廣東佛山市順德區(qū)容山中學(xué) 劉永祚
There be句型對(duì)教師來(lái)說(shuō)看上去似乎很簡(jiǎn)單,學(xué)生好象很容易就學(xué)會(huì)。其實(shí)不然,這個(gè)句型對(duì)大多數(shù)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)都不會(huì)使用,是懂非懂。他們往往把there be 和have句型用法混淆。比如說(shuō):我們班昨天下午有5個(gè)男生沒來(lái)上學(xué)。多數(shù)學(xué)生(包括參加高考的學(xué)生)用英語(yǔ)是這樣表示:There had five boys in our class who were absent yesterday afternoon.下面就there be句型中的各種用法結(jié)合筆者在教學(xué)中對(duì)此知識(shí)點(diǎn)的歸納作一總結(jié)。我想這對(duì)高中學(xué)生大有幫助。一般結(jié)構(gòu)與用法列表如下:
結(jié) 構(gòu) 與 用 法
例 句
肯
定句
There be +名詞+地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),
表示“某處存在某物”。( be與
緊隨其后的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。)
There is a table and eight chairs in the room.
There are four seasons in a year.
否
定
句
在be后加not ( any )或no.
There isn’t any salt in the jar.
There was no noise in the class this morning.
疑
問
句
把be放在there之前,其余部分不變,句尾用問號(hào)。(注意:be是is / are還是were / was要依句中的時(shí)態(tài)或具體情況確定。)
一般問句
Is there any water in the bottle?
簡(jiǎn)略回答
Yes, there is.或No, there is not.
特殊問句
How much water is there in the bottle?
注意
事項(xiàng)
可以用不同的時(shí)態(tài),而且可以與助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。
There will be an English evening this Saturday.
There must be someone in the dark room.
There used to be a store next to our school.
此結(jié)構(gòu)除be動(dòng)詞外,還可以用某些含有“存在”意義的其它動(dòng)詞。如:lie, live, stand, exist, come, remain等。
There stands a temple on the hill.
There once lived an old lady in the temple.
There comes a bus.
一、常規(guī)用法:請(qǐng)注意以下四點(diǎn):
1.There be 句型在用法上有多種時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)。”請(qǐng)看以下例句:
Look! There are so many people singing and dancing on the square. 瞧!廣場(chǎng)上有那么多人在載歌載舞。
Attention, please. There will be a meeting after school. 大家請(qǐng)注意。放學(xué)后要開會(huì)。
There have been great changes in my hometown since 1998. 自1998年以來(lái),我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
There had been several such traffic accidents by the end of last month. 到上過(guò)月底,有過(guò)好多起這樣的交通事故。
2.There be 句型還可與助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或一些半助動(dòng)詞連用。如:there can / could / shall / should / may / might / will / would 加be動(dòng)詞或there 加used to (過(guò)去常常)/ be going to(將要) / be likely to(可能) / be about to(就要) / be certain to(一定會(huì)) / had better(最好) / have
to(必須) / appear / seem (好象) / happen to(恰好)等與be連用。例如:
There used to be dirty pool here. 以前這里有個(gè)污水池。
There is certain to be something wrong with my computer. = It is certain / appears / seems that there is something wrong with my computer. 我的電腦一定是出毛病了。
3.在there be 句型中,可用stand(站著),live(住著),lie(躺著),exist(存在),remain(還有),come(來(lái)),occur / happen(發(fā)生),follow(跟隨)等動(dòng)詞替換be動(dòng)詞。這些動(dòng)詞可以有時(shí)態(tài)變化,若是及物動(dòng)詞還可以有語(yǔ)態(tài)變化。例如:
Once upon a time, there lived an emperor, who liked new clothes very much.很久以前,有一個(gè)皇帝,他非常喜歡新衣服。
There stands at the center of the Tian An Men Square the Monument of the People’s Heroes.在天安門廣場(chǎng)的中央聳立著人民英雄紀(jì)念碑。
There happened an event. 發(fā)生了一個(gè)事件。
4.There be句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與be后面的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)方面保持一致;若是并列多個(gè)主語(yǔ),則與“be”最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如:
There is a small river in front of our school. 我們學(xué)校前面有一條小河。
There is only a bus, five cars and a helicopter at our campus.在我們的校園里有一輛小車,五輛公共汽車和一架直升飛機(jī)。
二、特殊用法:
1.there be 句型可與不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞連用,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。例如:
It was too late for there to be any taxis. 太晚了不會(huì)有出租車了。(不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ))
Would you like there to be a picture on the wall? 你喜歡墻上 張畫嗎?(不定式作like賓語(yǔ))
I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding between us.我不希望我們之間有任何誤解。
((不定式作動(dòng)詞want 的賓語(yǔ))
There being a bus stop so near the school is a great advantage.(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)在句中作主語(yǔ))
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有什么其它事要做,我們回家了。
(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示原因。)
2.There be 句型也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法。例如:
There is needed some human hand.還需要人手。
3.There 位于句首時(shí),常引起后面的主謂倒裝。例如:
There goes the bus. 公共汽車開走了。
但請(qǐng)注意,主語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞時(shí),主謂就不能倒裝。例如:
There you are! A nice cup of green tea. 你要的來(lái)了!一杯可口的綠茶。
4.There be + v.ing 此結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)并不表示“存在”,通常以否定形式出現(xiàn),用于對(duì)某一行為或抽象概念的否定,廣泛用于口語(yǔ)和書面用語(yǔ)中。
1) There is no + 名詞 + in doing sth.(注:此結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以省略。)
a. 名詞是表示“利弊,用途”的抽象名詞。例如:
There is no good in going. 去沒有什么好處。
There is no harm in doing that. 那樣做并無(wú)害處。
There is no use in doing it. = It is no use doing it. 干此事毫無(wú)用處。
b. 名詞是表示“價(jià)值,意義”的抽象名詞。例如:
There is no sense in waiting here. 在這里等下去毫無(wú)意義。
There is no point in doing so. 這樣做毫無(wú)意義。
2) There is no + doing sth.
a. 動(dòng)詞多為表“轉(zhuǎn)述”或“認(rèn)知”等意義的動(dòng)詞(如say, know 等),其后一般跟疑問詞(如:
when, what等)。例如:
There is no saying what may happen. 很難說(shuō)會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。
There is no telling when he will return. 說(shuō)不清他何時(shí)歸來(lái)。
There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何時(shí)我們能再相會(huì)。
b. 也可用其它動(dòng)詞,其意義相當(dāng)靈活。例如:
There is no mistaking what ought to be done. 應(yīng)該做什么是很清楚的。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史的車輪不可倒轉(zhuǎn)。
There is no getting along with him. 他很難相處。
Once she starts talking, there is no stopping her. 一旦她打開話匣,就說(shuō)過(guò)沒完。
There is no joking with him. 和他不能開玩笑。
c. there is + no + 表示行為的名詞。此結(jié)構(gòu)的含義相當(dāng)于It’s impossible / necessary to do sth.。例如:
There is no hurry about it. 沒有必要這么急匆匆。
There is no question of his honesty. 他的誠(chéng)實(shí)不用置疑。
There is no escape from the evidence.證據(jù)確鑿,無(wú)法逃避。