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延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

一、

    瞬間動(dòng)詞也叫短暫性動(dòng)詞或終止性動(dòng)詞。這種動(dòng)詞是指它們動(dòng)作的開始也就意味著動(dòng)作的結(jié)束，所以不能直接跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用。 
    那么，如何使瞬間動(dòng)詞與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用呢？此時(shí)，我們可以將這些詞轉(zhuǎn)換成意義相近的延續(xù)性詞（組），從而間接表示其中的意思。

二、瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：

1、用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別　

1）延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；

2）瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用?！　?/p>

eg. 1.He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)

　  2.I've known him since then.　　 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)

2、用于till和until從句的差異　　

1）延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做……，直到……”

2）瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”

eg. 1.He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10點(diǎn)才回來。　　

   2.He slept until ten o'clock.　          他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
三、瞬間動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：

這里對一些詞做一些總結(jié)：

瞬間動(dòng)詞               可轉(zhuǎn)換的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（組）

arrive                                      be here      

begin/start                              be on

die                                           be dead

fall ill/sick/asleep                   be ill/sick/asleep

get up                                      be up        

go out                                      be out

finish                                       be over

put on                                      wear或be on

open                                        be open(adj.)   

join                                           be in或be   

                                               a member of…

close                                        be closed   

go to school                            be a student

borrow                                      keep        

buy                                            have

catch(a cold)                             have(a cold)

get to know                               know   

begin to study                          study

come to work                            work   

get up                                         be up

leave　　　　　　　　　　    be away from等 

如：

1.He has been a soldier for three years. 他參軍三年了。

2.His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。

3.The film has been on for ten minutes.  電影已開始十分鐘了。

4.We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語已三年了。

    現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中英語語法的重點(diǎn)之一。它表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去?？梢院鸵詅or或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，也可以用在以“how long”提問的句子中，句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

     比如：

      Tom has studied Russian for three years.

    Green has lived in Beijing for 10 years.

    但是，也有些動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是短暫的，這類動(dòng)詞叫做非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也叫短暫性動(dòng)詞。

常見的短暫性動(dòng)：come,leave,  go  ,die  ,  begin ,  see  ,buy  ,borrow , join , lend 等，它們不能直接與段時(shí)間連用。那么，當(dāng)短暫性動(dòng)詞與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)，就要轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

短暫性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞一覽表

 列句：

1. 他離開這兒已經(jīng)六天了。

He has been away from here for 6 days / since 6 days ago.

2. 他父親死了3年了。

His father has been dead for 3 years / since 3 years ago.

=It’s 3years since his father died.

=His father died 3 years ago.

注意：
　　 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句中作謂語，并可以與for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)過程。

比如：He hasn’t borrowed any books for half a year.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中英語語法的重點(diǎn)之一。它表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可以和以for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，也可以用在以“how long”提問的句子中，句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。但是，有些動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是短暫的，這類動(dòng)詞叫做非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：come, go, reach, arrive, leave, borrow, buy, join, die, begin, start, finish等。在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞作謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。 
　　 同學(xué)們在使用這兩類動(dòng)詞作謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。例如： 
　　 （誤）Tom has bought the book for a week.
　　 （正）Tom has had the book for a week.
　　 （誤）My father had joined the Party for ten years.
　?。ㄕ㎝y father has been in the Party for ten years.
　　 如果要表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，就要把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短語，具體轉(zhuǎn)換如下： 
　　come/go/reach/arrive→be in/at, leave→be away from, borrow→keep, buy→have, join→be in/be a member of, die→be dead, start/begin→be on, finish/end→be over, open→be open (adj.), close→be closed (adj.), marry→be married
　　 
　　注意： 
　　 1. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句中作謂語，并可以與for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)過程。例如： 
　　 She hasn’t bought any new clothes since last year.
　　 2. 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞作謂語時(shí)不能與for，since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，但可以用其他句式來表示同一個(gè)意思。例如： 
　　 He has been away from Beijing for two years.
　　 = He left Beijing two years ago.
　　 = It is two years since he left Beijing.
　　 = Two years has passed since he left Beijing.
　　 練習(xí)：用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)改寫下列句子，使A，B兩句意思基本一致。每空限填一詞。 
　　 1. A. They came to our school in 1980.
　　 B. They ____ ____ ____ our school since 1980.
　　 2. A. The man died five years ago.
　　 B. The man ____ ____ ____ for five years.
　　 3. A. The meeting began two minutes ago.
　　 B. The meeting ____ ____ ____ for two minutes.
　　 4. A. We borrowed two books last week.
　　 B. We ____ ____ the two books for a week.
　　 5. A. When did the train arrive here?
　　 B. How long ____ the train ____ here?