高三的一輪復習已經(jīng)進行了一大半,許多同學做題依然錯誤百出,其中一個重要原因是不能看懂句子結(jié)構(gòu),甚至分不清謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。
今天分享一下我總結(jié)的非謂語動詞復習講義,希望能夠幫助大家更好地掌握這一重要的語法專題。
一、分類:
動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式、動詞的過去分詞
總的特點:1.非謂語動詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語與主句主語保持一致。
2.Doing/To do (sth.)+單數(shù)V : 非謂語動詞作主語,謂語用單數(shù)。
二、動詞不定式
1、特點:表將來
2、形式:①基本型:to+動詞原形(do)。②被動式:to be done ③完成時:to have done ④進行時:to be doing
3、句子功能:主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語(賓補)
Eg: ①To catch the early train, you`ll have to get up early.(目的狀語)
②I rushed there in a taxi only to find the library closed.(結(jié)果狀語:意外結(jié)果)。
③This is very good music to dance to.(定語)
④It is necessary to learn English well.(主語,it 為形式主語)
4、不定式的省略
1)(為了避免重復)并列結(jié)構(gòu)中第二個to:I want to get up early and read English.
例外:前后表對比時,to不可省去:To be or not to be ,that is the question.
It is better to lose one’s life than to lose one’s spirit.
2) (為了避免重復)省去to后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu):—Would you like to go shopping?
—Yes,I`d like to.
例外:to后有have/be時,保留be或have
—Did you go shopping yesterday? —No, but I ought to have.
5、不定式主動形式表被動意義
1)主(sth)+ be + 主補/表語(表性質(zhì)的adj. + to do)
2) 主+Vt + 賓語 + 賓補(adj.+ to do)
3) 主 + Vt+ 賓語+定語(to do): 不定式作定語與所修飾的名詞(代詞)構(gòu)成邏輯動賓關系,又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系。
Cf: 主+ Vt+ 賓語+定語(to be done):不定式的執(zhí)行者被省略,不是句子的主語。
注: 1)主補中的不定式(to do)與主語,賓補中的不定式(to do)與賓語為邏輯動賓關系。
2)常見的adj.: important, light, heavy, difficult, hard, easy, expensive, cheap, dangerous, impossible, comfortable, fit, pleasant, interesting, nice, etc.
Eg: ①This bag is heavy to carry.
②This story is not interesting enough to publish.
③They found the question difficult to answer.
④Have you anything to send? 你有什么東西要寄嗎?
Cf: Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?
三、動詞的-ing形式
1、特點:表現(xiàn)在、進行、主動
2、形式:1)基本型:doing 2)被動式:being done 3)完成時:having done
3、句子功能:主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補語。
4、Vt + doing: 只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞
admit(承認), appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),consider(考慮),delay
(延誤),dislike,enjoy,escape(逃避),excuse(原諒),feel like(想要),
finish,forgive(原諒),give up, imagine(想像),keep,mention(提及),mind, miss,
practise, put off, resist(抵抗),risk, suggest, can't help(禁不?。?/span>can't stand(無法忍受)
5、V/adj.+to +(doing) sth: 帶有介詞to的動詞(形容詞短語)
be/get used to(習慣于),stick to(堅持),give rise to(使...發(fā)生),pay attention to(注意),object to(反對),lead to(導致), look forward to(期望),look up to(尊敬), get down to(著手做),devote oneself to(獻身于),contribute to(貢獻,導致)
Eg:1.It is no use arguing with him. (主語,it為形式主語)
2.The meeting being held now is important. (定語)
Cf:The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. (不定式作定語)
The meeting held yesterday is important. (過去分詞作定語)
3.Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. (原因狀語;表主動)
對比: Seen from the top of the hill, the village appears beautiful. (過去分詞)
四、動詞的過去分詞
1、特點:表被動、過去、完成。
2、句子功能:定語、狀語、補語、表語。
Eg:He couldn`t make himself understood. (賓補)
The pach looked beautiful, covered with fallen leaves. (伴隨狀語)
五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
1、邏輯主語A + 非謂語動詞,主語B + 謂語
非謂語動詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語與主句主語不一致,補上其邏輯主語,構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
1)There being no buses, we went home on foot.
2)Time permitting, I`ll come to visit you.
3) Homework done, he went to bed.
2、with復合結(jié)構(gòu):with+賓語(名詞代詞)+賓補(adj/adv/介短/to do/doing/done)
With the window open/closed, he fell asleep.
3、adj復合結(jié)構(gòu):主語A + 謂語,邏輯主語B + 形容詞(短語)
He stared at me, his eyes bright with tears.
當然,任何一個專題的學習僅靠看一兩遍是不夠的,還需要大量的練習鞏固,最終達到熟練運用。
順祝周末愉快!
我們下周一見。
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