上一篇文章探討了顏色與性格的關(guān)系，今天再讀一篇， 姓名與性格和命運(yùn)的關(guān)系。
How our name affects our personality, appearance and who we become
我們的名字如何影響我們的性格、容貌與命運(yùn)
Parents often give a great deal of thought to what name they will give their baby. Some parents want unique names that will distinguish their child while others choose names that are particularly feminine or masculine.
父母在給孩子起名字時(shí)，會(huì)有很多想法。有些父母想給孩子起一些奇特別致的名字，這樣他們的孩子就能與其它孩子區(qū)別開來。也有一些父母會(huì)特別中意女性化或男性化的名字。
?distinguishv 區(qū)分；辨別；使杰出
Every man's life ends the sameway. It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another.-—Ernest Hemingway 歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威（美國作家）
茫茫眾生，終歸一處。歸途不同，只在生命的過程和死的方式。
?拓展 distinguished adj 卓越的；著名的；杰出的
No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.
沒人會(huì)知道，天賦、志向、精力和運(yùn)氣是如何相互作用成就了狄更斯這位卓越杰出的作家的。
?feminine n女性（化）的；陰性的；嬌柔的
?masculine n 男性（化）的；陽性的；男子氣概的
A person’s name has been shown to be associated with a number of later characteristics. In eight studies conducted in two different countries, researchers found that a person’s name was related to what they later looked like. People were able to pick the right name for strangers more accurately than what would result from chance.
有研究表明：人的名字與其后來的很多性格特征息息相關(guān)。在兩個(gè)國家進(jìn)行的八項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)：一個(gè)人的名字與他們后來的長相有關(guān)。在遇到陌生人時(shí)，人們能夠通過名字對(duì)應(yīng)上人物的準(zhǔn)確率要比憑運(yùn)氣選對(duì)的準(zhǔn)確率高。
?be associated with 與……有關(guān)；與……聯(lián)系在一起
Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness.
暴力、肥胖、孤獨(dú)與看電視過多有關(guān)。
?be related to 與……有關(guān)
?chance n [一詞多義] 運(yùn)氣
In these studies, there appeared that there were common perceptions of how a person with a certain name would look. This indicates that we have an idea of what is the“right” name for a certain face,which can be determined even in the absence of meeting or observing them.
這些研究表明存在一些普適的觀念，即一個(gè)起了某種名字的人會(huì)具有特定的長相。這說明：對(duì)于某種長相，即使人們在沒見到或觀察他時(shí)，人們就會(huì)覺得他就是叫某個(gè)名字。
?perceptionn 感覺；知覺；看法
?拓展 perception 是perceive的派生詞。
Risks are perceived differently by different people.
不同人對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的看法不同。
As it’s also been shown that names given at birth aren’t related to physical appearance at this time, this suggests that our name influences what we later come to look like rather than our appearance affecting the name we’re given.
這些研究還表明，出生時(shí)被賦予的名字與外貌長相無關(guān)。這暗示著我們的外貌與我們出生時(shí)給出的名字無關(guān)，而是我們的名字會(huì)對(duì)今后的長相產(chǎn)生影響
?physical appearance 外貌;外表
People with certain names may develop a specific appearance by adapting what they believe to be expected behavior, facial expressions, looks, stance, posture, walk etc.
具有某一名字的人會(huì)通過改變他們所期待這種名字具有的行為、面部表情、相貌、姿態(tài)、身姿和走路方式來發(fā)展出某一具體的外貌。
?stancen 立場；姿態(tài)
For example, say you are a woman named Jasmine.Since this a floral name, social coding may lead you to act in a feminine manner, to smile demurely, wear flowing dresses, grow your hair long, and speak softly. You may behave in a way that you perceive to be easy going, non-confrontational, kindhearted and “sweet.”
比如你是一位女士，名叫Jasmine。因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)花的名字，約定俗成的社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則會(huì)使你行為舉止表現(xiàn)得更女性化，比如笑容溫婉，長裙飄飄，長發(fā)及腰，輕聲輕語。你的這些行為會(huì)讓你覺得要平易近人，不與人為敵，熱心助人和溫柔甜美。
?Jasmine n 茉莉（一種花名）
?social coding 社會(huì)禮儀；社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則
?flowing dress 長裙
If you are a woman who has a name that might be unisex or given more often to men than women, you might be more outgoing, assertive, and feel freer to push the boundaries of gender stereotypes. These characteristics may affect what subjects in school you favor, what hobbies you take up andwhat career you pursue.
如果你是女性，但有個(gè)中性的名字或者有個(gè)更多男性用的名字，那么你可能會(huì)更加外向，堅(jiān)定，更容易打破性別成見。這些特征可能會(huì)影響你在校時(shí)的課程喜好，發(fā)展何種愛好，以及追求什么樣的職業(yè)。
?unisexadj 男女皆宜的；男女通用的
?拓展詞綴uni-one 表示一個(gè)，如unicycle 獨(dú)輪車； uniform 制服；校服
?assertiveadj 肯定的；堅(jiān)定而自信的
?gender stereotype 性別刻板印象；性別成見
?take up 開始從事（某種愛好）
After he retired from office,Rogers took up painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
退休后，Rogers學(xué)了一段時(shí)間繪畫，但很快便失去了興趣。
In addition to appearance, our names are associated with our personality, character, the way we act and our psychological adjustment. As far back as 1948, studies indicated that the names we are given affect how we perform later in life. One study looked at 3300 men who had or should have recently graduated from college to see if their names were associated with their academic performance.
除了外貌，我們的名字還與我們的個(gè)性、性格、行為和心理調(diào)適有關(guān)。早在1948年，有研究就表明人們的名字影響人們后來如何生活。其中一個(gè)研究對(duì)3300名已經(jīng)或者馬上要從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的男性進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，研究他們的名字是否與他們的學(xué)術(shù)表現(xiàn)有關(guān)。
?psychologicaladj 心理的；精神上的
Each person, no matter who theyare, has psychological imbalances.
無論是誰，每個(gè)人都會(huì)遭遇心理不平衡。
?performv 執(zhí)行；完成
As a result, humans can performvery complex tasks with their hands.
因此，人們能夠使用雙手完成非常復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。
Those men with unusual names, were found to be more likely to have flunked out and to have experienced psychological problems than those with common names. It was concluded that rare names could negatively affect a person’s psychological and academic adaptation. Common names may serve to help make the person feel like they fit in better, leading to better overall adjustment.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些名字特別的人更可能退學(xué)，而且比名字普通的人更易遭受心理問題。由此得出結(jié)論：稀有的名字對(duì)人的心理和學(xué)術(shù)適應(yīng)性產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。普通的名字則有助于幫助人們更好地融入，從而使其整體適應(yīng)度更好。
?flunkout [非正式] 退學(xué)（尤美）
If he doesn't find a solution tohis problem soon, he'll surely flunk out of college.
如果他不能很快找到解決問題的辦法，那么他必將會(huì)從學(xué)校退學(xué)。
?serve to 有助于；用來
?fit in 融入；適應(yīng)
As she gathered her books, Jennadecided she’dcontinue to try to fit in at her new school.
Jenna在收拾自己的書的時(shí)候，決定她要繼續(xù)努力適應(yīng)新學(xué)校。
Subsequent research has shownthat our given names can affect our grades in school, what profession we choose, where we live geographically, whom we marry,what we choose to invest in financially, whether we’re accepted to certain colleges or are hired for particular jobs, and how well we work in group settings. Our names can even determine whether we give money to charity, for example contributing to disaster victims.
后續(xù)的研究表明我們的名字會(huì)影響在很多方面影響人們，比如我們在學(xué)校的考試分?jǐn)?shù)，我們選擇的職業(yè)，我們居住的地理位置，我們結(jié)婚的對(duì)象，我們投資的方向，是否會(huì)被某所大學(xué)錄取或被某個(gè)特殊工作錄用，以及團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的表現(xiàn)。我們的名字甚至決定著我們是否會(huì)慈善捐款，比如給災(zāi)難受害者捐錢。
?subsequentadj 隨后的；后來的
?拓展與sub-close, up to 表示接近，達(dá)到+ sequent 表示to follow
與sequent同詞根的還有 consequent 隨之發(fā)生的；作為結(jié)果
?profession n 職業(yè)；專業(yè)
Only 20 percent of jobs in theprofessions are held by women.
這些職業(yè)中，只有20%的女性員工。
The name given to us at birth is the first way we are identified socially. Each name has certain characteristics, behaviors, and physical features that are associated with it. This means that people who have similar characteristics can be identified by others with an identifiable name.
我們出生時(shí)賦予的名字是社會(huì)識(shí)別的第一種方式。每個(gè)名字有與它想聯(lián)系的某種特性、行為和物理特征。這說明具有相似特征的人會(huì)被人認(rèn)為具有相同的名字。
?be identified 被認(rèn)為；被識(shí)別
Anger canbe identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes.
憤怒可以在大腦被識(shí)別，因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)區(qū)域的腦電活動(dòng)會(huì)發(fā)生變化。
?identifiableadj 可辨認(rèn)的；可證明是同一的
?拓展
identify,identifiable屬于同族詞
Whilethere are trends in names at different times or eras, as these shifts occur, sodo our common ideas of what aspects of a person each name represents. Thissuggests that we can quickly develop shared conceptualizations of what newly trending names represent in terms ofphysical appearance, personality and behavior.
盡管在不同時(shí)期或時(shí)代，取名的流行趨勢不同。但當(dāng)趨勢發(fā)生變化時(shí)，我們對(duì)每個(gè)名字代表人的哪個(gè)方面也會(huì)發(fā)生變化。這表示我們能很快發(fā)展出共同的概念模型，即新的取名趨勢會(huì)代表什么樣的外貌、性格和行為。
?conceptualizationn 概念化；概念模型
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