Section I Use of English
Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)
At what point does a mass of nerve cells growing in a laboratory Petri dish become a brain? That question was______1______ raised seriously in 2013 by the work of Madeline Lancaster, a developmental biologist at the Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology, in Cambridge, Britain. That year Dr Lancaster and her colleagues ______2______the rst human-derived “cerebral organoid”. They did so using pluripotent human stem cells, ______3______ are cells that have the potential to develop ______4______ any type of tissue in the human body. The researchers coaxed these cells into becoming nervous ______5______that organised itself, albeit crudely, as structures which had some of the cell types and anatomical features of embryonic ______6______ brains.
Since then, Dr Lancaster’s work has advanced ______7______leaps and bounds. In March, ______8______, she announced that her organoids, ______9______ they are connected to the spinal cord and back-muscle of a mouse, could make that muscle twitch. This means cerebral organoids are generating electrical ______10______. ______11______ other scientists are joining the fray. One such, Alysson Muotri of the University of California, San Diego, has published this week, in Cell Stem Cell, a study that looks in ______12______ detail at cerebral-organoid electrical activity.
To carry out their ______13______, Dr Muotri and his colleagues grew and examined hundreds of organoids, ______14______a mere half-millimetre in diameter, over the course of ten months. To probe ______15______ neurons within these they used tiny, uid-lled pipettes that acted as electrodes small enough to ______16_____ contact with the surface of an individual cell.
Neurons ______17______in this way proved electrically active, so the researchers went on to employ arrays of electrodes inserted ______18______ into dierent parts of an organoid to study its overall activity. They looked in detail, once a week, at each of the organoids ______19______ were chosen for examination. This revealed that, by six months of age, the electrical ______20______ in dierent parts of an individual organoid had become synchronised.
選項(xiàng)見圖1和圖2
圖1
圖2
Words and expressions:
1. cerebral: 大腦的
2. organoids: 類器官
3. Petri: 培養(yǎng)皿；皮氏；佩特利；皮特里
4. pluripotent: 多能（性）的
5. coax: 靈巧慢慢地做
6. albeit: 盡管；雖然
7. anatomical: 解剖(學(xué))的
8. embryonic: 胚胎的
9. spinal: 脊柱的；脊髓的
10. twitch：痙攣；抽搐；抽動(dòng)
11. fray: 競爭；爭辯
12. pipette: (實(shí)驗(yàn)室用的) 吸管；移液管
13. neuron: 神經(jīng)元
14. array: 大量
15. synchronize: (使) 同步
16. a mass of: 大量的
17. nerve cells: 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞
18. Petri dish: 批氏培養(yǎng)皿
19. developmental biologist: 發(fā)育生物學(xué)家
20. human-derived: 人源的
21. cerebral organoids: 類大腦
22. human stem cells: 人體干細(xì)胞
23. anatomical features: 解剖學(xué)特征；解剖學(xué)特性
24. embryonic human brains: 人胚腦 ；人胎腦
25. leaps and bounds: 突飛猛進(jìn)
26. spinal cord: 脊髓
27.over the course of: 在······的過程中
Difficult sentences:
1. The researchers coaxed these cells into becoming nervous tissue that organised itself, albeit crudely, as structures which had some of the cell types and anatomical features of embryonic human brains.
句子分析：
此句為主從復(fù)合句，主句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞短語into…作狀語，介詞into接動(dòng)名詞的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語tissue后接定語從句，that是關(guān)系代詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞是organised，賓語是itself，介詞短語as…承接organised作狀語，連接詞albeit和副詞crudely構(gòu)成省略形式插入語，便于structures后接定語從句。
譯文：
研究人員通過精細(xì)的操作慢慢地把這些細(xì)胞合成為具有某些人胚腦細(xì)胞類型和解刨特征的自組織結(jié)構(gòu)的神經(jīng)組織，雖然只是初步的。
2. One such, Alysson Muotri of the University of California, San Diego, has published this week, in Cell Stem Cell, a study that looks in more detail at cerebral-organoid electrical activity.
句子分析：
此句為比較特殊的倒裝的主從復(fù)合句，主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是Alysson Muotri…, has published…，賓語的定語One such前置于句首和賓語a study被主謂結(jié)構(gòu)分隔，后接定語從句。
譯文：
這樣的一個(gè)研究，由加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校的Alysson Muotri于上周發(fā)表，對(duì)于類大腦的電感活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了更詳盡的探索。
聯(lián)系客服
