【最后一講了，有點(diǎn)舍不得，有點(diǎn)小期待！本期的主題是Phonics,大家熟知的自然拼讀。很多磚家都說(shuō)了，美國(guó)原汁原味的phonics,真的嗎？今天Natalie的最后一講就深入淺出給我們分析phonics在美國(guó)。有點(diǎn)學(xué)術(shù)，但是只要你用心，一定能聽(tīng)懂！】
22:44 Natalie第四講 來(lái)自happykids 
今天的畫風(fēng)是這樣的：
Hi, everyone. Today’s topic is a little more academic than our other topics, or our other discussions, where we talk about reading in informal way. It comes from a parent’s question about phonics. It’s a very good question. I really like this question, because it is the important foundation because of the difference between learning Chinese writing system and English writing system.So I want to start by keeping a little bit of background or history about this language, then explain about phonics. 自然拼讀是個(gè)好問(wèn)題，他是英語(yǔ)這門語(yǔ)言的一個(gè)非常重要的基礎(chǔ)。但是我還是想說(shuō)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的背景和歷史。
We teach phonics because it comes from the study of sound and language. So we have different areas of studying language. Phonology is just the study of sounds. We can look at any language through the sounds of that language. But as you know, every language has a little bit different writing system. For Chinese and English, this is very different writing system, becausethe writing system for Chinese is not based by the sound, and the writing system for English is. So this can sometimes create a problem for reading and learning to read. The English system, as you know, every letter has a sign of sound, but different combination of letters in English can also have different sound. And these groups have patterns. So it’s very important to learn the patterns. When we learn phonics, we are learning those patterns. We are learning how those letters combine to represent or show the sound that we want to pronounce. 英語(yǔ)里邊有自然拼讀起源于聲音和語(yǔ)言。每種語(yǔ)言都有不同的書寫體系，不同于漢語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)的書寫是建立在發(fā)音基礎(chǔ)上的。而且不同的字母組合發(fā)出多種多樣的音。我們就要去學(xué)習(xí)這些組合，掌握規(guī)律，然后去發(fā)音。
Another question the students sometimes have, and this happens before American students and parents as well. The question is: Do we really need to learn phonics? My opinion is, Yes. It’s very important for reading and literacy. But it’s important to know there are different ways to teach and learn phonics. Some may be better, depending on the learner, on the age, and on the literacy or reading ability of the student. Some time back, maybe twenty or thirty years ago, some schools in United States stopped teaching phonics. And they saw clear problems with this as students developed in their education and literacy. So, yes, it is important. 那我們需要學(xué)習(xí)phonics嗎？我的態(tài)度是肯定的。因?yàn)樗麑?duì)于閱讀和教育非常重要。但是不同的教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)方法是有很大區(qū)別的。需要根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)者的能力，年齡，和閱讀水平等來(lái)針對(duì)性學(xué)習(xí)。就是美國(guó)的一些學(xué)校也曾經(jīng)在二十多年前放棄教孩子們phonics，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹搅嗽诤⒆映砷L(zhǎng)和教育過(guò)程中，同一規(guī)則的學(xué)習(xí)沒(méi)有好處。
So, how do we teach and learn phonics? There are different ways. Sometimes we use different strategy for learners to adults, and learners to our children. So when we look at how Americans teach phonics, it depends very much whether we are learning their first language, or second language, what our literacy is, whether we have ability to read already, and whether that reading ability is with a Roman letter system, or with the different letter or writing system. In United States, phonics is taught from pre-school and kindergarten, starting with letters and letter sounds, and then learning letter combinations as students learn to read. 所以，自然拼讀的教和學(xué)有不同的方法。首先，你是英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)還是英語(yǔ)第二語(yǔ)言，非常重要。你的文化程度和閱讀水平。你的母語(yǔ)是什么體系。這些都決定著phonics學(xué)習(xí)要有不同的路徑。在美國(guó)，從幼兒園開始教，從字母和字母音開始，然后到組合。但是是和孩子學(xué)習(xí)閱讀同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并不是單獨(dú)教規(guī)則。
I think it is important for parents to know you do not necessarily need a lot of phonics resources to teach phonics, though these can be very helpful to you. For a lot of children and for American children when they learn their first language, this is often done through parents reading to the children. You will notice that baby books and early readers have a lot of rhyme in the books. This is because they are teaching the sound patterns in addition to vocabulary and language patterns, sentence patterns. But these books with rhyme and nursery rhymes are very important because the students are learning those sounds. 在美國(guó)，家庭不需要有太多的學(xué)習(xí)資源，媽媽通過(guò)大量的讀書給孩子聽(tīng)，幫助孩子學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)音。因?yàn)樵诔鯇W(xué)者的書本里，有很多的押韻和字母組合，這樣孩子在閱讀中學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)音。
Last week I gave a book list to find out a lot of good resources for early reading and early language development. Some of those books that I really like are those rhyming books, because it is the important foundation in the language and reading development of the child. Even though the parent is reading, the child is hearing and eventually will learn in the future, they will have this memory, this pattern, and this understanding of the sounds of the language. For me, Dr. Seuss books are favorite because they always rhyme, and the sentence patterns have a lot of good rhythms for English.在給大家列的書單里，我特別喜歡的就是韻律書，因?yàn)轫嵚墒钦Z(yǔ)言發(fā)展和兒童閱讀發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。即使是媽媽讀，孩子聽(tīng)，他們不久就會(huì)學(xué)到，他們會(huì)形成記憶，這些字母組合，句型等等。蘇斯博士的書是我最喜歡的。因?yàn)樗械墓适露加许嵚?。【尹老師想起了，不僅僅是英語(yǔ)，就是我們漢語(yǔ)，古詩(shī)的優(yōu)美就是因?yàn)轫嵚?。而那?yōu)美的韻律是我們永久的記憶?！?span>
In formal reading and literacy resources that teachers use in the schools, you will see that often the child is working on the specific letter group, group by group, concentrating around the different vowel sounds. One challenge that we all know for English is we write “A”, but “A” can have so many different sounds. It has many different sounds. And each vowe lhas a long sound and a short sound. This is very difficult, especially when the child or the person does not read. 在學(xué)校里，老師會(huì)教孩子們字母的組合，尤其是元音的組合。元音是比較挑戰(zhàn)性的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)字母可以有多個(gè)音。特別是孩子還不會(huì)閱讀的時(shí)候，學(xué)習(xí)拼讀是比較困難的。
For parents, for American parents, many of them use additional resources to support their child in learning phonics. So in school they do many practices, such as I said, looking at -at words or -it words, or words that have three letters, and looking at the different patterns. Parents can support that learning at home through reading rhyming books with children. And there are also some very good resources for practice. And I will also make a recommendation about this later. But activity books where children look at groups of words that have the same sounds, and they can do activities, coloring, drawing, many things. 所以，美國(guó)的學(xué)校里老師教一些字母組合，回家，媽媽們大量的帶著孩子閱讀在幫助他們盡快的學(xué)會(huì)閱讀。同時(shí)也會(huì)做很多活動(dòng)，比如涂色，畫畫等。
So we can see there are kind of two different ways to approach or look at learning phonics. One is the formal school practice where you do a lot of rules and writing, and you look at letters, specific letter patterns, the other is just reading and playing with language. And that playing is very important in my opinion, for the children to see a pattern and have fun with language. Their brain is very creative and will find the pattern. If we present them, they have time to examine and see how the sounds work. 所以，美國(guó)的phonics學(xué)習(xí)是兩條線。學(xué)校的正式的教學(xué)，教不同的字母放在一起，會(huì)發(fā)什么音，大量的重復(fù)練習(xí)。家庭的非正式學(xué)習(xí)，就是閱讀或者玩中學(xué)。玩是非常好的學(xué)習(xí)方法，在玩的過(guò)程中，孩子是非常有創(chuàng)造力的。
Whether or not you teach formal phonics depends a little bit on the child. But for most children, if they understand literacy and already know reading and writing in their own language or in English, the study of phonics through reading and writing is very important. And I know I have talked with Vanda （尹老師）about her phonics class and I have seen all the materials that she uses. It’s a great class, because it’s very fun for the students. It uses this same method delivering phonics by examing the patterns, and playing with sounds. I think very highly of this method. 你在家里采用正式或者非正式的方法，要取決于孩子。如果你的孩子的母語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有一定的能力，通過(guò)閱讀是最好的學(xué)習(xí)方法。
It is important for the learners to learn the phonics rules, but the method of study does not always have to be through the memorization of the rules. For children, I feel that it is very important that it involves observation, and play. And their brain will find the logic if they have enough time to play and to see each pattern at work. I will share some examples about those different kind of resources. I have a good example of a rhyming book that helps to teach a phonetic sound and I also have examples of the resources parents can use for practice. 學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)音規(guī)則是重要的，但是通過(guò)記憶來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)是不可取的。孩子需要自我觀察，在玩中去發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律。如果有足夠的時(shí)間，他們的大腦會(huì)總結(jié)其中的規(guī)律。
Over the last couple of weeks, we have shared a lot of different information for parents: why we read to our children; how we can do that; the important benefits that the children can get from reading; how you can help them to develop, not only in their language ability and in their literacy, but also in their emotional development and their kind of creating a family tradition and family time, setting the children to have an enjoyable habit that they can have for later in their life, also today the importance of phonics. 回顧我們四次課，分享了閱讀可以給我們孩子和家庭帶來(lái)的各種好處。
After discussing all these topics, of course there is so much more that we can discuss and we can learn to do. So I am working with Vanda to make a class for parents. I’m very pleasant about this. We are still developing. But I want to review how to take some of this benefit through reading to the children, how to read. We can practice reading some of classic stories,and talk about more deeply what to read and which books are best for teaching language and for literacy and about how to teach phonics as well. Natalie真是熱情滿滿，分享了四次后，她感覺(jué)到中國(guó)的媽媽們特別需要英語(yǔ)啟蒙方面的指導(dǎo)和帶領(lǐng)，所以她說(shuō)可以給媽媽們上課，教會(huì)大家如何具體的把每一件事情踏踏實(shí)實(shí)又簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單的做好。我們兩個(gè)正在根據(jù)大家的需求準(zhǔn)備課程，不久就和大家面對(duì)面了。
I’m so glad today here to share with you today. If you have more questions, more specific questions, I’m here and happy to answer more questions, specifically about fathers. I’m really excited to have my little company here, to be able to talk with parents and share some of his ideas with you.
One final thought I have about teaching phonics, you may answer some questions for parents, is the system that most schools and educators use when teaching reading, phonics for reading, is it should begin through the natural progression of the sound acquisition. So we take some that babies will learn to produce first, they are the easiest to create, and start to build understanding of the phonetics as soon through that way. You will notice that many of the books begin with letters “t” and “b” and “d” and the short words that begin with those letter sounds. 我想補(bǔ)充的一點(diǎn)就是，我們最好從聲音的自然習(xí)得規(guī)律出發(fā)，從孩子最好發(fā)出來(lái)的音出發(fā)。比如很多書，開始學(xué)的是t b d等音和以這些字母開頭的簡(jiǎn)單的單詞。
Then the materials will progress to more difficult sound to produce and longer and complex words.They will progress from one vowel in writing to the two vowels in English, where we have two vowel letters in a word, but one phonetic sound, so gradually helping the child to see them work more complex patterns and understand more complex sounds. I think this works well if you are learning second language also, because it is easy to start with the easier to produce sound and many of the language problems occur when we have more difficult patterns and more difficult sound. 然后逐漸的開始學(xué)習(xí)比較難發(fā)的音，然后是元音，一個(gè)元音，元音組合等等。循序漸進(jìn)的孩子就能掌握更為復(fù)雜的組合和發(fā)音。這個(gè)方法，對(duì)于英語(yǔ)第二語(yǔ)言也同樣適用。
For example, many students have problems when it comes to a sound that is a different sound I create in the same place of my mouth. How do I hear the difference between /t/ for “t” and /d/ for “d” and /l/ for “l(fā)”? For some students, the /l/ and /r/ sound are very difficult to distinguish. “m” /m/ and“n” /n/, or “p” /p/ and “b” /b/. These are simple to create, but some sounds are more difficult to produce. So, we will begin teaching the easy one and then learn the difference. 每個(gè)音對(duì)應(yīng)不同的發(fā)音部位。孩子們?cè)趺磪^(qū)別不同的音呢？從簡(jiǎn)單到難，循序漸進(jìn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)不同，繼續(xù)增加難度。
I think this system is very helpful when your child or a student has some literacy in his learning. You know, they can learn to recognize the symbols. What are the sound when I connect those symbols? How do I know when they are patterns, different letters that can make the same sound. And there’s a lot of time to look at these patterns. This formal teaching of phonics really really makes a big difference in students’ ability to read, to read quickly and fluently, and to develop an understanding on language. 這種循序漸進(jìn)的方法對(duì)于孩子掌握發(fā)音規(guī)則，并學(xué)會(huì)閱讀是非常有幫助的。正式的學(xué)習(xí)phonics對(duì)于發(fā)展孩子的閱讀能力，提高閱讀速度和閱讀流暢性是有很大幫助的。
OK, so that is all for phonics for today. I really hope this informationcan answer many questions in parents’ learning. I hope you have a wonderful evening, and I hope you have a good time reading with your children. If you have any questions, you can comment and we’ll be here to answer them. Goodnight. 今天的分享結(jié)束，祝大家有個(gè)美好的夜晚，更祝愿大家的家庭啟蒙愉快進(jìn)行。
【親們，信息量這么大，太燒腦了吧！我用了幾個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)編輯，每一句翻譯，每一個(gè)圖片，都是信息量。有媽媽說(shuō)，看尹老師的文章從來(lái)沒(méi)有輕松過(guò)！是的，學(xué)術(shù)和學(xué)習(xí)本身就不是輕松的事情！但是方法可以輕松愉悅，哈哈！關(guān)于phonics，Natalie想說(shuō)的，尹老師想說(shuō)的都在文字和圖片中了?！?/p>
【在上次推薦了書單，這次也推薦了書，有媽媽說(shuō)，尹老師組織團(tuán)購(gòu)吧！No，No，No！團(tuán)購(gòu)是我抵制了兩年多的誘惑，不是沒(méi)有意義，而是后面的利益鏈讓我覺(jué)得無(wú)趣，漲粉啊，提成啊等等，聽(tīng)著就不是一個(gè)老師應(yīng)該做的。但是，最近兩年來(lái)，有多少啟蒙的媽媽，爸爸，老師最后沒(méi)能抵制誘惑，走上了團(tuán)購(gòu)的道路，甚至國(guó)際團(tuán)購(gòu)！】
【不團(tuán)購(gòu)，尹老師做什么？課程研發(fā)！尹老師只是想作為一個(gè)老師，在行業(yè)內(nèi)以最先進(jìn)的理念，最優(yōu)質(zhì)的課程來(lái)培養(yǎng)孩子們最需要的潛質(zhì)！感謝我在開始的時(shí)候就提出了“批判性思維”的概念，這兩年我一直堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)，自己也逐步具備了理性的思維能力，在利益和誘惑面前，在紛繁復(fù)雜中，我堅(jiān)持做“鉆家”而不做“磚家”！】
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