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 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分

一.     陳述句, 疑問句, 祈使句, 感嘆句

句子按用途可分四種：

1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：

He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.

2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：

Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?

Mary can swim, can’t she?

3）祈使句：表示命令或者請求. 又叫無主句，主語通常為you,省略.

Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class

4）感嘆句：how 后面加上的是形容詞副詞.what后面加上的是名詞.

How clever the boy is! What a clever boy he is!

二.     簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。

1）簡單句：

只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

（劃線部分為并列謂語 ，只有一個(gè)主語，仍為簡單句。）

2) 并列句：

由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,逗號是不可以連接句子的,這一點(diǎn)和漢語不同.

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等連接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.

2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.

3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。

e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。

e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

3）復(fù)合句：

復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個(gè)的成分。（而并列句的兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系， 而不是從屬關(guān)系）。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。

當(dāng)簡單句的一個(gè)成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r(shí)，整個(gè)句子就成為復(fù)合句了。

1.         It is wrong. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）

2.         What he said is wrong.
（what he said,是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語，said為謂語，what是賓語。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。What he said作主語，is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。What he said是名詞性從句作主語）。

3.         The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）

4.         The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（The boy is my brother.是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who is wearing a hat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語the boy的定語。因此本句是復(fù)合句。）

5.         I was doing my homework at six. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）

6.         I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he came in也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個(gè)的時(shí)間狀語。因此是復(fù)合句。

練習(xí)：

判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.

2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.

3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?

4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.

5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.

7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.

8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?

9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

11. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm.

12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.

14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat

15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.

答案：1. 簡單句 2. 復(fù)合句, The boy is called Tom是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who offered me his seat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，為定語從句，作前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語the boy 的定語。

3. 簡單句，反義疑問句 4. 簡單句，my brother and I 是并列主語，后面go to school和come back為并列謂語，因此也只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。5. 并列句 6.含有時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句。7. 并列句 8. 復(fù)合句，what he said也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞性從句作主語。 9. 簡單句，只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。10. 簡單句，前面為并列主語。11. and連接的并列句 12. 由so連接的并列句 13. 簡單句 14.but連接前后為并列句，但后面又是一個(gè)含有定語從句的復(fù)合句。15.含有讓步狀語從句的復(fù)合句。

考點(diǎn)： 兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈?fù)合句

一個(gè)句子如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，那它就不是簡單句了，要么是并列句，要么是復(fù)合句。是并列句時(shí)要有and, so, but,等并列連詞或用分號。是復(fù)合句時(shí)也要有連接詞?？傊?，只用逗號而不用連接詞簡單的把兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)連接到一起的句子是錯(cuò)誤的。如：

I like English, my English is very good.×

I like English and my English is very good.√

As I like English, my English is very good. √

I have a house, its windows are very big. ×

I have a house and its windows are very big. √

I have a house, whose windows are very big. √

練習(xí)：參看 定語從句 關(guān)系詞的選擇P137  6

三.     句子成分

現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有七種：除 主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補(bǔ)語（complement）之外還有 表語（predicative）（同位語）。

許國璋英語中劃句子成分的符號

主語        在下面劃一直線

  謂語      在下面劃曲線

  賓語      在下面劃雙橫線

  定語      在下面劃虛線 （一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子， 釘 諧音為“定語” 的“定”）

 狀語       下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁， 木樁撞（狀）鐘）

補(bǔ)語        上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）

 同位語     上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）

1.         主語

  主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首,通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)。

可由1.名詞、2.代詞、3.數(shù)詞、4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式、6.動(dòng)名詞、7.主語從句等表示。

練習(xí)1. 在下面句子的主語下面劃橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)

1.         During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

2.         We often speak English in class.

3.         One-third of the students in this class are girls.

4.         To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5.         Smoking does harm to the health.

6.         The rich should help the poor.

7.         When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

8.         It is necessary to master a foreign language.

9.          That he isn’t at home is not true

答案：

1.         During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）

2.         We often speak English in class.（代詞）

3.         One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）

4.         To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）

5.         Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）

6.         The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）

7.         When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）

8.         It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）

9.         That he isn’t at home is not true. (主語從句， that不能省略)

練習(xí)2. 改錯(cuò)

1)        Do exercise everyday is good for your health.

2)        That what he said isn’t true.

3)        He came late made his teacher angry.

4)        On the desk is two books.

答案：1）do改為doing, 用動(dòng)名詞作主語。2）去掉that, what本身都有連接作用。

3）在he前加That, 主語從句中that不能省。也可改為His coming late, 用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語。4）is改為are, 介詞短語不能作主語，本句是倒裝句。

2.         謂語：

謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說明主語所作的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：

1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：

  He practices running every morning.

  He reads newspapers every day.

2、復(fù)合謂語：

（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

My sister is crying over there.

I have been waiting for you all the time.

I would stay at home all day.

（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。

如：We are students.

Your idea sounds great.

考點(diǎn)1.        在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中要注意動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)

當(dāng)主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)（不止一個(gè)人），后面用動(dòng)詞原形。

當(dāng)主語是一個(gè)人，并且不是I 和you，謂語要用第三人稱單數(shù)，也就是在后面加-s,-es

1.         We/You(你們)/They ____(go) to school every day.

2.         Tom and Mike  ____(go) to school every day.          

3.         His children ____(go) to school every day.

4.         Tom ____(go) to school every day.

5.         My brother ____(go) to school every day.

6.         Your sister ____(go) to school every day.

7.         Their son ____(go) to school every day.

8.         He / She ____(go) to school every day.

答案：1-3， go  4-8, goes

考點(diǎn)2.        謂語中要有動(dòng)詞，因此形容詞前面要加上系動(dòng)詞才能作謂語。如：

Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.×

Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.√

The food delicious and I ate a lot. ×The food was delicious and I ate a lot. √

考點(diǎn)3.        在復(fù)合謂語中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞,如：will, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,還有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后面用動(dòng)詞原形。

She might stayed at home. ×  She might stay at home. √

He must comes. ×   He must come. √

考點(diǎn)4.        進(jìn)行時(shí)是be + doing, 不要把be遺忘了

It raining heavily. ×  It was raining heavily. √

They planting trees on the farm. ×  They were planting trees on the farm. √

3.         表語：

表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。

劃出下列句中的表語, 并說明有什么充當(dāng)。

1)      Our teacher of English is an American.

2)      Is it yours?

3)      The weather has turned cold.

4)      The speech is exciting.

5)      Three times seven is twenty one?

6)      His job is to teach English.

7)      His hobby（愛好）is playing football.

8)      The machine must be under repairs.

9)      The truth is that he has never been abroad.

答案：

1)      Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）

2)      Is it yours?（代詞）

3)      The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）

4)      The speech is exciting.（分詞）

5)      Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）

6)      His job is to teach English.（不定式）

7)      His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）

8)      The machine must be under repairs.（介詞短語）

9)      The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）

4.         賓語：

賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。

賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語,分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu),

劃出下列句中的賓語, 并說明有什么充當(dāng)。

1)      They planed many trees yesterday.

2)      The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

3)      (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.

4)      They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

5)      I wanted to buy a car.

6)      I enjoy listening to popular music.

7)      I think（that）he is fit for his office.

答案：

1)      They planed many trees yesterday.（名詞）

2)      The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）

3)      (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.（數(shù)詞）

4)      They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）

5)      I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短語）

6)      I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）

7)      I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）

5.         賓語補(bǔ)足語：

英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。

帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。

用   線劃出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

1)      His father named him Dongming.

2)      They painted their boat white.

3)      Let the fresh air in.

4)      You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

5)      We saw her entering the room.

6)      We found everything in the lab in good order.

7)      We will soon make our city what your city is now.

8)      I want your homework done on time.

答案：

1)      His father named him Dongming.（名詞）

2)      They painted their boat white.（形容詞）

3)      Let the fresh air in.（副詞）

4)      You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）

5)      We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）

6)      We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）

7)      We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）

8)      I want your homework done on time.(過去分詞短語)

6.         主補(bǔ)：

對主語的補(bǔ)充。（含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成被動(dòng)賓語作主語時(shí)，原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。

He was elected monitor.                  

She was found singing in the next room.

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

7.         定語：

定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。

考點(diǎn)1.        若修飾some, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如：something、nothing）,定語通常置后。

I have something important to tell you.(important修飾something,卻放在后面)

There is nothing interesting in the book.（ interesting 修飾 nothing）

考點(diǎn)2.        副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。

People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)

He went up to a policeman downstairs. （樓下的警察）

考點(diǎn)3.        單個(gè)形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后

The next man is a scientist.

The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）

The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那個(gè)商店）

考點(diǎn)4.        介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置

The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個(gè)男孩）

The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）

考點(diǎn)5.        名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但當(dāng)woman, man作定語且后面名詞為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，woman man 也要用復(fù)數(shù)

boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses

考點(diǎn)6.        動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語作定語要后置

（參看 P104非謂語 作定語部分）

I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說的話)

The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）

The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）

考點(diǎn)7.        動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別 (參看P106非謂語部分)

This is a swimming pool.(動(dòng)名詞作定語，表功能)

The sleeping boy is only five.（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語， 表正在進(jìn)行）

考點(diǎn)8.        Else, 別的，其它的，通常放在不定代詞和疑問詞后作后置定語

Who else do you know?

Somebody else might have taken it away.

You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?
A. Where else B. Where place else
C. Where else place D. Else where

考點(diǎn)9.        enough修飾名詞可前置或后置, enough修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),必須后置。

Nearby可作形容詞、副詞，因此修飾名詞時(shí)也可前置或后置

1) I haven’t got enough money. I can’t afford it.（形容詞作定語）

2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容詞短語作定語）

3) You can’t be careful enough. (副詞作狀語)

3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副詞作定語）

= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容詞作定語）

用     劃出下列句中的定語，并指出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)?shù)?/span>

1.         Tom is a handsome boy.

2.         His boy needs Tom's pen.

3.         The boy in blue is Tom.

4.         The boy needs a ball pen.

5.         The boy there needs a pen.

6.         The boy to write this letter needs a pen.

7.         There is nothing to do today. 

8.         The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.

9.         There are five boys left.

10.      The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.

11.      The boy you will know is Tom.

12.     The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.

13.     He is reading an article about how to learn English.

14.     Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

15.     His rapid progress in English made us surprised.

16.     There are thirty women teachers in our school.

答案：

1.         Tom is a handsome boy. （形容詞作定語）

2.         His boy needs Tom's pen.( His物主代詞Tom’s名詞所有格,作定語：)

3.         The boy in blue is Tom.(介詞短語作后置定語)

4.         The boy needs a ball pen.（名詞作定語）

5.         The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。副詞作后置定語）

6.         The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（要寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。不定式作定語）

7.         There is nothing to do today.（不定式to do作nothing的定語 ）

8.         The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。現(xiàn)在分詞smiling作定語, 后面過去分詞短語作定語）

9.         There are five boys left.（有五個(gè)留下的男孩，數(shù)詞和過去分詞） 

10.     The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.（那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。定語從句）

11.     The boy you will know is Tom.（你將認(rèn)識的男孩叫湯姆。定語從句）

12.     The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語）

13.     He is reading an article about how to learn English.（關(guān)于如何學(xué)英語的文章，介詞短語作后置定語）

14.     Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（進(jìn)教室的第一個(gè)，不定式短語作后置定語）

15.     His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（他在英語方面的快速進(jìn)步，物主代詞、形容詞作定語，介詞短語作后置定語）

16.     There are thirty women teachers in our school.（數(shù)詞、名詞作定語）

8.         狀語

修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子, 說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。可由以下形式表示：

He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(寫地認(rèn)真，走地慢，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞)

This material is environmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞）

He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞）

Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞）

考點(diǎn)1.        形容詞、副詞的選擇

修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語

作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語時(shí)一般用形容詞

可簡單的歸結(jié)為：形修名，作表、定；副作狀，修飾 副、形 動(dòng)

He is careful.（作表語，用形容詞）

He is a careful boy.（作定語， 用形容詞）

練習(xí): 參看 形容詞和副詞部分 P55 考點(diǎn)17

考點(diǎn)2.        幾個(gè)副詞并列作狀語時(shí),其順序較靈活,但一般是：方式→地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間。如：

We had a good time together outdoors  last Sunday.

I found a lost pen outside our school  yesterday morning.

考點(diǎn)3.        頻度副詞如often、always、usually等在be及助動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞后,行為動(dòng)詞前。

He is often late.

He is always helping others.

He often came late.

考點(diǎn)4.        副詞按意義分類

在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補(bǔ)語都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步

一. 方式副詞

suddenly 突然地      rapidly 迅速地  warmly 熱烈地  successfully 成功地

quickly 很快地      carefully 仔細(xì)地 proudly 驕傲地      angrily 憤怒地

二. 地點(diǎn)、方向副詞

here     這里    there      那里  outside  在外    inside     在內(nèi)

away     遠(yuǎn)離    straight   徑直地  upstairs 上樓    backwards  向后

三. 時(shí)間副詞

now       現(xiàn)在     then       當(dāng)時(shí) soon      不久     still      依然

tomorrow  在明天   yesterday  在昨天 already   已經(jīng)     yet仍

四. 頻度副詞（又稱：頻率副詞）

always      總是     usually  通常 frequently  頻繁地   often    經(jīng)常

sometimes   有時(shí)     seldom   很少，不常 rarely      罕有地   never    從不

五. 程度副詞

very   非常    quite     十分 too    太      pretty    相當(dāng)

rather 稍微    extremely 極端地 almost 幾乎    nearly    幾乎

練習(xí)：指出下列劃線部分屬于什么狀語

1.         How about meeting again at six?

2.         Mr Smith lives on the third floor.

3.         Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.

4.         She put the eggs into the basket with great care.

5.         She came in with a dictionary in her hand.

6.         In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

7.         To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.

8.         The boy needs a pen very much.

9.         The boy really needs a pen.

10.     He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

11.     She works very hard though she is old.

12.     I am taller than he is.

13.     I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.

14.     On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 

15.     Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.

答案：1. （時(shí)間狀語）  2. （地點(diǎn)狀語）  3. （原因狀語） 4. （方式狀語）

 5. （伴隨狀語）  6. （目的狀語）  7. （目的狀語） 8. （程度狀語）

9. （程度狀語）  10. （結(jié)果狀語） 11. （讓步狀語） 12. （比較狀語） 

13. （條件狀語）  14. (時(shí)間狀語，地點(diǎn)狀語) 15. （原因狀語）

9.         同位語

同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：

We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’）

We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）

It’s good to us students.

1． The young man, ___ ,works in the office.

A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me

2.  Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.
A. Mrs. Wang  B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang's .  D. of him

3.  ___, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He  C. They  D. Theirs

(答案：B, A, C)

10.     獨(dú)立成分

有時(shí)句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))。

感嘆詞：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。

肯定詞yes 否定詞no

稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。

插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。

如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.

四.     簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)

英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。

英語五種基本句型列式如下：

一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）

二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓）

四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）

基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）

這類句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動(dòng)詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如:

It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ)

We've worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ)

The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ)

Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)

分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種

1)      Dark clouds hung overhead. (       )

2)      Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (       )

3)      He is smiling all over his face. (       )

4)      I did well in English. (       )

5)      He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (       )

答案：

1)      Dark clouds hung overhead.(SV)

2)      Gradually a smile appeared on her face. .(SV)

3)      He is smiling all over his face. .(SV)

4)      I did well in English. .(SV)

5)      He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. .(SV)

基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

系動(dòng)詞主要是be. 但還有一些動(dòng)詞在有些時(shí)候也可作系動(dòng)詞，有人稱之為半系動(dòng)詞。

常見的半系動(dòng)詞有：

（1）表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；

（2）表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；

（3）表示狀態(tài)變化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。

系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語

He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)

Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)

分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種, 并寫出該句的系動(dòng)詞。

1)      His advice proved right. (                  )

2)      The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. (                  )

3)      The machine went wrong. (                  )

4)      All these efforts seem in vain. (                  )

5)      These words sound reasonable. (                  )

6)      The room soon became crowded. (                  )

7)      The days are getting longer and longer. (                  )

8)      He fell ill yesterday. (                  )

9)      Trees turn green in spring. (                  )

10)  What you said sounds great. (                  )

答案：

1)      His advice proved right. （SVP, proved）

2)      The shop stays open till 8 o’clock. （SVP, stays）

3)      The machine went wrong. （SVP, went）

4)      All these efforts seem in vain （SVP, seem ）

5)      These words sound reasonable. （SVP, sound）

6)      The room soon became crowded. （SVP, became）

7)      The days are getting longer and longer. （SVP, getting）

8)      He fell ill yesterday. （SVP, fell）

9)      Trees turn green in spring. （SVP, turn）

10)  What you said sounds great. （SVP, sound）

基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓）

此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語+及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）+賓語”構(gòu)成。賓語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或詞組、the +形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，

She likes English.

We planted a lot of trees on the farm  yesterday.

分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種

1.         My brother hasn't done his homework.. (        )

2.         People all over the world speak English. (        )

3.         Jim cannot dress himself. (        )

4.         All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. (        )

5.         He did not know what to say. (        )

答案：

1.         My brother hasn't done his homework.. (SVO)

2.         People all over the world speak English. (SVO)

3.         Jim cannot dress himself. (SVO)

4.         All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. (SVO)

5.         He did not know what to say. (SVO)

基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。

一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。

如：He give me  a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)

強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：

Show this house to Mr. Smith.

若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。

如：Bring it to me, please.  (不能說 Bring me it, please。)

常跟雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞有：

（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, do(帶來）, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等

（需借助for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等

He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.

= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.

She gave John a book．= She bought a book for me.

分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。

1. She ordered herself a new dress. (        )

2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. (        )

3. He brought you a dictionary. (        )

4. He denies her nothing. (        )

5. I showed him my pictures. (        )

6. I gave my car a wash. (        )

7. I told him that the bus was late. (        )

8. He showed me how to run the machine. (        )

答案：

1. She ordered herself a new dress. (SVoO)

2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. (SVoO)

3. He brought you  a dictionary. (SVoO)

4. He denies her nothing. (SVoO)

5. I showed him my pictures. (SVoO)

6. I gave my car a wash. (SVoO)

7. I told him that the bus was late. (SVoO)

8. He showed me how to run the machine. (SVoO)

基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）

此句型的句子的特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。

賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。

The war made him a soldier.（Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ他成為一個(gè)士兵，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）

New methods make the job easy.  （Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ）

I often find him at work. （Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ）

The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ）

I saw a cat running across the road.

分析下列句子劃分成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種, 并指出是什么充當(dāng)句子的賓語補(bǔ)足語

1. They appointed him manager. （         ）

2. They painted the door green. （         ）

3. He pushed the door open. （         ）

4. They found the house deserted. （         ）

5. What makes him think so? （         ）

6. We saw him out. （         ）

7. He asked me to come back soon. （         ）

8. I saw them getting on the bus. （         ）

9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （         ）

10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （         ）

11. We elected him monitor. （         ）

12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （         ）

答案:

1. They appointed him manager. （SVOC, 名詞）

2. They painted the door green. （SVOC, 形容詞）

3. He pushed the door open. （SVOC, 形容詞）

4. They found the house deserted. （SVOC, 形容詞）

5. What makes him think so? （SVOC, 省略to的不定式）

6. We saw him out. （SVOC, 副詞）

7. He asked me to come back soon. （SVOC, 動(dòng)詞不定式）

8. I saw them getting on the bus. （SVOC, 現(xiàn)在分詞 ）

9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （SVOC, 名詞）

10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （SVOC, 過去分詞 ）

11. We elected him monitor. （SVOC, 名詞 ）

12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （SVOC, 現(xiàn)在分詞）

6. There be 句型

此句型是由 there + be + 主語 + 狀語 構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)某地存在有，它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動(dòng)詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實(shí)際意義。

考點(diǎn)1.        Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如，

現(xiàn)在有   there is / are …     過去有   there was / were…
將來有   there will be…/ there is / are going to be...
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有   there has / have been…
可能有  there might be...    肯定有  there must be …/ there must have been...
過去一直有  there used to be …   似乎有  there seems / seem / seemed to be …
碰巧有  there happen / happens / happened to be …　

考點(diǎn)2.        此句型有時(shí)可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等詞代替be動(dòng)詞。

Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.

   There came a shout for "help".

   There must have been a village here.

There lies a book on the desk.

There stands a tree on the hill.

考點(diǎn)3.        There be 與have 的區(qū)別

There be … 某地有某物，某時(shí)有某事

have 表示某人擁有某物。

且記：沒有 there has a book on the desk. There has a meeting this evening.這樣的表達(dá)方法

練習(xí)：翻譯下來句子

1. 我有許多好朋友。

2. 今天晚上將有一場電影。

3. 公園內(nèi)有許多人。

4. 樹上有許多小鳥。

5. 一條狗有四條腿和一個(gè)尾巴。

答案:

1.       I have many friends.  2. There is going to be a film tonight.

3.       There are a lot of people in the park. 4. There are lots of birds in the tree.

5. A dog had four legs and a tail.

練習(xí) ：劃分句子成分練習(xí)

練習(xí)1. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。

1)    Tees turn green when spring comes.

2)    The old man was feeling very tired.

3)    His job is to train swimmers.

4)    Where he was buried remained unknown.

5)    What he said proved true.

6)    We must keep quiet.

7)    The shop stayed open until eleven.

8)    She appeared younger than she really was.

9)    His face went red.

10)     He fell ill last week.

11)     The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious.

   從上面我們可以看出， 常見的系動(dòng)詞有，____, ________, _______, ________, ________, ________, _________, ________, _______, ________等，它們后面一般跟______詞作表語。

答案:

1)    Tees turn green when spring comes. (SVP)

2)    The old man was feeling very tired. (SVP)

3)    His job is to train swimmers. (SVP)

4)    Where he was buried remained unknown. (SVP)

5)    What he said proved true. (SVP)

6)    We must keep quiet. (SVP)

7)    The shop stayed open until eleven. (SVP)

8)    She appeared younger than she really was. (SVP)

9)    His face went red. (SVP)

10)     He fell ill last week. (SVP)

11)     The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious. (SVP)

Turn, feel, be, remain, prove, keep, stay, appear, go, fall, taste 形容詞

練習(xí)2. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種?？谧g，體會it的替代性用法。

1)        It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.

2)        It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

3)        It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.

4)        The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .

5)        She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town. 

6)        I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．

7)        He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics.

8)        I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.

    從上面我們可以看出，作形式主語和形式賓語一般用代詞______, 真正的主語或賓語通常是____________或___________, 放在后面。

答案:

1)        It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.（SVP）

2)        It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. （SVP）

3)        It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. （SVO）

4)        The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting . （SVOC）

5)        She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town. （SVOC）

6)        I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．（SVOC）

7)        He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics. （SVOC）

8)        I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. （SVO）

It, 動(dòng)詞不定式，名詞性從句（一般由that引導(dǎo)且不能省略，也有其它引導(dǎo)的）

練習(xí)3. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種?？谧g，留意定語是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)，并留意定語的位置。

1)        Comrades in her group often help her with grammar.

2)        The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors.

3)        The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.

4)        After the third period there is a long break for rest and exercise.

5)        Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope.

6)        People all over the world speak English.

7)        The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .

8)        We need a place twice larger than this one.

9)        The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

10)     Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

11)     She carried a basket full of eggs.

12)     It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.

13)     It’s a city far from the coast.

14)     Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .

15)     He has money enough to buy a car.

16)     Do you have anything else to say?

17)     There is little time left.

18)     There were few people present at the meeting.

19)     Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.

20)     The film we saw last night was about the War of Liberation.

21)     The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers.

22)     He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears.

23)     The first thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth.

24)     Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.

從上面我們可以看出，____________, ___________, __________和_______ 作定語時(shí)常后置。

答案:

1)        Comrades in her group often help her with grammar.  (SVO)

2)        The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors. (SVO)

3)        The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. (SVP)

4)        After the third period there is a long break for rest and exercise.(there be)

5)        Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope. (SVO)

6)        People all over the world speak English. (SVO)

7)        The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . (SVP)

8)        We need a place twice larger than this one. (SVO)

9)        The man downstairs was trying to sleep. (SV)

10)     Every night he heard the noise upstairs. (SVO)

11)     She carried a basket full of eggs. (SVO)

12)     It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. (SVP)

13)     It’s a city far from the coast. (SVP)

14)     Some farmers saw something strange in the sky. (SVO)

15)     He has money enough to buy a car. (SVO)

16)     Do you have anything else to say? (SVO)

17)     There is little time left. (there be)

18)     There were few people present at the meeting. (there be)

19)     Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.（there be）

20)     The film we saw last night was about the War of Liberation.(SVP)

21)     The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers. .(SVP)

22)     He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears. .(SVoO)

23)     The first thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth. .(SVP)

24)     Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. .(SV)

介詞短語、形容詞短語 副詞 定語從句

練習(xí)4. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。

1)        What he said is true.

2)        We must do what the party told us to do.

3)        That is what interested her most.

4)        We must do whatever the people want us to do.

5)        Whoever smokes here will be punished.

答案:

1)        What he said is true .(SVP)

2)        We must do what the party told us to do. (SVO)

3)        That is what interested her most. (SVP)

4)        We must do whatever the people want us to do. (SVO)

5)        Whoever smokes here will be punished. (SV)

練習(xí)5. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種?？谧g，并說明是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。

1)        I hope to see him as soon as possible.

2)        He wouldn’t mind being left alone.

3)        We are considering making a new plan.

4)        It just missed being caught.

5)        She admitted having taken the key.

6)        My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.

7)        I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job.

8)        I stopped to take a break.

9)        She tried living alone.

10)     These young trees require looking after carefully.

11)     Missing the train means waiting for an hour. 

12)     I meant to have called you.

13)     To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly.

14)     To save money now seems impossible.

15)     Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.

從上面我們可以看出，動(dòng)詞原形不能作主語、賓語，要變?yōu)?/span>________或______之后才能作主語和賓語。

答案：

1)        I hope to see him as soon as possible.（SVO, 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語）

2)        He wouldn’t mind being left alone. （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)式作賓語）

3)        We are considering making a new plan. （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語）

4)        It just missed being caught. （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)是作賓語）

5)        She admitted having taken the key. （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞完成式作賓語）

6)        My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.SVO, 動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語）

7)        I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job. （SVO, 不定式短語作賓語）

8)        I stopped to take a break. （SV 不定式作目的狀語）

9)        She tried living alone. （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語）

10)     These young trees require looking after carefully. （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語）

11)     Missing the train means waiting for an hour.  （SVO, 動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語）

12)     I meant to have called you. （SVO, 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式作賓語）

13)     To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly. （SVP, 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語）

14)     To save money now seems impossible. （SVP,動(dòng)詞不定式作主語）

15)     Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.