第2講 非謂語動(dòng)詞
非謂語動(dòng)詞是高中英語語法中的重要部分，是高考的必考項(xiàng)目。非謂語動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)、動(dòng)名詞，在句子中可以作除謂語以外的其他成分。非謂語動(dòng)詞?？伎键c(diǎn)主要有動(dòng)詞不定式的功能、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法區(qū)別及非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、省略等。該項(xiàng)內(nèi)容考查考生在具體語言環(huán)境中理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)和分析句子成分的能力。
1．不定式的用法
Xiao Ming wantsto become① a basketball star and his dream isto play② basketball in the NBA.But he hasso much homework to do③.In order to have④more time to play③ basketball，Xiao Ming decides tostudy① hard to get④a high score.He really hopes that his father will allow him to play⑤basketball every day.To make his dream come true⑥is not easy.
[規(guī)則感悟] 動(dòng)詞的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作賓語?、谧鞅碚Z?、圩鞫ㄕZ?、茏鳡钫Z ⑤作賓補(bǔ)?、拮髦髡Z
2．動(dòng)詞-ing形式的用法
Reading①is one of Xiao Meng’s hobbies.Since she was a child，she has been dreaming ofbecoming② a writer.Last month，she read a book describing③love between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whose giftwas solving⑤ difficult problems in her dreams.Thegirl often found herself solving⑥ problems while sleeping⑦soundly，making⑧her partners shocked.The book is very interesting⑤.XiaoMeng really enjoys reading② the novel and imaginessolving② difficult problems in her own dreams.
[規(guī)則感悟] 動(dòng)詞-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作主語 ②作賓語?、圩骱笾枚ㄕZ?、茏髑爸枚ㄕZ?、葑鞅碚Z?、拮髻e補(bǔ) ⑦⑧作狀語
3．過去分詞的用法
Praised①by my teacher，Ifelt pleased②.The reason why I was praised wasthat I picked up a lost③ cellphone and returnedit to the owner.The incident made my parents amazed④.
[規(guī)則感悟] 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作狀語 ②作表語?、圩鞫ㄕZ?、茏髻e補(bǔ)
種類
形式
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng)
主語
賓語
賓補(bǔ)
表語
定語
狀語
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
√
√
√
√
√
√
進(jìn)行式
to be doing
×
完成式
to have done
to have been done
動(dòng)名詞
一般式
doing
being done
√
√
×
√
√
×
完成式
having done
having been done
分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞
一般式
doing
being done
×
×
√
√
√
√
完成式
having done
having been done
過去分詞
一般式
done(vi.)
表完成
done(vt.)表被動(dòng)
與完成
×
×
√
√
√
√
Hearing how others reactto the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.聽別人對(duì)你剛讀過的這本書的反應(yīng)會(huì)帶來額外的樂趣。
It’stime I got down to thinking about that essay.我該認(rèn)真思考一下那篇論文了。
Asked what had happened，he lowered his head.
問他發(fā)生了什么事的時(shí)候，他低下了頭。
Tom took a taxi to theairport，onlyto findhis plane high up in the sky.湯姆乘出租車去了機(jī)場，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他要乘坐的飛機(jī)已飛入高空。
Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at theback felt bored and went out.
因長時(shí)間被忽視，坐在后面的那個(gè)男孩感到枯燥就出去了。
There are still many problemsto be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我們準(zhǔn)備在月球上長住之前，還有很多問題需要解決。
Charles Babbage is generallyconsidered to have invented the first computer.
人們一致認(rèn)為查爾斯·巴貝奇發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。
對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1．Activities there rangefrom whale watching to hiking(遠(yuǎn)足) and accommodations aim to have (have) a lowimpact on the natural environment.(2021·全國乙)
2．After spending(spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was timefor some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! (2021·全國甲)
3．They make great gifts andyou see them many times decorated(decorate) with red envelopes and messagesof good fortune.(2020·全國Ⅱ)
4．According to the study，when faced (face)with the new challenges，fastwalkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly.
5．Most high school studentswant to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time reviewing(review)lessons.
1．非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語
(1)不定式作主語，一般表示具體某一次的動(dòng)作。常用it作形式主語，而不定式是真正的主語，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。
It is right to give upsmoking.
戒煙是正確的。
注意
在“Itis/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”結(jié)構(gòu)中，若形容詞側(cè)重于評(píng)價(jià)人物的特性、特征，則構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)用of，此時(shí)形容詞常為kind，nice，foolish等詞，且sb與形容詞之間可構(gòu)成邏輯上的系表關(guān)系；若形容詞側(cè)重于描寫不定式動(dòng)作的特征、特點(diǎn)，則構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)用for。
It is generous of himto contribute so much.
他捐獻(xiàn)了這么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important forus to live a low-carbon life.
過一種低碳生活對(duì)我們來說很重要。
(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在謂語動(dòng)詞前，有時(shí)用it作形式主語。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火會(huì)很危險(xiǎn)。
注意
下面句型中常用動(dòng)名詞作主語：It is/was a waste (of...)/nouse/no good doing sth
It is no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行動(dòng)而只是抱怨是沒有用的。
It is no good coming before that.
在那之前來沒有用。
2．非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語
(1)不定式作表語多表示某一次具體的、特定的或有待實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。
My dream is to enterPeking University.
我的夢想是考入北京大學(xué)。
My job is to cleanthe rooms every day.
我的工作是每天打掃房間。
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語多指抽象的、概念性的動(dòng)作，句子主語常是表示無生命的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。
Our job is playingall kinds of music.
我們的工作是演奏各種各樣的音樂。
(3)現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞也可以作表語，現(xiàn)在分詞作表語意為“令人……的”；而過去分詞作表語意為“人感到……的”。
It’swell known that a tiger looks very frightening.
眾所周知，老虎看起來令人很害怕。
We were moved atthe news that he had died for the motherland.
聽到他為國捐軀的消息，我們都很感動(dòng)。
3．非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語
(1)不定式作賓語
①常跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：
決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝
decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish，refuse，manage，volunteer，pretend
主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請求幫一幫
offer，promise，choose，plan，agree，ask/beg，help
My English teacher promisedto lend some books to me.
我的英語老師答應(yīng)借給我一些書。
We agreed to meetat the school gate.
我們一致同意在校門口見面。
②動(dòng)詞tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise等常接“疑問詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式”作賓語。
Please tell me whento start the project.
請告訴我何時(shí)開始這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
③在某些動(dòng)詞如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式賓語，然后加賓語補(bǔ)足語，最后加不定式作真正的賓語。
We think it ourduty to protect the environment.
我們認(rèn)為保護(hù)環(huán)境是我們的責(zé)任。
(2)動(dòng)名詞作賓語
①常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞(短語)：
考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想
consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon，admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞
avoid，miss，go on/keep on，practise，deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)避免
forbid，imagine，risk，can’t help，mind，allow/permit，escape
He tried to avoid answeringmy questions.
他試圖對(duì)我的問題避而不答。
We only missed seeingeach other by five minutes.
我們只因差五分鐘而未能見面。
My mother couldn’thelp smilingwhen she heard the good news.
聽到那個(gè)好消息，我媽媽情不自禁地笑起來。
②介詞后要跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，但是介詞but后跟不定式作賓語。
In 1993，China used 1.2 billiontons of coal for heating and generating electricity.
1993年，中國燒掉了12億噸煤用于供熱和發(fā)電。
After eating in her restaurant peoplewould become tired very quickly.
人們在她的餐館里吃過飯以后，很快就會(huì)感到疲乏。
They had no choice butto wait here.
他們別無選擇只有在這兒等待。
③由“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”構(gòu)成的短語，其后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語，常見的有be/get used to (習(xí)慣于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (堅(jiān)持)，get down to (開始)，devote...to...(致力于……)，object to (反對(duì))，stick to (堅(jiān)持)，give up (放棄)等。
With many reference materialsin hand，hegot down to writing his graduation thesis.
手頭有許多參考資料，他開始寫畢業(yè)論文。
(3)下列動(dòng)詞或短語既可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別：
I meant to giveyou this book today，butI forgot.
我本來打算今天給你這本書的，可是我忘了。
Missing this train meanswaiting for another hour.
錯(cuò)過這輛火車意味著得再等一小時(shí)。
4．在need，want，require等后表示被動(dòng)意義，不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，動(dòng)名詞不需要。
My bike needs to berepaired.＝Mybike needs repairing.
我的自行車需要修理。
對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1．It is possible to walk(walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.(2021·全國甲)
2．It is different from traditionaltourism because it allows the traveler to become educated (educate) aboutthe areas.(2021·全國乙)
3．It is widely believed thatforming(form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
4．When Peter speaks in public，he always has trouble thinking(think)of the right things to say.
5．We paced around to avoidgetting(get) frostbite(凍傷) as the temperature stayed close to －30 ℃and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
6．The experts all agree thatthe present economic situation is encouraging(encourage).
1．不定式作定語
(1)不定式作定語常表示將來的動(dòng)作；不定式的被動(dòng)式to be done作定語表示將來、被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
You are supposed to takethis opportunity to realize your dream.
你應(yīng)該抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)去實(shí)現(xiàn)你的夢想。
The question to be discussedat the meeting is very important.
將在會(huì)議上討論的那個(gè)問題非常重要。
(2)不定式常放在某些名詞或代詞后作定語。如果作定語的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后需要加相應(yīng)的介詞。
He had no pen to writewith so he had to borrow one from his neighbour.
他沒有鋼筆寫字，不得不從鄰居那兒借了一支。
(3)當(dāng)中心詞為序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)，the last，the only等或中心詞被這類詞修飾，且該中心詞是作定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，多用不定式作定語。
He is always the firstto arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他總是第一個(gè)到校，最后一個(gè)離校。
(4)被修飾詞是抽象名詞時(shí)，常用不定式作定語。常見的該類名詞有：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等。
The ability to expressan ideais as important as the idea itself.
表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的能力與觀點(diǎn)本身同等重要。
2．分詞作定語
(1)及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式作定語
作定語的及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式有：現(xiàn)在分詞、“being＋過去分詞”、過去分詞。當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時(shí)，用“being＋過去分詞”；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表完成或狀態(tài)時(shí)，用過去分詞。
The park was full of peopleenjoying themselves in the sunshine.
公園里人山人海，人們在陽光下玩得很快樂。(主動(dòng))
We must keep a secret ofthe things being discussed here.
我們必須對(duì)在此討論的問題保密。(被動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行)
The players selectedfrom the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
人們期待著從全國各地挑選出來的運(yùn)動(dòng)員能在今年夏季的賽事中給我們帶來榮譽(yù)。(被動(dòng)、完成)
(2)不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式作定語
作定語的不及物動(dòng)詞的分詞形式有：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞只表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作已完成，不表被動(dòng)。
falling leaves正在下落的葉子(表正在進(jìn)行)
fallen leaves落葉(表完成)
3．動(dòng)名詞作定語
動(dòng)名詞作定語常用來說明被修飾詞的用途或目的。
a walking stick拐杖
a reading room閱覽室
a sleeping car臥鋪車
對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1．The matter being discussed(discuss)now is so important that it will attract everyone’s attention.
2．Having a large family tosupport(support)，hetook up two part-time jobs in his spare time.
3．Earth Day，marked(mark) on 22 April，is an annual event aimingto raise public awareness about environmental protection.
4．Actually，it is quite normal foran average person living(live) in a city to see thousands of ads every singleday.
1．不定式作狀語
(1)作目的狀語
不定式作目的狀語意為“為了”，可以單獨(dú)放在句首、句中或句末。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性，不定式前也可加in order或so as，但so as to不能用于句首。
To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard.
為了通過大學(xué)入學(xué)考試，我們必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。
The bus stopped in orderto/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽車停下來以便接載乘客。
(2)作結(jié)果狀語
不定式作結(jié)果狀語常表示令人意外的結(jié)果，其邏輯主語通常是句子的主語，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：only to(不料……)、enough to(足夠……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
Tom hurried back onlyto find that his mother had left.
湯姆匆忙趕回來，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他的母親已經(jīng)離開了。
He is clever enoughto work out the difficult maths problem.
他足夠聰明，能解決這道數(shù)學(xué)難題。
I’mtoo tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，不能再熬夜了。
(3)作原因狀語
形容詞或過去分詞作表語時(shí)，后可接不定式作原因狀語，用以說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因或所表示的情況，常用在“主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋形容詞＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中。常用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞和過去分詞有sorry，surprised，disappointed，excited，glad，happy，anxious，delighted，pleased，foolish等。
We were astonished tofind the temple still in its original condition.
我們吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)，這座寺廟仍保持著最初的樣子。
注意
還有一類形容詞如easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous等，表示主語的特征或性質(zhì)，后面也常用不定式作狀語，不定式和句子主語之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
The morning air is so goodto breathe that he gets up early every day.
早上的空氣呼吸起來很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。
This book is difficultto understand.
這本書很難理解。
2．分詞作狀語
分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且含有進(jìn)行的意義；過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且含有完成的意義。
(1)作時(shí)間狀語相當(dāng)于when，while，before，since，as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。
Translated into English，the sentence was foundto have an entirely different word order.
＝When the sentence was translatedinto English，itwas found to have an entirely different word order.
當(dāng)這個(gè)句子被譯成英語時(shí)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它有一個(gè)完全不同的語序。
(2)作原因狀語相當(dāng)于because，since，as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。
①Notunderstandingthis problem，heasked the teacher about it.
＝Because he didn’tunderstand this problem，heasked the teacher about it.
因?yàn)椴焕斫膺@個(gè)問題，他問了老師。
②Defeated by his deskmate，he felt discouraged.
＝Because he was defeatedby his deskmate，hefelt discouraged.
由于被同桌打敗了，他感到氣餒。
(3)作條件狀語相當(dāng)于if，unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。
Given another hour，I can also work out thisproblem.
＝If I’mgiven another hour，Ican also work out the problem.
如果再給我一個(gè)小時(shí)，我也能解決這個(gè)問題。
(4)作結(jié)果狀語常用現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果，分詞前可接thus。
More highways have beenbuilt in China，making it much easier for peopleto travel from one place to another.
中國又建了很多高速公路，這使人們的出行變得更容易了。
(5)作方式或伴隨狀語表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的(或者伴隨的)動(dòng)作，常用逗號(hào)與句子主體部分隔開，相當(dāng)于并列句。
One evening Harry phonedme，asking me to come to his flatas soon as possible.
＝One evening Harry phonedme，and heasked me to come to his flat as soon as possible.
一天晚上哈里給我打電話，要求我盡快去他的公寓。
(6)作讓步狀語相當(dāng)于though，although，even if等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
Warned of the danger，he still went skating onthe thin ice.
＝Though he was warned ofthe danger，hestill went skating on the thin ice.
雖然被警告有危險(xiǎn)，他仍舊在薄冰上滑冰。
注意
某些動(dòng)詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，且往往用于一些系表結(jié)構(gòu)，此時(shí)這些過去分詞既不表示被動(dòng)，也不表示完成，而表示一種狀態(tài)，如：lost(迷路的)、seated(坐著的)、hidden(隱瞞的)、lost/absorbed(沉迷于……的)、dressed(穿著……的)、tired(對(duì)……感到厭倦的)、excited(興奮的)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’tnotice me enter the room.
專心于讀書，他沒注意到我進(jìn)入房間。
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
穿著紅色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
3．獨(dú)立成分作狀語
有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨(dú)立成分。常見的有：
獨(dú)立成分
含義
generally speaking
一般來說
frankly/honestly speaking
坦白地/老實(shí)說
judging from/by...
根據(jù)……來判斷
considering.../taking...into consideration/account
考慮到……
to tell you the truth
說實(shí)話
seeing...
考慮到……
given...
考慮到……
compared to/with...
與……相比
Generally speaking，the rule is very easy tounderstand.
一般來說，這條規(guī)則很容易懂。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
從口音判斷，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
說實(shí)話，我有點(diǎn)累。
4．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)構(gòu)成：名詞/代詞＋形容詞/副詞/介詞短語/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式
(2)特點(diǎn)：
①獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在；
②獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中作邏輯主語的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語等是邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；
③它表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列句。
Much work to do tonight(＝As there will be much workto do tonight)，wecan’tgo to see the film.
今晚有很多活要干，我們不能去看電影。
Weather permitting(＝If weather permits)，they will go on an outingto the beach tomorrow.
如果天氣允許的話，他們明天將去海灘郊游。
He was lying on the grass，his hands crossed underhis head(＝and his hands were crossedunder his head)．
他頭枕著交叉的雙手躺在草地上。
對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)
1．Later，they learned to work withthe seasons，plantingat the right time and，indry areas，making (make) use of annual floodsto irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
2．Chinese researchers hopeto use the instruments on-board Chang’e-4 to find(find)and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
3．Time permitting(permit)，youcan pay a visit to some places of interest in Hangzhou.
4．Completed(complete) in 1931，the Empire State Building，the highest skyscraperuntil 1954，inspiredthe imagination of the world.
5．I love to go sightseeingworldwide，alwaysabsorbed(absorb) in the culture of every country I visit.
6. Seeing(see) theGreat Wall wind its way over the mountains，all of us felt really amazed.
1．后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語
(1)有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)，即“動(dòng)詞/動(dòng)詞短語＋賓語＋to do”。常見的這類動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語有：
advise建議 allow 允許 ask 詢問；要求 beg懇求 cause 導(dǎo)致 encourage 鼓勵(lì) permit準(zhǔn)許 forbid 禁止 force 強(qiáng)迫 intend打算 invite 邀請 order 命令；要求 persuade說服 prefer 更喜歡 require 需要；要求 teach教 remind 提醒 tell 告訴 want想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait for等待 call on 號(hào)召；要求 depend on 依靠 urge 催促；力勸
She patiently explainedall the rules to the students and required everyone to follow them.
她耐心地向?qū)W生解釋了所有的規(guī)則并要求每個(gè)人都遵守這些規(guī)則。
The doctor warned himnot to eat too much meat.
醫(yī)生警告他不要吃太多的肉。
He depends on you tohelp him with his English.
他指望你幫助他學(xué)英語。
(2)下列句型中常用動(dòng)詞不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語，它們是：
sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to bedone/to be doing/to have been done sth
He is said to have beencheated in the street.
據(jù)說，他在大街上被騙了。
The accident is reportedto have killed two people.據(jù)報(bào)道，那次事故中有兩人喪生。
2．非謂語動(dòng)詞作感官動(dòng)詞(短語)、使役動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)
(1)感官動(dòng)詞(短語)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的賓語補(bǔ)足語有四種形式， 以see為例：
see＋賓語＋
I saw him leavea few minutes ago.
我看見他幾分鐘前離開了。
As I got closer，I saw him kickinghis legs in the air and breathing heavily.
當(dāng)我走近時(shí)，我看見他的腿在空中亂踢，并且呼吸沉重。
Back from his two-yearmedical service in Africa，DrLee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
從非洲醫(yī)療服務(wù)兩年回來后，李醫(yī)生十分高興地看到家里的母親得到了很好的照顧。
[注意] “感官動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語”在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)需加to。
The thief was observedto enter the bank.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
有人看見小偷進(jìn)了銀行。
(2)使役動(dòng)詞make，let，have，get后接復(fù)合賓語的情況：
①make＋賓語＋
The teacher made somestudents stay in the classroom after school.
老師讓一些學(xué)生放學(xué)后待在教室里。
He tried to make himselfunderstood.
他盡量把自己的意思表達(dá)清楚。
②let＋賓語＋
Don’tlet your child play with matches.
別讓你的孩子玩火柴。
Let the work be done immediately.
立刻把工作做完。
③have＋賓語＋
He had the light burningall night，whichmade his parents very angry.
他讓燈著了整晚，這使他父母很生氣。
My car broke down on myway to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
我的車在上班的路上壞了，明天要找人修一下。
注意
(1)“使役動(dòng)詞＋賓語＋省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語”在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)也需加to。
He was made to workday and night，sohe was very tired of the job.
他被迫日夜工作，所以他非常厭倦這項(xiàng)工作。
(2)have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常與can’t，won’t等連用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won’thave you speakingto your dad like that.我不容許你和你父親那樣講話。
④get＋賓語＋
She got her bike runningvery fast.
她把自行車騎得飛快。
I’llget my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要(請人)修一下我的自行車。
3．動(dòng)詞leave，keep，find，catch后加非謂語動(dòng)詞作復(fù)合賓語的情況
(1)leave
(2)keep
(3)find ?
(4)catch sb doing sth撞見某人正在做某事
The guests left mostof the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
大部分的菜客人們都沒有動(dòng)，因?yàn)樗鼈儾豢煽凇?div style="height:15px;">
They use computers to keepthe traffic running smoothly.
The hall was found thoroughly cleanedand everything arranged in good order.
I caught him smokingin the bathroom.
He lay on the grass withhis eyes looking at the sky.
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
With a lot of homeworkto do，Ican’tgo skating with you.
1．And when he saw the mistsrising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding(surround) the mountaintops，he wasreduced to tears.(2020·全國Ⅲ)
2．It’stypical of him to leave the water running(run) while he is brushing his teeth.
3．The median(中位數(shù)的) age of an American in1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected to increase(increase) to 42 by2050.
4．At the party，the pretty girl wore avery attractive skirt to make herself noticed(notice)．
5．The park was full of beauty，with the sun shining andbirds singing(sing).
1．Knowing(know) that you are comingto visit one of your Chinese friends，I’m writing to inform you of some customsyou should pay attention to.
2．Being offered(offer) the opportunityto speak at the graduation ceremony made me overjoyed.
3．He was reported tohave received(receive) 80,000 yuan for offering a four-Chinese-character answeron a pay-for-knowledge platform.
4．Having been shown(show) around the classrooms，we were taken to see thelibrary.
5．The whole city lay in ruinsafter the earthquake，making(make) us awake all night.
1．The Qinling Mountains havebecome the easiest place on Earth to encounter(encounter) wild pandas.
2．Despite being two goalsbehind South Korea in the first half，the Chinese women’s national football teamgot three in the second half with two goals scored (score) in just five minutes.
3．Getting up early in themorning，putting(put) on warm clothes andwaiting in a long line outside a store to buy newly-made yuanxiao is a ceremonyfor me and ensures I will have another sweet year.
4．Scientists from Madagascarinvested up to 12 years in the forest to record(record) songs of the 20 indrigroups，andfound the presence of rhythms featuring in human songs.
5．In recent years，biang biang noodles andits associated custom have become more widely known across China，driven(drive) in part by socialmedia interest in the made-up “biang” character.
6．By July，it’sestimated that Shennongjia will be linked to a newly built high-speed railway，making (make) the mountainousregion more accessible.
7．People can simply downloadapps that allow them to make(make) free video calls and send messages toother people around the world.
8．She felt very glad as thetesting program in the venue，known(know) as the “Ice Ribbon”，wasgoing as smoothly as the athletes skated on the gleaming ice.
9．The powerful and naturalsprings associated(associate) with Yellowstone’s identity and picturelandscape brought Yellowstone its fame.
10．After taking the lesson，I now understand the difficultyof calligraphy and that it will take efforts and commitment to master(master)this art form.
1．That approach brought Cobb’sair travel last year down by 75%，and she plans to continue (continue) the practice.(2022·浙江1月)
2．A visually-challenged manfrom Beijing recently hiked(徒步)40 days to Xi’an，asa first step to journey (journey) the Belt and Road route(路線) by foot.(2022·全國甲)
3．Inspired by the Belt andRoad Forum for International Cooperation held (hold) in Beijing，Cao decided to cover theroute by hiking as a tribute(致敬)to the ancient Silk Road.(2022·全國甲)
4．He flew 4,700 kilometersfrom Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.20，planning (plan) to hike back toXi’anin five months.(2022·全國甲)
5. To strengthen(strengthen)the connection with young people，the event included a number of public promotional activitieson social media，inviting(invite) twenty-nine teaprofessionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted livebroadcasts.(2022·全國乙)
6. Covering(cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one ofthe first national parks in the country.(2022·新高考全國Ⅰ)
7．Eric woke up a little laterwhen he heard children playing outside.He pushed a chair onto the balcony，and climbed up to see(see)them.(2022·新高考全國Ⅱ)
8．There has been a dramaticrise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years，caused(cause) largely by risingglobal temperatures，accordingto a new report from the United Nations.(2021·北京)
9．This may be due to somedisadvantages for people living(live) in the countryside，including lower levelsof income and education，highercosts of healthy foods，andfewer sports facilities.(2021·浙江1月)
10．China’sNational Highway 318，extending(extend) over 5,000 kilometersfrom Shanghai to Zhangmu，Tibet，is known as the “heavenlyroad”for its amazing views.(2021·天津3月)
1． (go) toMount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “TheLong and Winding Road”．What is so breathtaking about theexperience is the out-of-this-world scenes.The rolling sea of clouds you see onceyou are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans 2. (be)．
The hot springat the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb.It will undoubtedlyhelp you get 3. (refresh)! The4. (amaze) thing about the springis that the colder the temperature 5. (get)，thehotter the spring! Strange，isn’tit? But that’s how nature is—always leaving us 6. (astonish)．
What comesnext is the endless series of steps.You can’t help 7. (wonder) how hard it was for the people then 8. (put) all those rocks into place.Though it is the only unnatural thing on yourway up the mountain，stillit highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to restyour 9. (ache) legs.
As the songgoes，thislong and winding road “will never disappear”，andit will always stick in the visitor’s memory.It sure does inmine.While you’re in China，Mount Huangshan is a must10. (visit)!
解析 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并結(jié)合語境可知，本空為主語且表示主動(dòng)的、一般性的動(dòng)作，故應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作主語。
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)語境可知用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且主語we humans是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用are。
解析 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)句意以及上下文時(shí)態(tài)可知，此處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且主語the temperature為第三人稱單數(shù)，故填gets。
解析 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)。本空在“l(fā)eave＋復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓補(bǔ)，且根據(jù)語境可知，這里指的是使我們“感到驚訝”，故填astonished。
解析 考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語。本空在句中作定語，ache與中心詞legs之間是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞aching。
Persuading him into accepting myviews was impossible，soI didn’twant to waste my time discussing.
Experiencing life on theMongolia grassland with people there will be a good choice to broaden my horizons.
Hearing my words，David beamed a big smile，stood up and moved towardsthe starting line.
(2021·新高考全國Ⅰ)父親輕輕地拍著他們的肩膀，用溫柔的聲音說：“親愛的，愛才是最重要的。讓我們一起做吧?！?div style="height:15px;">
