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在內(nèi)容要點上面具體擴充時，可以采取文科答題技巧：是什么（what），為什么（why），怎么辦（how）。

在“是什么（what）”擴充時，可以擴充這個活動、比賽、書、電影等的內(nèi)容（…, which is about…），也可以擴充該活動、比賽的舉辦時間（…, which will be held from…to…）等；

在“為什么（why）”擴充時，可以擴充原因與好處意義，so that…, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句等句式也可以用到；

在“怎么辦（how）”擴充時，一般是對發(fā)生的某事，對別人的問題，或者對于某個社會現(xiàn)象進行擴充。

1．追加成分

在要點基礎(chǔ)上適當增加合乎邏輯的附加成分，如定語(從句)、狀語(從句)、非謂語動詞、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。不僅增加了詞數(shù)，而且使表達更清晰、準確，主題更突出。

例1.你要早點到達，這樣你就可以幫助朋友一家人準備晚餐。(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)

To begin with, according to our tradition, you are supposed to arrive early, so that you can help the family prepare the dinner, which is not only meaningful but also interesting.（擴充why，一起準備晚餐的意義、好處。）

例2.(演講注意事項)要面帶微笑；要講慢些，說清楚。

Be sure to wear a smile on your face when you speak, which will make you relaxed（擴充why，面帶微笑的好處）. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly so that you can leave a good impression on the audience and judges.（擴充why，說慢說清的好處）

2．補加語句

根據(jù)行文走向，適當增加一些與主題相關(guān)的語句，或由要點衍生的句子，既能起到前引后聯(lián)的作用，又能補充一些相關(guān)信息，幫助讀者理解所寫內(nèi)容。

例3.電影的名字是《一起成長》。(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)

To begin with, the name of the movie is Growing Together, which is about the development of our beloved school. （擴充what，電影內(nèi)容是什么。）

例4.(談?wù)撋瓶钣猛?/span>)募捐得來的錢將送給急需的人。

The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those in great need. This will not only help them through difficulties, but also give them warmth and happiness. （擴充why，捐款意義）

創(chuàng)造良好開端

[常用開頭詞匯]

表示“啟”的詞匯常用在段落或文章的開頭，用于開篇引出擴展句。常見的詞匯有：first,  firstly,  first of all,  at first,  in the first place,  above all,  to begin/start with,  today,  now,  nowadays,  at present,  currently,  recently,  generally speaking,  according to等。

First of all, we must make full use of every 45-minute lesson.

Nowadays/Recently, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic.

In the first place, she can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.

To begin/start with, smoking should be banned in public areas.

[常用開頭句式]

As the proverb says/As the saying goes,  “Time is money.”

With the development of the Internet,  computers play an important role in people's life.

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

It is believed that health is above wealth.

順勢承上啟下

[常用順承詞匯]

表示“承”的詞匯常用于承接主題句或第一個擴展句。常見的詞匯有：second/secondly,  also, besides, soon afterwards, in addition, after that, what's more, furthermore,  moreover,  what's worse, worse still, still less,  to make matters worse, for example,  in other words,  especially,  particularly,  obviously, at the same time, meanwhile等。

Besides, developing a good habit of learning can help you improve your learning effectively.

What's more, good books can help us to develop good characters.

In addition, we shouldn't neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.

Meanwhile/At the same time, I will regard it as my duty to keep our environment clean and healthy.

[常用順承句式]

What is more serious is that we don't cherish wildlife.

As far as I am concerned, they stand for love, friendship and unity.

巧妙轉(zhuǎn)折過渡

[常用轉(zhuǎn)折過渡詞匯]

表示“轉(zhuǎn)”的詞匯常用來表示不同或相反的意見或情況。常見的詞匯有：but, yet, however, while, on the other hand, otherwise, or (else), on the contrary, contrary to, in any case, though, although, in spite of, as, even if/though, despite, regardless of等。

Finally, the horse calmed down, but we seemed to get lost, unable to go back to the mountain road. (2018·浙江卷·書面表達)

On the other hand, online shopping also has many disadvantages.

On the contrary, the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth.

Contrary to what I had originally said, the trip turned out to be fun.

[常用轉(zhuǎn)折句式]

Whatever/No matter what you say, he won't believe you.

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

完美結(jié)束全文

[常用結(jié)尾詞匯]

表示“合”的詞匯常用于小結(jié)段落中上文的內(nèi)容，引出最后一個擴展句或引導(dǎo)結(jié)尾句表示段落的結(jié)束。常見的詞匯有：finally, last but not least, on the whole, in short, in brief, in conclusion, in a/one word, to sum up,  all in all, in general等。

All in all, I sincerely invite you to come to our school and see for yourself.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ·書面表達)

On the whole, I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle.

In conclusion, a good citizen should observe traffic regulations.

In a word, success is important, and so is failure, because it's the mother of success.

To sum up, environmental protection is of great importance, which can make us live more comfortably and healthily.

[常用結(jié)尾句式]

I'd appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible.

It is high time that we did something to prevent the environment from being polluted.

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as peace in the world.

什么是較高級詞匯？眾所周知，詞匯本來并沒有“高低貴賤”之分，但某個詞一旦得到使用，放在了具體語境中，使用得極為得當，體現(xiàn)了該詞的價值，為句子增色，讓文章添彩，它就是較高級詞匯；相反，使用時體現(xiàn)的價值平平，沒有創(chuàng)意，它就是較低級詞匯。

巧用4招，以實現(xiàn)由低級向高級的轉(zhuǎn)化。

1．“語”眾不同，避免人云亦云

寫作時恰當?shù)皿w地使用別人可能想不到的詞匯來表達，會給閱卷老師耳目一新的感覺。

例1.Hopefully, these suggestions would be helpful to you. I have the confidence that you will have a great time.

→Hopefully, these suggestions would be of great help to you. I hold the firm belief that you will have a great time. (2018·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)      

注意： be + adj.=be + of + n，英語是一門靜態(tài)語言，名詞化是英語表達的偏好。平時可以多積累adj的名詞形式，動詞變成相應(yīng)的名詞短語等，在下次寫作時運用于作文中。

例2.I'm busy with my lessons now, for the Entrance Examination, which is very important to me, is near.

→I'm occupied with my lessons now, for the Entrance Examination, which is of great importance to me, is round the corner. (2017·天津卷·書面表達)

例3.So I have to bother you to correct my mistakes in the material I attach to the letter.

→So I have no choice but to bother you to correct my mistakes in the material I attach to the letter.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)

例4.I should be free any time after school next week.

→I should be available any time after school next week.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ·書面表達)

2．更新?lián)Q代，避免重復(fù)

寫作時應(yīng)盡量避免重復(fù)使用相同的詞語，要用貼切多樣的詞語來展示自己的水平。用詞不同、表達方式迥異，也是高級用法。

例1.The team will hold many activities, some of which will appeal to you, including many matches.

→The team will hold a range of activities, some of which will appeal to you, including many matches. (2017·全國卷Ⅲ·書面表達)

例2.We may have different opinions in organizing class activities. We may have different ways to deal with such a situation.

→We may have different opinions in organizing class activities. We may have various ways to deal with such a situation. (2015·浙江卷·書面表達)

例3.We've built a new experiment building beside the old one and we've also built a library where the old playground used to be.

→We've built a new experiment building beside the old>set up a library where the old playground used to be.

3．單詞與短語巧妙互用

一般情況下短語優(yōu)先，應(yīng)多使用詞組、習語來代替一些單詞，以增加文采。但有時單詞比短語更生動，方可“一詞傳神”。

例1.　We need your help very much，so as the group leader, I sincerely invite you to join us.

→We are desperately/badly in need of your help，so as the group leader, I sincerely invite you to join us.(2018·天津卷·書面表達)

例2.I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I'd like you to help me.

→I want to tell you something about my plan for the summer vacation and I'd like you to do me a favor.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)

例3.Quite a few things caused the traffic problem.

→Quite a few things gave rise to the traffic problem.(2015·江蘇卷·書面表達)

例4.We should try to improve ourselves through learning and prepare for the future.

→We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.(2015·福建卷·書面表達)

4．盡量用高中階段學到的詞代替初中階段學到的詞

例1.I believe that with our joint efforts we can undoubtedly get good results.

→I am convinced that with our joint efforts we can undoubtedly get good results. (2018·天津卷·書面表達)

例2.Second, I am trying my best to acquire the essential knowledge and skills concerning my position.

→Second, I am sparing no effort to acquire the essential knowledge and skills concerning my position.(2017·天津卷·書面表達)

例3.As scheduled, we joined in several instructive activities.

→As scheduled, we participated in several instructive activities.(2016·天津卷·書面表達)

一、利用復(fù)合句式，提升文章檔次

(一)增加亮點的定語從句

1．定語從句的應(yīng)用可以很有效地提升表達檔次，在寫作中如果我們可以把兩個簡單句變?yōu)橐粋€定語從句，就是從低級到高級的表達。

例1.Last week, we took the foreign students in our school to experience the authentic tea culture. It turned out to be extremely rewarding.

→Last week, we took the foreign students in our school to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out to be extremely rewarding.(2018·北京卷·書面表達·第二節(jié))

例2.You can correct any mistakes. You find any mistakes in them.

→You can correct any mistakes you find in them.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)

2．定語從句有多種形式，引導(dǎo)詞也有若干，但最常運用、最能增加亮點的是as和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句以及“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

(1)在表達“正如……”這一含義時，我們常用as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。常見的句式有：

①As we all know.../As is known to all...

②As he pointed out...

③As we can see from...

④As the famous saying goes...

As you know, besides tasty dumplings, what elderly people in the nursing home also need is warmth and care.(2015·全國卷Ⅱ·書面表達)

(2)which引導(dǎo)定語從句時，可以指代某個詞，也可以指代整個主句。

We’ll also spend some fun time together, singing, dancing and playing games, which we hope will make them happy.(2015·全國卷Ⅱ·書面表達)

(3)“介詞＋which” 引導(dǎo)的定語從句

It makes no difference from ordinary voting events, in which candidates go around to seek supports.(2016·江蘇卷·書面表達)

(二)吸引眼球的狀語從句

在英語寫作中，狀語從句是經(jīng)常用到的句式，它的靈活運用使作文更具吸引力。

例1.When it comes to the season I like best, spring will always occur to me in no time.(2016·四川卷·書面表達)

例2.We can set out early so that we will have more time to read and select books.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ·書面表達)

(三)提升檔次的名詞性從句

1．名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。其中what, that所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句是寫作中常見的高級的表達方式。

例1.I have good news to tell you that an outstanding movie will be shown in our campus. (同位語從句)(2018·全國卷Ⅱ·書面表達)

例2.Planning is good as it decides in detail how we do what we want to do.(賓語從句)(2016·浙江卷·書面表達)

2．在寫作中我們?nèi)绻軌虬褍蓚€簡單句合并為一個含有名詞性從句的復(fù)合句，或者把一個簡單句擴展成為含有名詞性從句的復(fù)合句，對寫作都是一種升華。

例1.He said a lot at the meeting. His words were very attractive.

→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.

例2.One man's meat is another man's poison.

→What is one man's meat is another man's poison.

二、常用8大句式，考場駕輕就熟

1．強調(diào)句型

強調(diào)句型的使用是為了突出強調(diào)句子的某一成分，其構(gòu)成為：It is/was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that/who＋其他。

在寫作中，我們可以通過強調(diào)句型將句子提高到一個新的層次。

例1.Because it's a good chance for you to learn the natural knowledge of China and make new friends, we really wish you can join us.  (強調(diào)because部分)

→It is because it's a good chance for you to learn the natural knowledge of China and make new friends that we really wish you can join us.(2017·浙江卷·應(yīng)用文寫作)

例2.It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.(2014·江西卷·書面表達)

[注意]　被強調(diào)的是時間或地點狀語時，不要用when或where，而應(yīng)用that。

It was in the park that (不用where) I came across my previous English teacher.

2．倒裝句

在寫作中倒裝句應(yīng)用比較廣泛，涉及的句型也比較多，包括部分倒裝和全部倒裝。常見的有：

(1)“only＋狀語”置于句首時，句子用部分倒裝。

Only in this way can we students study happily and effectively.(2015·湖南卷·滿分作文)

(2)none,  neither,  nor,  not,  never,  hardly,  little,  seldom等否定詞，以及由no構(gòu)成的否定短語如at no time,  by no means等置于句首時，句子用部分倒裝。

Not only does it affect our daily life, but it also puts people's lives at risk.(2015·江蘇卷·滿分作文)

(3)在so/such ... that ...結(jié)構(gòu)中，當so/such ...位于句首時，其后的句子用部分倒裝。

So excited was I that I couldn't wait to try my hand at riding it.(2014·福建卷·書面表達)

(4)here,  there,  now,  then,  out,  in,  up,  down,  on the wall,  in the room等表示地點、時間或方位的副詞或介詞短語置于句首，且主語是名詞而不是代詞時，句子用全部倒裝。

In that picture, around the table with three books on it sit three students.(2015·上海高考·滿分作文)

在寫作中，我們可以通過倒裝讓句子更高級。

例3.We can help to construct an energy-saving society only with joint efforts.

→Only with joint efforts can we help to construct an energy-saving society.

3．省略句

省略句的應(yīng)用可以使句子更簡潔、明快。寫作中主要用到的有狀語從句的省略和不定式to后成分的省略。

例1.If (it is) not, let me know what time suits you best. (2016·全國卷Ⅲ·書面表達)

例2.As (it is) scheduled, we participated in several instructive activities.(2016·天津卷·書面表達)

4．虛擬語氣

寫作中虛擬語氣的使用可以使表達更委婉，更加可讀。寫作中常見的有以下幾種：

(1)wish型虛擬語氣

Besides, I wish there wouldn't be too many students in a class.

(2)if only型虛擬語氣

If only I could go back and reset my goals.

(3)It's (high/about) time (that) ...型虛擬語氣

It is high time that both children and parents took/should take action to make small changes.

5．非謂語動詞

寫作中非謂語動詞的應(yīng)用標志著寫作水平上升了一個檔次，寫作中常用到的是非謂語動詞作狀語和定語。

(1)非謂語動詞作狀語

例1.To get (get) some working experience, I plan to find a part-time job in a foreign capital company.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)

例2.So I'm writing you a letter, hoping (hope)to get your guide and suggestions. (2016·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)

例3.Faced (face) with difficulties, we need friends to give us comfort and help.

(2)非謂語動詞作定語

It carries articles written (written) by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries.(2015·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)

6．with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以使文章簡潔緊湊，一篇文章如果能恰當?shù)厥褂靡粌蓚€with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，可以使文章增色不少。

例1.Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ·書面表達)

例2.With English words getting popular in both media and daily life, a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them.

7．并列句型

并列句型是用連詞把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接起來，在這一句型中要注意連接并列主語時，有些句型采取“就近原則”。寫作中常用到的有以下幾種：

(1) while表示對比關(guān)系，意為“然而，可是”

It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not. (2016·江蘇卷·書面表達)

(2) not only...but (also)．.. “不僅……而且……”

It is believed that the movie will be not only meaningful but also interesting. (2018·全國卷Ⅱ·書面表達)

(3) not...but...“不是……，而是……”

To be honest,  voters sometimes feel annoyed, not because they hate voting,  but because they are divided between emotion and fairness. (2016·江蘇卷·書面表達)

8．it句型

it的應(yīng)用可以使句子更平衡，更符合英語習慣。常見的有以下幾種：

(1)it作形式主語

Everyone in our society should help those in need,  but it is more important to be sincere and earnest.

(2)it作形式賓語

And you also should keep it in mind that comparing notes with your classmates frequently is a good way to improve your study.(2015·四川卷·書面表達)

(3)it在某些固定句式中的應(yīng)用

I would appreciate it if you could take the trouble to do so much for me.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ·書面表達)