gymnast unless she _____ (tell) him the truth. 答案：tells.4. It will be centuries before this idea _____ true.(come) 答案：comes.5. Mother told me not to go to the cinema until I _____ (do) my lessons. 答案：had done.考點突破之重點精講三“引導(dǎo)狀語從句的before和since及引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句型的that的用法辨析”What a splendid evening we have had together! It’s a fortnight_______I ebjoyed myself so much.A. when B. that C. before D. since答案：D。句意為“我們在一起度過了一個多么美好的夜晚?。?我已有兩周沒有這樣開心地玩過了?！眘ince引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，表示“自從……以來”，符合本題的語境。主句為“it + be動詞 + 一段時間”這一結(jié)構(gòu)時，后邊的連詞該用before，since還是that的問題。解決這個問題的關(guān)鍵是看主句中的時態(tài)和整個主從句的意思。分為三種情況：1. 如果表示兩件事情的發(fā)生相隔時間之長或之短，常用before引導(dǎo)從句。它德的特點是：主句常是現(xiàn)在將來時、過去將來時或一般過去時。若主句采用一般過去時的時候，表一段時間的名詞后無ago這個詞。It will be a fortnight before the new director takes charge.要過兩周以后新主任才上任。The expert said that it would not be long before robots replaced humans.那專家說要不了多久機器人會代替了人的。Hurricane hit the area badly. It was long before the area became normal.颶風(fēng)嚴(yán)重襲擊該地區(qū)。過了很久以后，該地區(qū)才恢復(fù)了正常。2. 如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在完成時，連詞常用since，它表示過去某一動作的發(fā)生離現(xiàn)在有多長時間了。It is/has been centuries since the great wall came into being.自從長城形成到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)數(shù)個世紀(jì)了。3. 若主句采用過去時態(tài)，且表一段時間的詞后有ago這個詞時，屬強調(diào)句型，連詞要用that.It was centuries ago that the Great Wall came into being.是在數(shù)個世紀(jì)以前長城形成的。趁熱打鐵-----學(xué)生練習(xí) 用before,that或since填空。★★★★第二講：地點狀語從句★★★★地點狀語從句常用where, wherever, everywhere等連詞引導(dǎo)；I found my books where I left them.我在我放書的地方找到了我的書。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他們?nèi)ッ總€地方，他們都受到熱烈地歡迎。They went wherever they could find work..無論他們在哪里能找到工作，他們就去哪里。Wherever he is \may be, he must be found.無論他在哪里，他都會被發(fā)現(xiàn)。注意不要和where引導(dǎo)的定語從句相混淆。We shall go where working conditions are difficult.哪里工作條件艱苦，我們就去哪里。We shall go to the place where work conditions are difficult.我們將去那工作條件艱苦的地方。三星難點注意：地點狀語從句也可以采取無動詞分句結(jié)構(gòu)。Chang the form where necessary.Wherever possible, all moving parts should be tested.Wherever feasible, the illustrations have been taken from standard literature.★★★★ 第三講：原因狀語從句★★★★1. 由as／because／since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句：As 引導(dǎo)的從句比because弱，比較口語化，它引導(dǎo)的從句一般置于句首。Because引導(dǎo)的從句表示原因的語氣較強，它引導(dǎo)的從句對已明確的事實表示稍加分析后的原因，它引導(dǎo)的從句一般置于句末，也可置于句首。Since(既然…)引導(dǎo)的從句一般置于句首，常用在書面語中，表示對方已知或稍加分析便知的原因。Now that 和since意義接近，表示既然，鑒于某個事實。Since Albert is late, let’s begin without him.As a steel ship is hollow, it floats on water.The book is interesting because it has many stories of adventure.We camped there as／because／since it was too dark to go on．我們在那里露宿是因為天太黑，不能再繼續(xù)往前走了。As／Because／Since it was too dark to go on，we camped there．因為天太黑不能再繼續(xù)往前走，我們就在那兒露宿了。在下面幾種情況下只用because:1. 回答why提出的問題； 2. 用來引導(dǎo)表語從句。3.用在強調(diào)原因狀語從句的強調(diào)句之中； 4. 當(dāng)從屬連詞前有only, just,simply修飾時。1. Why is he absent?---Because he is ill.2. Why he didn’t come to your party was because his father was badly ill.3. It was because he didn’t recognize you ,he did not speak to you.他不跟你說話，是因為他沒有認(rèn)出你。4. You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不應(yīng)該因為有人說你的壞話就大發(fā)脾氣。2. 由連詞for引導(dǎo)的句子語法上不叫原因狀語從句，而叫做補充說明原因的并列分句。它不是一個從屬連詞而是一個并列連詞，for引導(dǎo)的分句不能放在表結(jié)果的分句前。For前一般是逗號，但若前一句太長時，for前也可用逗號。 表示邏輯上的理由，提供一些有助于說明情況的補充說明，或表示一種推理，一般只用for引導(dǎo)。（所以它引導(dǎo)的分句一般不放在句首。）There must be no one in the house for the door is closed.房子里一定沒有人，因為門是鎖著的。Someone must have left the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.一定是誰讓水龍頭開著就走了，因為水淹了浴室還流了出來。3. in view of the fact that可用as／since／seeing that來表示，但不能用because：As／Since／Seeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand．既然你在這兒，你就幫我個忙吧。As／Since／Seeing that Tom knows French，he’d better do the talking．既然湯姆懂法語，最好讓他來談。3 在as／since／seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陳述時，可用if來代替：As／Since／Seeing that／If you don’t like Bill，why did you invite him？既然／如果你不喜歡比爾，你為什么邀請了他？由in as much as, considering that , now that引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。I am ready to accept your proposal in as much as I believe it to be the best you can offer.我準(zhǔn)備接受你的意見，因為我很是相信你提供的是最好的。Considering that he has only been learning English for a year he speaks it very well.(它可以)因為他只學(xué)了一年英語，他就能說的很流利（好）。Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.既然（因為）我們完成了課程，我們應(yīng)開始做修正工作。（修正，修訂，校訂。Reviser校訂者。Revised經(jīng)過修訂的.revise .vt. 復(fù)習(xí)，修改）由介詞詞組by reason that, for the reason that, in the view of (the fact) that, on account of (the fact) that, on the gronds that, because of, owing to, due to, thanks to, in that等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。He left on the grounds that he was ill.Wine is scarce here by the reason that it is prohibited.Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled.In view of the heavy rain, we will put off the outing.Thanks to my illness, I have the opportunity to improve my character.其它的表示原因的從屬連詞：The reason…is that…The reason she refused to go was that she had no money.他不去的原因是他沒有錢。I can’t tell you anything when you won’t listen.既然你不想聽，我就不說什么了。In that\ for that he is ill, he feels unable to do it.因為他病了，所以他感到無能為力。If I find fault, it is that I want you to do better in the future. 如果我指出你的缺點是因為我希望你將來做的更好些。We rented the house not because we like it, but because there was no other house to let.我們租下這個房子不是因為我們喜歡它而是因為這沒有其他的房子可租。It is not that I am unwilling but that I have no time .不是我不愿意，而是我沒有時間。注意：if so的用法：—I hope Bill won’t come． —If so（＝If you hope he won’t come），why did you invite him？—我希望比爾別來。 —如果這樣（=如果你希望他不來），你為什么邀請了他？★★★★第四講： 條件狀語從句★★★★1. “unless (= if … not)”引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句：You will miss the bus unless you walk home more quikly.你將錯過bus的，除非你快點回家。Unless you go there early, there won’t be much a chance of getting a ticket.除非你早點去那，否則沒機會買到票。2. “if” 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句：I will travel around the world if I earn a lot of money.If you work hard at your lessons, you are bound to pass the examination.If in doult, ask a policeman.If asked to comment, you should insist that you have nothing to say.3. “provided/ providing (that), suppose/ supposing(that), on condition that”等表示“假如，如果，在……條件下”意思的詞，引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。I will come provided that I am well enough.如果我好了，我會來的。Supposing you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?如果你愛上了你的老板，你怎么辦？I will give you a day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.我可以…條件是周六早晨得來上班。4. “as long as, so long as”等表示“只要……”意思的連接詞引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。You are welcone to stay with us as long as you share the rent.只要你肯平攤房租，我們很愿意你留下來。You may take these magazines away so long as you return them on time.只要你能按時把它還回來，你可以…5. “in case(萬一，假如)” 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句.The meeting will be put off in case it rains.萬一下雨，會議就要延期。In case Mary comes, please tell her to come to my office.假如Mary來了，請告訴她到我辦公室來。6. 動詞不定式表示條件。Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisements showing happy,balanced family.打開電視或是翻開一本雜志，你會看到很多廣告展示幸福、安定的家庭。★★★★第五講：讓步狀語從句★★★★表達按正常思維考慮不可能的事情卻成了現(xiàn)實。這樣的狀語從句稱為讓步狀語從句。我自己認(rèn)為讓步就是存在一定條件下的說法.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞主要有以下這些：though, although, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑問詞，疑問詞-ever。下面對這些連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句作一說明。（1）though, although表示“雖然，縱然”之意。這兩個連詞意思大致相同，在一般情況下可以互換使用。在口語中，though較常使用，although比though正式，二者都可與yet, still或nevertheless連用，但不能與but連用。例如：Alhough/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 雖然他已經(jīng)精疲力竭了，但仍然繼續(xù)工作。Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. 他雖然年紀(jì)大了，身體還很健壯。值得注意的是，although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句位于主句之前的情況較多，though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她雖然不用功學(xué)習(xí)，考試卻及格了。3.用though/although, as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，句中不能用but表示轉(zhuǎn)折語氣。不能說：Though he looks weak, but he is healthy.而要說：Though he looks weak, he is healthy.或者說：He looks weak, but he is healthy.though還可以用作副詞，放在句末。如：It was hard work;; I enjoyed it, though=It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦，但是我喜歡干。（2）as, though表示“雖然……但是”，“縱使……”之意。as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須以部分倒裝的形式出現(xiàn)，其倒裝辦法是從句中謂語動詞是系動詞be的，將表語提至句首（表語為不定冠詞加名詞時，須將不定冠詞省略），句子的其它部分語序正常；在其它情況下，句中有狀語時，將狀語提至句首，其它部分語序正常，如果句中無狀語時，將動詞原形提至句首，必要時還要在從句中加助動詞。以though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可像although引導(dǎo)的從句一樣不倒裝，也可以像as引導(dǎo)的從句一樣倒裝，倒裝辦法完全相同，只是不采用倒裝語序的常用一點。但although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句不可以倒裝。例如：Object as you may, I " ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I " ll go.) 縱使你反對，我也要去。Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)盡管他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，但幾乎沒取得什么進步。Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.（=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.）雖然他是一個孩子，但他知道該做什么。Fast as you read, you can " t finish the book so soon. 縱然你讀得快，你也不能這么快讀完這本書。（3）even if, even though 表示“即使……”，“縱使……”之意。這兩個復(fù)合連詞的意思基本相同。它們常可互換使用，但意義有細(xì)微差別。even if引導(dǎo)的讓步從句含有強烈的假定性，而even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，是以從句的內(nèi)容為先決條件的，也就是說，說話人肯定了從句的事實。例如：We " ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好，我們也要作一次旅行。Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很窮，但她還是愛他。Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him. )盡管他很窮，但她還是愛她。（4）whether...or...表示“不論是否……”，“不管是……還是……”之意。由這一個復(fù)合連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句旨在說明正反兩個方面的可能性都不會影響主句的意向或結(jié)果。例如：You " ll have to attend the ceremony whether you " re free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都要參加這個典禮。Whether you believe it or not, it " s true.無論你是否相信，這都是真的。（5）1“no matter+疑問詞”或“疑問詞-ever”的含義為“……都……；不管……都……”，它們引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以互換。2但當(dāng)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句）時則只能用whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever，etc）。例如：No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)無論發(fā)生了什么，他都不會介意的。（讓步狀語從句）No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是誰，你都要遵紀(jì)守法。（讓步狀語從句）Whatever(=No matter what)you say, I won " t believe you. (Whatever 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)無論你說什么，我都不會相信你。I " ll eat whatever(≠no matter what)you give me. (whatever引導(dǎo)賓語從句)你給我吃什么，我就吃什么。Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引導(dǎo)主語從句) 不管誰來都受到歡迎。此外，有時while也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但一般要位于句首。例如：While I like the colour, I don " t like the shape.我雖然喜歡那顏色，但不喜歡那形狀。★★★★第六講： 結(jié)果狀語從句★★★★引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有“so…that”“such…that”“so that”“with the result that”.其中so…that和such (a\an)…that中的that在非正式語體中可以省略，這時，that分句之前可用逗號，也可不用逗號。So that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句常用“may, might, can, could, should”等情態(tài)動詞，so that前面不用逗號；而so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句一般則不用情態(tài)動詞，并且so that前常有逗號隔開。He spoke clearly, so that everyone heard.(結(jié)果狀語從句)He was such an honest man that everybody trusted him. (結(jié)果狀語從句)So bright was the room that the flowers were bright as by day. (結(jié)果狀語從句)The room was packed with people, so that we couldn’t get in.(目的狀語從句)房間被人封了，目的是不讓我們進入。Everybody lent a hand, so that the work was finished ahead of the schedule. (結(jié)果狀語從句)I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone. (結(jié)果狀語從句)such／so…that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果從句 A such是形容詞，用于形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)之前。Bso是副詞，用于副詞和不帶名詞的形容詞之前。C 注意：such＋a＋形容詞＋名詞可由so＋形容詞＋a＋名詞來代替，所以such a good man可由so good a man來代替。這只能在名詞前面有a／an的情況下使用。這種形式不常見，但有時出現(xiàn)在文學(xué)作品中。 有時為了表示強調(diào)，so位于句首。這時后面跟動詞的倒裝形式。A例：They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house．他們有一條如此兇猛的狗，以致沒人敢靠近他們家。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep． 他說了這么長時間，以致在座的人都犯困了。B例：Their dog was so fierce that no one dared come near it 他們的狗太兇猛了，所以沒人敢靠近它。The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up．雪下得這么快，以致我們的腳印很快就被雪蓋住了。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep．他的講話這么長，以致在座的人都開始犯困了。注意：但such不能用于much和many之前，所以so可用于后跟名詞的much和many之前：There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening．灰塵太大了，使得我們看不清發(fā)生了什么事。So many people complained that they took the programme off．抱怨的人太多，所以他們?nèi)∠四莻€節(jié)目。C例：So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off． 暴風(fēng)真可怕，把整個的屋頂全都刮飛了。以下是用于非正式文體的用法，that可以省略。That分句之前可用逗號，也可不用逗號。He was so tired(,)(that) he could hardly stand.他很累幾乎走不動了。Peter is such a good boy(,)(that) he is loved by everybody. peter 是一個好孩子，每個人都喜歡他。We left in such a hurry(that) we forgot to lock the door. 我們走的很匆忙，結(jié)果忘了鎖門。That 引起的結(jié)果狀語I must have been blind that I couldn’t see he was so angry with her.我一定是瞎了竟沒看出他很生她的氣。What have I done that you should be so angry with me? 我干了些什么，使你如此對我惱火。I must be getting absent-minded that I forgot to bring ticket. 我一定心不在焉，票也忘記帶了。★★★★第七講：方式狀語從句★★★★方式狀語從句通常由as, （just）as（按照，以…方式）, as…so…, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1）as, （just） as…so…引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體。例如：1. Please do exactly as your doctor says.請完全按照你的醫(yī)生說的去做。2. As you make your bed, so you must lie in it.自作自受。3. Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。4. As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。5. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2）as if, as though1. 兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句當(dāng)從句所表示的情況是事實或具有很大的可能性時，通常用直陳語氣。句子的謂語多為look, seem, taste, smell, sound等。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。.例如: It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）They taste as if they are homemade.品嘗起來向是在家里做的。（事實）It seems as if the boy has lost his way.似乎這個男孩迷路了。（可能性較大）It looks as if it is going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。（可能性較大）2. 當(dāng)從句表示與事實相反，是主觀的想象或夸大性的比喻時，常用虛擬語氣，從句中的謂語動詞用過去時（be動詞常用were）.They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed.他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）He acted as if he had never lived in England before.他表現(xiàn)地就好像他以前從未在英格蘭住過是的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）注意說明（自重）：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語。例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒★★★★第八講：目的狀語從句★★★★目的狀語從句：從句部分是用以補充說明主句中謂語動詞發(fā)生的目的的。1. 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句常用的連詞有： that（以便），so that（以便）引導(dǎo)的從句只能置于主句的后面， in order that（為了；以便）引導(dǎo)的從句還可以置于句首；從句的謂語常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情態(tài)動詞。2. Lest（免得；唯恐）， for fear that（生怕；以免）；in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語：lest引導(dǎo)的從句一般要用“should+v原”，should也可以省略。In case引導(dǎo)的從句一般要用虛擬語氣，也可用陳述語氣。它們都有“以防，以免”之意。You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.你必須大點聲說好讓大家都聽到。He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 他把名字寫下來以免忘記。Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿點衣服以防天冷。Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.Say it louder(so)that everyone can hear you. 大聲說，以便大家都能聽到你。I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake. 我告訴你這一點，以免你搞錯。People evacuated (撤離)the building lest the wall should collapse.人們從大樓中撤離唯恐墻體坍塌。3. 在口語中so可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。We'll sit nearer the front so we can hear better. 我們坐的靠前一點，那樣我們能聽得清楚一點。4.【注意】in order that與in order to的區(qū)別：in order that+從句 /in order to+動詞原形 （ in order to后面加的那個不叫目的狀語從句，叫目的狀語）★★★★第九講：比較狀語從句★★★★比較狀語從句經(jīng)常用于形容詞（+名詞）和副詞的比較：1. …as 副詞/形容詞（+名詞）as …,用于同級比較，句中第一個as是副詞，修飾形容詞或副詞，第二個as是連詞，引導(dǎo)一個有省略成分的比較狀語從句。This book is as interesting as the one you ‘re reading.這本書和你正在讀的那本一樣有趣。He is small and weak, but he works as hard as everyone else. 他體弱，矮小，但和其他人一樣努力工作。He is as naughty a boy as Tom Sawyor. 他是一個像湯姆。索耶一樣淘氣的孩子。用于否定句時，副詞也可以用so:His brother does not work as/so hard as he does. 他弟弟不像他那么努力工作。“…as…as…”句型常用于一些比較固定的句型：The girl is as happy as happy can be. 這姑娘高興極了。The boy works as hard as ever/ before. 這小伙子一如既往地努力工作。I will give you my research result as soon as possible. 我會盡快把我的研究成果給你。Ali was as great a boxer as any. 阿里是個非常杰出的拳擊手。表示倍數(shù)時要使用統(tǒng)計比較句：The film was not half as interesting as we had expected. 電影還沒有我們料想的一半好。I spent twice as much time as you did finishing my work. 我完成工作花去了兩倍于你所用的時間。也可以用“as many/ much again”表示一倍：We have collected some money, but we need as much again. 我們已集了一些資，但我們需要兩個這么多。They have found five chairs, but we need as many again. 他們找到了5把椅子，但我們需要10把。2. “…more/less (形容詞/副詞)… than…”句型用于優(yōu)級或劣級比較。Than 是連詞，引導(dǎo)有省略的比較狀語從句。It is more expensive but less time-consuming to travel by plane than by train. 乘飛機旅行比乘火車旅行費錢，但省時。Although he has lived in the States for 30 years, he is more Chinese than American.他雖然已在美國生活了30多年，可還是更具有中國味兒。He spends more (money) than he earns. 他花的錢比掙的還多。在同類人、事物中進行比較時，應(yīng)把自己從比較對象中排除：Mary is taller than any other girl in her class. 瑪麗比班上的其他女孩子都要高。Mary is taller than anyone else in her class. 瑪麗比班上任何同學(xué)都要高。同級比較和優(yōu)/劣級比較混用時，應(yīng)注意比較句型的完整性：This book is as interesting as, if not more than, that one. 這本書如果不比那本書有趣，也是一樣有趣。3. “the more(形容詞/副詞)…，the more(形容詞/副詞)…，”遞進比較句。前句為比較狀語從句，后句為主句。句中“the”是副詞，修飾比較級的形容詞或副詞，表示“愈加”的意思。The more I read the book, the more interested I get in it. 這本書我愈看愈愛看。這個句型經(jīng)常發(fā)生省略，從句和主句省略應(yīng)平衡。The sooner, the better. 愈快愈好。The more haste, the less speed. 欲速則不達。注意：使用狀語從句時要注意的幾個問題1. 在時間和條件（有時也在方式、讓步等）從句中，主句是一般將來時，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨的話，我們會出去玩。I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 我一到上海就給你寫信。2. 有些時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步從句，如果從句的主語與主句主語一致（或雖不一致，是it），從句的謂語又包含動詞be，就可省略從句中的“主語 + be”部分。When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.當(dāng)他還是個10歲的孩子時，他就不得不夜以繼日的工作。If (you are) asked you may come in.如果你被叫到的話你就可以進入。If (it is) necessary I'll explain to you again.如果有必要的話，我會向你再解釋一遍的。3. 注意區(qū)分不同從句：引導(dǎo)的是什么從句，不僅要根據(jù)連詞，還要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來判別。以where為例，能引導(dǎo)多種從句。You are to find it where you left it.（地點狀語從句）你將會在你放它的地方找到它。Tell me the address where he lives.（定語從句，句中有先行詞）告訴我他居住的地址。I don't know where he came from.（賓語從句）我不知道他從那來的。Where he has gone is not known yet.（主語從句）他去哪了現(xiàn)在還不清楚。This place is where they once hid.（表語從句）這個地方他們曾經(jīng)藏過的地方。
