第01單元 句子、單詞、短語(yǔ)及從句
I.句子
1 語(yǔ)法主要研究句子中詞與詞間的關(guān)系。一個(gè)句子可以陳述一個(gè)事實(shí),如:We are happy.Lee is learning English.也可提出問(wèn)題,如:Are you happy?Is he learning English?也可提出請(qǐng)求或發(fā)出命令,如:Let’s learn English.Be quiet!,也可表示驚嘆情緒,如:How happy we are!How well she dances!
根據(jù)上述4種作用,句子可以分為1)陳述句、2)疑問(wèn)句、3)祈使句及4)感嘆句。
2 在一般情況下,句子由2部分組成:
主語(yǔ)(某人或某物)+謂語(yǔ)(做某事或是什么)
The man+wrote.那人寫(xiě)作。
The old man sitting there+is my uncle.坐在那里的老人是我叔叔。
The old man you met+seems very kind.你碰到的那個(gè)老人似乎很善良。
The news+astonished me.這消息使我吃驚。
The strange news+greatly astonished me.這條奇特的新聞使我大為吃驚。
The strange news received last night+was a rumour.昨天晚上收到的消息是謠言。
The strange news which we received last night+proves false.
昨天晚上我們收到的奇怪消息原來(lái)是假的。
Ⅱ.詞類(lèi)
3 在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中主要把詞分為8大類(lèi):
1.名詞:表示人、物或地方等,如:John,teacher;table,pen;London;beauty.
2.代詞:用來(lái)代替名詞,以避免重復(fù)某個(gè)名詞,如:I,you,it,that,those,them.
3.形容詞:用來(lái)修飾或限制某個(gè)(些)名詞,如:good(man),white(paper),every(book),much(water),(John is)hon-est,(He seems)lazy.被修飾或限制的名詞,叫做主體詞(head-word)。
4.動(dòng)詞:表示行為或狀態(tài),如:speak,read,go,think,is,seem.
5.介詞:表示它后面的名詞(或代詞)跟它前面的動(dòng)詞、另一名詞或形容詞的關(guān)系。這些名詞(或代詞)稱為介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
介詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。
He went to school.(介詞to把名詞school和動(dòng)詞went聯(lián)系起來(lái))
He stood by me.
He asked for it.
The book on the desk is mine.(介詞on把名詞book和另一名詞desk聯(lián)系起來(lái))
He lives in a house on the mountain.他住在山上的一幢房子里。
The bridge across this river is built by a Frenchman.河上的橋是一位法國(guó)人修建的。
He is sure of it.他對(duì)此很有把握。(of聯(lián)系it和sure.)
It is good for you.這對(duì)你有好處。
He is angry with Mary.他生瑪麗的氣。
6.副詞:修飾或限制動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,乃至介詞、連詞及整個(gè)句子。
He walked slowly.他走得很慢。
He did it carefully.他干得很仔細(xì)。
He is a very kind man.他是一個(gè)非常善良的人。
John is truly honest.約翰的確很誠(chéng)實(shí)。
He arrived too late.他到得太晚了。
He walked rather slowly.他走得相當(dāng)慢。
He sat far behind me.他坐在我后面挺遠(yuǎn)的地方。
He arrived exactly at seven.他在7點(diǎn)整到達(dá)。
He will come probably after we take lunch.他可能在我們吃午飯之后到達(dá)。
He loves her just because she is pretty.他愛(ài)她只是因?yàn)樗痢?br> Luckily,he got back his money.幸好他把錢(qián)要回來(lái)了。
Historically,China is a great nation.從歷史上看中國(guó)是個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家。
7.連詞:用來(lái)連接詞、詞組(短語(yǔ))或句子,如:and,but,or,so;或把一個(gè)句子和一動(dòng)詞或名詞聯(lián)系起來(lái),如:when,because,as,though,that.
He visited Hong Kong and Singapore.(連詞and把Hong Kong和Singapore連接起來(lái))他訪問(wèn)了香港和新加坡。
She is pretty but cruel.她很漂亮卻很殘忍。
He does exercise in class or at home.他在課堂上或是在家里做練習(xí)。(or把in class和at home兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)連接起來(lái))
She sat by me,reading novels but turning her eyes tochildren about her from time to time.她坐在我身旁看小說(shuō),但不時(shí)把眼睛轉(zhuǎn)向她周?chē)暮⒆觽儭?br> He works hard,so he will succeed.他很努力,所以他會(huì)成功。(so把he works hard和he will succeed連接起來(lái))
He says this and that,but he does not mean them.他說(shuō)這說(shuō)那,但這些都不是他的真心話。
He was writing when it was rainning.下雨時(shí)他正在寫(xiě)作。(when把動(dòng)詞was raining和he was writing連接起來(lái))
He became a beggar because he had been a gambler.他成了乞丐因?yàn)樗麗?ài)賭博。
He went to school though he was sick.他雖病了,但他仍然上學(xué)。
The news that the enemy had surrendered soon reached us.不久傳來(lái)了敵人投降的消息。
8.感嘆詞:用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的感情,如Oh!,Alas!,My!上面只是對(duì)8大詞類(lèi)粗略的解釋。另外冠詞、數(shù)詞也可算作兩個(gè)詞類(lèi),冠詞只有a,an,the3個(gè)字,數(shù)詞可歸入形容詞中。
?、螅~類(lèi)的確定
4 代詞、介詞、連詞及感嘆詞比其他詞類(lèi)更易確定,因?yàn)槊款?lèi)僅幾十個(gè)詞。在多數(shù)情況下,無(wú)需看上下文即可確定he為代詞,a-gainst為介詞,because為連詞,oh為感嘆詞。確定一個(gè)詞的詞類(lèi)是掌握語(yǔ)法的第一步。為了確定每個(gè)詞的詞類(lèi),我們必須了解一個(gè)詞在一個(gè)特定句子中的特定作用。同樣一個(gè)詞在兩個(gè)或更多的句子中,可以有兩個(gè)或更多不同的作用,因而就可屬于兩個(gè)或更多詞類(lèi),如:
You must answer me.(動(dòng)詞)
Give me an answer.(名詞)
He went down.(副詞)
He went down the ladder.(介詞)
That is the right way.(形容詞)
He has guessed it right.(副詞)
He drank cold water.(形容詞)
He caught a cold.(名詞)
When did he do it?(副詞)
I was ill when he called.(連詞)
5 一個(gè)詞有時(shí)略加改變即可轉(zhuǎn)為另一詞類(lèi),如:
He is honest.(形容詞)
I doubt his honesty.(名詞)
He is a very proud businessman.(形容詞)
He spoke proudly to everyone.(副詞)
You have hurt his pride.(名詞)
He is a fool.(名詞)
You are talking with a foolish fellow.(形容詞)
He has done it foolishly.(副詞)
?、簦陶Z(yǔ)
6 作用和一個(gè)詞相似的一組詞(多數(shù)由兩個(gè)以上的詞組成)可稱作短語(yǔ)。起名詞作用的短語(yǔ)稱為名詞短語(yǔ);起形容詞作用的短語(yǔ)稱為形容詞短語(yǔ);起副詞作用的短語(yǔ)可稱為副詞短語(yǔ);由此類(lèi)推。
The King of Terror(名詞短語(yǔ))will come sooner or later.
比較:Death(名詞)will come sooner or later.
He is a man of wealth.(形容詞短語(yǔ))
比較:He is a wealthy(形容詞)man.
He speaks English with fluency.(副詞短語(yǔ))
?。紿e speaks English fluently.(副詞)
He is fond of(動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))books.
?。紿e likes(動(dòng)詞)books.
He stood in front of(介詞短語(yǔ))a tree.
=He stood before(介詞)a tree.
Let me know in case(連詞短語(yǔ))he is ill.
?。絃et me know if(連詞)he is ill.
但有時(shí)不可能找到與每個(gè)短語(yǔ)意思相等的單詞。同時(shí)還有一些其他短語(yǔ),如分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),在句子中有著不同的句法作用。分詞短語(yǔ)可起形容詞或副詞的作用;不定式短語(yǔ)可起形容詞、副詞或名詞的作用;動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)主要起名詞的作用。介詞短語(yǔ)可以起形容詞或副詞的作用。
Ⅴ.成語(yǔ)
7 一個(gè)詞組有時(shí)可作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)使用,有其特別的意思,與一個(gè)單詞相近,可稱為習(xí)用語(yǔ)(Set Phrase)或成語(yǔ)(Idiom)。它的意思已不完全是所包含各詞原來(lái)的意思,如 blue blood 不是表示“藍(lán)色的血液”,而是指“貴族血統(tǒng)”,keep a good house不是表示“有好房子”,而是表示“善于款待客人”。另外,它包含的詞不能隨便改動(dòng),如take care of(照顧)不能改為take a care of,give care of,或do care of。又如look after(照看)不能改為look behind或watch af-ter。又如lose heart(灰心)不能改為miss heart,lose a heart。如作這樣改動(dòng),意思就會(huì)改變或變得沒(méi)有意義。
?、觯志?br> 8 詞組是比單詞較大的單位。分句又是比詞組更大的單位。分句是一個(gè)“大”句子中包含的一個(gè)“小”句子,有它自己的主語(yǔ)及謂語(yǔ)。它多由一個(gè)連詞所引帶或連接。下面第一個(gè)例句:
I know that you are all right 是一個(gè)“大”句子,you are all right是包含在“大”句子中的“小”句子,由連詞that引帶。
I know that you are all right.
He will come though it rains.
I was dining when he came.
How he did it was unknown.
The house where I live is small.
9 如果有兩個(gè)或更多“小”句子由and,but,or,so這類(lèi)并列連詞連接,這個(gè)“大”句子就稱為并列句(Compound Sentence),“小”句子就稱為分句(Coordinate Clause)。例如:
I walked along,and he followed me.
I talked to him,but he wouldn‘t listen to me.
I must work,or I shall be starved,but I am so ill.
She loves me,so I love her,but John loves her,too.
10 如果分句起形容詞的作用,修飾一名詞或代詞,這種分句就稱為形容詞從句(或定語(yǔ)從句),句子的其他部分稱為主句(MainClause或Principal Clause)。例如:
I know the man who killed the woman.(形容詞從句,修飾man,I know the man為主句)
He entered the room where many of his friends were waiting.
(He entered the room 為主句,where引帶的為形容詞從句,從句修飾room)
如果從句起副詞的作用,修飾句子中的另一動(dòng)詞,這種分句稱為副詞從句(或狀語(yǔ)從句),句子的另一部分稱為主句。
He stayed at home because he was ill.(副詞從句,修飾stayed,He stayed at home為主句)
He will come here if it doesn’t rain.(副詞從句,修飾動(dòng)詞come,He will come here為主句)
如果整個(gè)分句起名詞的作用(用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)),這種從句稱名詞從句。
That he has resigned(主語(yǔ)從句)is true.
I know that he is honest.(賓語(yǔ)從句,作動(dòng)詞know的賓語(yǔ))
That depends on how he did it.(賓語(yǔ)從句,作介詞on的賓語(yǔ))
11 形容詞從句、副詞從句、名詞從句,統(tǒng)稱為從屬句(SubordinateClauses),簡(jiǎn)稱從句。通常它都由從屬連詞(Subordinate Con-junctions)引帶。凡包含從句的句子都稱為復(fù)合句(ComplexSentences)。
12 不包含從句或分句的句子稱為簡(jiǎn)單句(Simple Sentences),如John came yesterday.He does not know anything about herdeath.
?、鳎渌g(shù)語(yǔ)
13 字句(Expressions)可能指一個(gè)詞,一個(gè)短語(yǔ),一個(gè)分句或整個(gè)句子。
詞組(Combinations)像是短語(yǔ),但是并不表達(dá)詞類(lèi),如Itwould seem,Such…as,in order that.
名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞從句都起名詞的作用,可稱為名詞等同語(yǔ)(Noun-Equivalents)。同樣,形容詞短語(yǔ)及形容詞從句也可稱為形容詞等同語(yǔ)(Adjective-Equivalents),副詞短語(yǔ)及副詞從句可稱為副詞等同語(yǔ)(Adverb-Equivalents)。
還有一些其他語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ),如“單數(shù)”(Singular)可指“單數(shù)”或“單數(shù)的詞”;“陽(yáng)性”(Masculine)可以指“陽(yáng)性”或“陽(yáng)性的詞”?!八懈瘛保≒ossessive)可指“所有格”或“所有格的詞”;“疑問(wèn)詞”(Interrogative)可指“疑問(wèn)代詞”(Interrogative Pro-noun)或“疑問(wèn)副詞”(Interrogative Adverb)。又如“關(guān)系詞”(Relative)可指“關(guān)系代詞”(Relative Pronoun)或“關(guān)系副詞”(Relative Adverb)。
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