2.引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that在下列情況下一般不省略:
(1). 賓語從句前有插入語。如:
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我們希望他和我們呆在家里。
(2). 有間接賓語時。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告訴我他要去日本。
(3). that在與之并列的另一個賓語從句之后。如:
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他說那本書很有趣,所有小孩都喜歡讀。
(4). 在“it(形式賓語)+補語”之后時。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我們認為他有必要留在這里。
(5). that從句單獨回答問題時。如:
—What did he hear? 他聽說了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他聽說)凱特考試及格了。
(6). 在except等介詞后。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒有什么特別的毛病。
(7). 位于句首時。如:
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我們隊會贏。
(8). 在較為正式或不常用的動詞(如reply, object)后。如:
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答說他不同意。
(二)由whether,if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
由whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。
一般說來,在賓語從句中whether與if可以互換使用,但在特殊情況下if與whether是不能互換的。
1.只能用whether,不能用if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
(1)在帶to的不定式前
例句:We decided whether to walk there.
(2)在介詞的后面
例句:I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
(3)在動詞discuss后面的賓語從句時
例句:We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
(4)直接與or not連用時
例句:I can’t say whether or not that can come on time.
2.只能用if不能用whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
(1)if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,意為“如果”
例句:The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
(2)if引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語從句時
例句:He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
(3)引導(dǎo)狀語從句even if(即使)和as if(好象)時
例句:He talks as if he has known all about it.
(三)連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的,賓語從句要用陳述句語序。用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞常常是:see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
英語中的連接代詞有:who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。
例句:Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
英語中的連接副詞有:when,where,why,how,在句中擔(dān)任狀語的成分。
例句:None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
三.賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即:連接代詞/副詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。例句如下:
I don’t know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
四.賓語從句的時態(tài)
主句是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句根據(jù)實際情況使用任何時態(tài)。
例句:The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
主句是過去時態(tài),從句須用過去時態(tài)的某種形式。
例句:She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時,即使主句是過去時,從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
例句:The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
五 賓語從句中的否定前移
如果主句的謂語動詞是believe, think, guess, suppose等,而且主句的主語又是第一人稱時,它后面接的賓語從句的否定詞通常要前移到主句中,即否定主句中的動詞,這也就是我們平常所說的“否定的轉(zhuǎn)移”。
I don't think (that) it will rain.
I don't believe he tells lies.
注意:
① 這種否定前移的賓語從句,在變成反意疑問句時,反意疑問句的主謂語要與從句一致。
I don't think (that) he is interested in that thing, is he? 我認為他對那件事不感興趣,對嗎?
② 如果主句的主語是第二和第三人稱時,它后面接的賓語從句的否定詞通常不前移,它的反意疑問句的主謂語應(yīng)該與主句一致,即如果主句是肯定,反意疑問部分就用否定;如果主句是否定,那么反意疑問部分就用肯定。
She thought that film was not interesting, didn't she? 她認為那部電影不好看,是嗎?
You think you can't get up, don't you? 你認為你起不來,是嗎?
六 賓語從句的簡化(常用六法 )
方法一:簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
方法二:簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”
當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等動詞,且主句主語與從句主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注:當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是tell, ask, show, teach等動詞,且后帶雙賓語,從句主語和間接賓語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三:簡化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”
當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是order(命令),require(需要)等時,如果主句和從句的主語不一致,賓語從句可簡化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
The headmaster ordered that we should start at on
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at on
方法四:簡化為介詞加動名詞(短語)
某些動詞后的賓語從句,可以用介詞加動名詞(短語)等其他形式簡化。例如:
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五:簡化為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓語補足語)”
某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓語補足語)”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六:簡化seem后的賓語從句
動詞seem后的賓語從句,也可以用不定式(短語)來簡化,但句型需要進行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?。例如?nbsp;
It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy
七,其他需要說明的問題
1.標(biāo)點由主句決定,如主句是陳述句、祈使句,則用句號;是疑問句則用問號。
eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall.
Can you tell me which bus I should take?
2.要注意個別句子中主從句人稱的一致。
3.賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)分
eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.
2) I don't know if the train has arrived.
句1)中if引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句。這個從句表示“條件”,修飾主句。整個句子的意思是如果明天天氣好,我就出去。
句2)中if引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,充當(dāng)謂語動詞don't know的賓語。整個句子的意思是我不知道火車是否到達。
判斷方法:
1.從位置看:
狀語從句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(個別除外),賓語從句只能放在主句謂語動詞之后。
2.從引導(dǎo)詞看:
if充當(dāng)賓語從句的連接詞時,相當(dāng)于whether,詞義為“是否”,充當(dāng)狀語從句的連接詞時,詞義為“如果”。when充當(dāng)賓語從句的連接詞時,意為“什么時候”,充當(dāng)狀語從句的連接詞時,意為“當(dāng)……的時候”。
3.從時態(tài)看:
if和when作連接詞時,引導(dǎo)賓語從句要注意:從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)應(yīng)根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。if和when充當(dāng)從屬連詞時,引導(dǎo)條件和時間狀語從句,若主句的謂語動詞用一般將來時,則從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來(即”主將從現(xiàn)”)。
八。典型錯句解析
1. He doesn’t know that when she can return him his book.
【解析】…know that when she →…know when she …引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞不可同時使用.
2. He doesn’t like that I’ve brought him.
【解析】that→what,what引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,常無疑問意義,表示“所……人(物)”,在從句中作主語,賓語或表語.
3. It’s a question of if we should help her.
【解析】if → whether介詞后接的賓語從句不能用if而應(yīng)用whether 引導(dǎo).
4. Could you tell me where is she?
【解析】is she→ she is.賓語從句一律用陳述句語序,即謂語動詞位于主語后面.
5. I think you are going to the park, don’t you?
【解析】don’t →aren’t you.在I think that…結(jié)構(gòu)中,其后反意疑問句附加部分,要與that之后的從句主,謂一致.
6. Could you tell you me which place she lives?
【解析】lives→lives in. 賓語從名中的動詞不是及物動詞,后面要帶介詞.
7. He asked me when the train will arrive.
【解析】will→would.主從時態(tài)要前后呼應(yīng),主句為過去時,從句要用過去時形式.
8. I don’t know that I said.
【解析】that → what. that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,其本身無詞義.what作said 的賓語.
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