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(2012-08-30 04:30:20)標(biāo)簽： 路由器優(yōu)先級(jí)mac地址虛擬ipip地址http://hi.baidu.com/axin2005/item/ec21cb1900ba7413e2f9867f (轉(zhuǎn))一、在多層交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)中實(shí)現(xiàn)默認(rèn)網(wǎng)關(guān)路由器冗余1、代理ARP：主機(jī)使用ARP來(lái)確定前往遠(yuǎn)程目的地的下一跳的MAC地址，本地路由器使用其MAC地址來(lái)響應(yīng)。（如果負(fù)責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的路由器故障，主機(jī)需要等待ARP超時(shí)后，再學(xué)習(xí)到其他路由器的MAC）2、IRDP（interior gateway routing protocol）：ICMP的一種擴(kuò)展，動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)現(xiàn)默認(rèn)路由器的一種協(xié)議。很少用，發(fā)現(xiàn)故障慢。IRDP生命周期。二、ＨＳＲＰ（hot standby routing protocol）的作用及原理HSRP是cisco私有協(xié)議，在多臺(tái)路由器之間共享的虛擬MAC地址和虛擬IP地址以及一個(gè)通過(guò)多播協(xié)議對(duì)LAN接口和串行接口進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的進(jìn)程組成。虛擬成一個(gè)路由器（網(wǎng)關(guān)）提供服務(wù)，此時(shí)，ＰＣ的網(wǎng)關(guān)設(shè)置為虛擬網(wǎng)關(guān)地址。1、HSRP組件一臺(tái)活躍路由器（發(fā)hello、回應(yīng)PC ARP請(qǐng)求）、一臺(tái)備用路由器（發(fā)hello、監(jiān)聽）、一臺(tái)虛擬路由器（PC網(wǎng)關(guān)）、其他HSRP成員路由器（監(jiān)聽）2、工作：協(xié)議包每３秒發(fā)送一次，持續(xù)１０秒（３個(gè)周期）。HSRP被 UDP封裝，端口號(hào)是1985。目標(biāo)IP為224.0.0.23、虛擬MAC：0000.0c07.ac01 0000.0c廠商編號(hào) 07ac HSRP編號(hào) 01 組號(hào)，最多支持256個(gè)組（標(biāo)識(shí)一個(gè)組）4、HSRP狀態(tài)Initial：初始狀態(tài)，HSRP未全面動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)，修改配置或接口啟動(dòng)進(jìn)入此狀態(tài)Learn：學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，不知道虛擬IP，未看到活躍路由器發(fā)hello。等待活躍路由器發(fā)hello。Listen：監(jiān)聽狀態(tài)，知道虛擬IP。沒有活動(dòng)和備份路由器信息。（其他HSRP成員路由器都處于此狀態(tài)）Speak：發(fā)方狀態(tài)，定期發(fā)hello，參與選舉活躍路由器選舉。Standby：備用狀態(tài)，下一任活躍路由器，定期發(fā)hello。Active：活躍狀態(tài)，轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)HSRP虛擬MAC地址和IP的數(shù)據(jù)包。定期發(fā)hello。三、配置及查看1、單組HSRP配置（備份）Int vlan 2Ip address 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0Standby 1 ip 192.168.1.1（配置虛擬IP，組號(hào)默認(rèn)為0）Standby 1 priority 200（越高越好，默認(rèn)為100）Standby 1 preemt（搶占，默認(rèn)沒有）Standby 1 track f0/1 110（跟蹤上行端口，110降優(yōu)先級(jí)）R(config-if)#standby 1 authentication ?（認(rèn)證）WORD Plain text authentication string（默認(rèn)cisco，明文顯示）md5 Use MD5 authentication（md5加密）text Plain text authenticationR(config-if)#standby 1 timers ?（時(shí)間，hello和hold time）<1-254> Hello interval in secondsmsec Specify hello interval in milliseconds（毫秒）同一個(gè)組號(hào)可以有不同的IP（secondary）。仍由STP控制數(shù)據(jù)流。HSRP的主應(yīng)該是STP的根。2、多組HSRP（負(fù)載）在同一子網(wǎng)內(nèi)做多個(gè)虛擬網(wǎng)關(guān)，不同的PC網(wǎng)關(guān)設(shè)置不同。實(shí)現(xiàn)負(fù)載interface Ethernet0/0ip address 11.11.1.1 255.255.255.0standby 1 ip 11.11.1.10standby 1 priority 150standby 1 preemptstandby 1 track Ethernet0/1 60standby 2 ip 11.11.1.20standby 2 priority 90standby 2 preemptstandby 2 track Ethernet0/1end3、查看Show standbyShow standby briefR#debug standby ?errors HSRP errorsevents HSRP eventspackets HSRP packetsterse Display limited range of HSRP errors, events and packets三層交換機(jī)上實(shí)現(xiàn)HSRPHSRP是一種Cisco專有協(xié)議，它通過(guò)在冗余網(wǎng)關(guān)之間共享協(xié)議和MAC地址，提供了不間斷的IP路徑冗余。該協(xié)議由在兩臺(tái)路由器之間共享的虛擬MAC地址和虛擬IP地址以及一個(gè)通過(guò)多波協(xié)議對(duì)LAN接口和串行接口進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的進(jìn)程組成。HSRP支持將多臺(tái)路由器用作備用默認(rèn)網(wǎng)關(guān)。將SW1和SW2組成一個(gè)HSRP組，實(shí)現(xiàn)路由器的冗余，首先按拓?fù)鋱D所示配置IP地址，使用一臺(tái)交換機(jī)來(lái)模擬PC，用一以路由器模擬WEB，在SW1、SW2和WEB之間配置EIGRP協(xié)議：sw1(config-if)#interface fa0/8sw1(config-if)#no switchportsw1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.3 255.255.255.0sw1(config-if)#no shutdownsw1(config-if)#interface vlan 1sw1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.2.3 255.255.255.0sw1(config-if)#no shutdownsw1(config-if)#exitsw1(config)#ip routingsw1(config)#router eigrp 100sw1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0sw1(config-router)#no auto-summarysw2(config)#interface fa0/7sw2(config-if)#no switchportsw2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0sw2(config-if)#no shutdownsw2(config-if)#interface vlan 1sw2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.2.2 255.255.255.0sw2(config-if)#no shutdownsw2(config-if)#exitsw2(config)#ip routingsw2(config)#router eigrp 100sw2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0sw2(config-router)#no auto-summaryWEB(config)#interface fa0/1WEB(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.4 255.255.255.0WEB(config-if)#no shWEB(config-if)#exitWEB(config)#router eigrp 100WEB(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0WEB(config-router)#no auto-summaryPC(config)#interface vlan 1PC(config-if)#ip address 10.1.2.100 255.255.255.0PC(config-if)#no shutdownPC(config-if)#exitPC(config)#ip default-gateway 10.1.2.1將PC的網(wǎng)關(guān)指向了10.1.2.1，這個(gè)地址將是HSRP組的虛擬IP地址，配置HSRP：sw1(config)#interface vlan 1sw1(config-if)#standby ip 10.1.2.1sw1(config-if)#standby preemptsw2(config)#interface vlan 1sw2(config-if)#standby ip 10.1.2.1sw2(config-if)#standby preemptHSRP應(yīng)在接口上配置，配置時(shí)應(yīng)指定虛擬IP地址，參數(shù)preempt可以幫助優(yōu)先級(jí)比較高的路由器在故障恢復(fù)后重新成為活躍路由器。查看HSRP信息：sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Active, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 2.728Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is localStandby router is unknownVirtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac002 state changes, last state change 00:00:32IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)sw2#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Speak, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 1.032Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.3, priority 100 expires in 7.176Standby router is unknown0 state changes, last state change neverIP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者在默認(rèn)情況下優(yōu)先級(jí)相同，由于SW1是先初始化的，所以成為了活躍路由器，而SW2是備份路由器。在PC上執(zhí)行trace，查看路由情況：PC#trace 10.1.1.4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 10.1.1.41 10.1.2.3 0 msec 4 msec 0 msec2 10.1.1.4 0 msec 4 msec *可以看見，數(shù)據(jù)包是通過(guò)目前的活躍路由器SW1轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的。如果將SW1與PC之間的鏈路斷開，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)PC仍然能與WEB通訊，再次使用trace：PC#ping 10.1.1.4Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.4, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/3/4 msPC#trace 10.1.1.4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 10.1.1.41 *10.1.2.2 0 msec 0 msec2 10.1.1.4 4 msec 0 msec *可以看到路徑改為通過(guò)SW2，而在SW1和SW2上查看HSRP信息：sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Init (interface down), priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secVirtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is unknownStandby router is unknown3 state changes, last state change 00:01:39IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)sw2#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Active, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 2.954Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is localStandby router is UnknownVirtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac002 state changes, last state change 00:01:07IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)可以看到此時(shí)SW1的狀態(tài)是阻塞，而SW2成為了活躍路由器。將SW1與PC之間的鏈路恢復(fù)，再次查看SW1的HSRP信息：sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Listen, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secVirtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.2, priority 100 expires in 9.448Standby router is unknown3 state changes, last state change 00:02:03IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Speak, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 1.996Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.2, priority 100 expires in 9.164Standby router is unknown3 state changes, last state change 00:02:12IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Standby, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 1.528Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.2, priority 100 expires in 7.384Standby router is local4 state changes, last state change 00:00:01IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)可以看到SW1經(jīng)過(guò)了監(jiān)聽、發(fā)言之后，最終成為了備份路由器。由于SW1和SW2都采用的是默認(rèn)的優(yōu)先級(jí)100，即使我們配置了搶占（preempt）選項(xiàng)，SW1也無(wú)法重新成為活躍路由器。此時(shí)，我們可以手工指定SW1的優(yōu)先級(jí)：sw1(config)#interface vlan 1sw1(config-if)#standby priority 15000:23:25: %STANDBY-6-STATECHANGE: Vlan1 Group 0 state Standby -> Activesw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Active, priority 150, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 2.252Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is localStandby router is unknownVirtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac005 state changes, last state change 00:00:03IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)可以看到SW1重新成為了活躍路由器。此時(shí)，如果我們斷開SW1與WEB之間的鏈路：sw1#show ip routeCodes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODRP - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not set10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnetsC 10.1.2.0 is directly connected, Vlan1D 10.1.1.0 [90/28416] via 10.1.2.2, 00:01:49, Vlan1sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Active, priority 150, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 2.728Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is localStandby router is unknownVirtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac002 state changes, last state change 00:00:32IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)PC#trace 10.1.1.4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 10.1.1.41 10.1.2.3 4 msec 0 msec 4 msec2 10.1.2.2 0 msec 0 msec 4 msec3 10.1.1.4 4 msec 0 msec *此時(shí)，SW1仍然保持它活躍路由器的身份，但是從SW1并不能直接到達(dá)WEB，流量會(huì)通過(guò)SW2轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)，這樣就帶來(lái)了性能問(wèn)題，可以通過(guò)配置track參數(shù)來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。將WEB與SW1恢復(fù)連通，配置track參數(shù)：sw1(config)#interface vlan 1sw1(config-if)#standby track fa0/8 51這表示當(dāng)Fa0/8出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題時(shí)，SW1的優(yōu)先級(jí)將自動(dòng)減少51，這樣能保證此時(shí)SW1的優(yōu)先級(jí)比SW2更低，而讓SW2成為活躍路由器。再次斷開SW1與WEB之間的連接：sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 0Local state is Standby, priority 99 (confgd 150), may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 1.674Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.2, priority 100 expires in 7.516Standby router is local4 state changes, last state change 00:00:07IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-0" (default)Priority tracking 1 interface or object, 0 up:Interface or object Decrement StateFastEthernet0/8 51 Down (administratively down)可以看到此時(shí)SW1的優(yōu)先級(jí)變成了99，成為了備份路由器。HSRP工作過(guò)程中，HSRP組中始終只有一臺(tái)路由器處在轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)狀態(tài)，這無(wú)疑對(duì)資源造成了極大的浪費(fèi)。我們可以能過(guò)配置多個(gè)HSRP組，對(duì)不同的HSRP組指定不同的活躍路由器，將主機(jī)的網(wǎng)關(guān)指向不同的虛擬IP地址，以達(dá)到負(fù)載均衡的目的。刪除之前的HSRP操作，創(chuàng)建兩個(gè)HSRP組：sw1(config)#interface vlan 1sw1(config-if)#no standby ip 10.1.2.1sw1(config-if)#standby 1 ip 10.1.2.1sw1(config-if)#standby 1 preemptsw1(config-if)#standby 1 track fa0/8sw1(config-if)#standby 2 ip 10.1.2.254sw1(config-if)#standby 2 preemptsw1(config-if)#standby 2 priority 95sw1(config-if)#standby 2 track fa0/8sw2(config)#interface vlan 1sw2(config-if)#no standby ip 10.1.2.1sw2(config-if)#standby 1 ip 10.1.2.1sw2(config-if)#standby 1 preemptsw2(config-if)#standby 1 track fa0/7sw2(config-if)#standby 1 priority 95sw2(config-if)#standby 2 ip 10.1.2.254sw2(config-if)#standby 2 preempt我們對(duì)SW1和SW2的不同HSRP組分別配置了不同的優(yōu)先級(jí)，保證他們?cè)诓煌慕M里處于不同的角色，實(shí)現(xiàn)了負(fù)載均衡：sw1#show standbyVlan1 - Group 1Local state is Active, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 2.210Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is localStandby router is unknownVirtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac015 state changes, last state change 00:00:06IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-1" (default)Priority tracking 1 interface or object, 1 up:Interface or object Decrement StateFastEthernet0/8 10 UpVlan1 - Group 2Local state is Standby, priority 95, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 2.346Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.254 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.2, priority 100 expires in 7.680Standby router is local4 state changes, last state change 00:01:22IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-2" (default)Priority tracking 1 interface or object, 1 up:Interface or object Decrement StateFastEthernet0/8 10 Upsw2#show standbyVlan1 - Group 1Local state is Standby, priority 95, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 1.384Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.1 configuredActive router is 10.1.2.3, priority 100 expires in 9.872Standby router is local3 state changes, last state change 00:02:48IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-1" (default)Priority tracking 1 interface or object, 1 up:Interface or object Decrement StateFastEthernet0/7 10 UpVlan1 - Group 2Local state is Active, priority 100, may preemptHellotime 3 sec, holdtime 10 secNext hello sent in 1.358Virtual IP address is 10.1.2.254 configuredActive router is localStandby router is 10.1.2.3 expires in 7.908Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac021 state changes, last state change 00:04:24IP redundancy name is "hsrp-Vl1-2" (default)Priority tracking 1 interface or object, 1 up:Interface or object Decrement StateFastEthernet0/7 10 Up在PC上使用trace命令：PC#trace 10.1.1.4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 10.1.1.41 10.1.2.3 4 msec 0 msec 4 msec2 10.1.1.4 4 msec 0 msec *將PC的默認(rèn)網(wǎng)關(guān)改為10.1.2.254，再次trace：PC(config)#ip default-gateway 10.1.2.254PC(config)#endPC#trace 10.1.1.4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 10.1.1.41 10.1.2.2 1000 msec 0 msec 4 msec2 10.1.1.4 4 msec 0 msec *可以看到PC在兩種情況下使用了不同的路由器來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了負(fù)載均衡的目的。熱備份HSRP配置r1(config)#int f0/0r1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0r1(config-if)#no shur1(config-if)#int f1/0r1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0r1(config-if)#no shur1(config)#router ripr1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0r1(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0r1(config)#int f0/0r1(config-if)#standby 47 ip 192.168.1.254 備份組為47虛擬IP為1.254r1(config-if)#standby 47 priority 180 優(yōu)先級(jí)為180r1(config-if)#standby 47 preemtp 配置占先權(quán)r1(config-if)#standby 47 track f1/0 100 端口跟蹤，優(yōu)先級(jí)減少100r2(config)#int f0/0r2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#no shur2(config-if)#int f1/0r2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#no shur2(config)#router ripr2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0r2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0r2(config)#int f0/0r2(config-if)#standby 47 ip 192.168.1.254 備份組為47虛擬IP為1.254r2(config-if)#standby 47 priority 150 優(yōu)先級(jí)為150r3(config)#int f0/0r3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#no shur3(config-if)#int f1/0r3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#no shur3(config-if)#int f2/0r3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#no shur3(config)#router ripr3(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0r3(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0r3(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0VPCS1:ip 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.254 24 VPCS1IP為1.3網(wǎng)關(guān)為1.254VPCS2:ip 192.168.4.2 192.168.4.1 24 VPCS2IP為4.2網(wǎng)關(guān)為4.1之后測(cè)試就可以了。