Pietro Aretino, Sonetti lussuriosi
五百七十一
Jottings:
James G. Huneker, Steeplejack, I, p. 214: “Next morning I sought the head steward & asked why I was covered with little red spots... ‘Ah, Monsieur,’ he deprecatingly replied, ‘some things must be. The fare is cheap, & if you find certain other passengers, well — the company doesn’t charge extra for their passage.” Cf. Jules Supervielle, L’Arche de Noé: “Quelques heures à peine après le départ, Noé voyant un singe se grater, comprit qu’il y avait dans l’Arche des passagers clandestins. ‘Les bêtes si petites soient-elles, dit-il, doivent voyager séparément. Je ne veux pas de parasites à bord, vous m’entendez?’ ‘Pas même, demanda un chien, deux malheureuses petites puces qui ne font qu’un avec moi?’” (M.E. Coindreau & J.R. Loy, ed., Contes et Nouvelles du Temps Présent, p. 87). Incidentally, Supervielle’s way of intyroducing the fleas seems neater than A.A. Milne’s in his one-acter Before the Flood: “Noah: ‘You are responsible for the animals, & so far you seem to have done nothing?’ Ham [scratching his elbow]: ‘On the contrary, I have caught a flea. Whether male or female, I can’t say.’... Hannah: ‘Well, there’s one thing. With all these animals I needn’t provide food for the fleas.’... Noah: ‘H’m!’ [He scratches uncertainly at his beard.]Japheth [whispering to Meribel]: ‘That’s the other one.’” (Hugh Miller, The Best One-Act Play of 1952-3, pp. 148-9). Cf. L.P. Curtis, Letters of Laurence Sterne, pp. 182-3: “Good God! we were toasted, roasted, gril’d, stew’d & carbonated on one side or other all the way — & being all done enough (assez cuits) in the day, we were eat up at night by bugs, & other unswept out vermin, the legal inhabitants (if length of possession gives right) of every inn we lay at.” Cf. W.S. Gilbert’s letter to Mrs Talbot on Noah’s Ark: “What I cannot swallow is there being 8 Jews & only 2 fleas among them” (S.Dark & R. Grey, W.S. Gilbert, p. 180).
George Duhamel, Scènes de la Vie future, pp. 123-4: “Le musée des sous-produits. Des tambours et des pipes, des brosses à dents et à vêtements, des chaussures, dest gants, des savons, tout ce que l’on peut fabriquer avec la corne, avec la peau, avec les poils, avec les os, avec la graisse, le sang, les humeur des bêtes tuées.... ‘A chicago, utilise tout, sauf le cri desporcs.’” Cf. Chesterton in G.K.’s Weekly, March 28, 1925: “It was said that the Chicago pork machine used every part of a pig except the squeal. It might be said that the Fleet Street press machine uses only the squeal” (quoted in Maisie Ward, G.K. Chesterton, p. 497).
Hobbes wrote in his Leviathan Pt. I, ch. 3 on what he called “unguided” “train of thoughts”: “And yet in this wild ranging of the mind, a man may oft-times perceive the way of it, & the dependence of one thought upon another. For in a discourse of our present civil war, what could seem more impertinent than to ask (as one did) what was the value of a Roman penny. Yet the coherence to me was manifest enough” (Ed. Routledge & Son, p. 9) — then follows a piece of Sherlock Holmitos which can pass muster with those feats of “clever little deduction” so astonishing to poor Watson. Curious enough, no writers on Conan Doyle has ever noticed this. Sir William Hamilton’s example of the “thought of Ben Lomond” being “immediately followed by the thought of the Prussian system of education” (Lectures on Metaphysics & Logic, Boston: Gould & Lincoln, I, p. 245), a case of adherence rather than “coherence”. Nicholas Nickleby, ch. 51: “‘Kate, my dear!’ said Mrs Nickleby; ‘I didn’t know how it is, but a fine warm summer day like this, with the birds singing in every direction, always puts me in mind of roast pig, with sage & onion sauce, & made gravy.’ ‘That’s a curious association of ideas, is it not, mamma?’” The ‘coherence’ of these ideas would have nonplussed even Hobbes, though perhaps not Marcel Proust who would have seen in it a case of his “madeleine” à rebours.【Proust, La Fugitive on the chain of association began with the title “Le secret” of a melody by Fauré & “l(fā)e nom de Vendredi-Saint” (à la Recherche du temps Perdu, Pléiade, III, 543).】Cf. Boswell’s “curious chain of ideas”: “Thought of Canongate —Johnston — MrsBird’s tarts” (Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany & Switzerland, Ed. F.A. Pottle, “Trade Edition”, p. 85). The Frenchman starts from something to eat, while with the English all roads lead to the belly. Cf. Keats, Letter to Reynolds, May 3, 1818: “This crossing a letter is not without its association — for chequer-work leads us naturally to a Milkmaid, a Milkmaid to Hogarth, Hogarth to Shakespeare — Shakespeare to Hazlitt, & Hazlitt back to Shakespeare — & thus by merely pulling an apron string we set a pretty peal of Chimes at work” [1]; to James Rice, March 24, 1818: “I am obliged to run wild being attracted by the Loadstone concatenation” etc. (Letters, ed. M. Baxton Forman, 4th ed., pp. 142, 122).【Cf. 五百六十八則首[2]】【[補(bǔ)五百七十一則]Keats to J.H. Reynolds: “This crossing a letter is not without its association — for chequer work leads us naturally to a Milkmaid, a Milkmaid to Hogarth Hogarth to Shakespeare Shakespeare to Hazlitt — Hazlitt to Shakespeare & thus by merely pulling an apron string we set a peal of Chimes at work” (Letters of John Keats, ed. Hyder E. Rollins, I, p. 280: possibly Keats was thinking of “L’Allegro” ll. 65, 96).】
Paul Shorey, Platonism Ancient & Modern, p. 103: “If only in the spirit in which my old teacher Prantl wrote is his Geschichte der Logik. ‘I wrote it,’ he says in his preface, ‘so that nobody would ever have to read those books again.’” A slight mistake. Carl Prantl in the “Vorwort” of his Gesch. D. Log., Bd. IV, S. iii: “Oft dachte ich bei meiner Arbeit an Lessing’s Ausspruch (Einl. z. Leben des Sophokles): ‘Keine Mühe ist vergebens, die einem Andern Mühe ersparen kann; ich habe das Unnütze nicht unnützlich gelesen, wenn es von nun an Dieser und Jener nicht weiter lesen darf.’” Lessing goes on to say: “Ich kann nicht bewundert werden; aber ich werde Dank verdienen” (Sophocles, in Lessings Werke, hrsg. Julius Petersen & Waldemar von Olshausen, XIII, S. 396).
Abel Hermant, Les vacances de Miss Elsie Chalegreen: “Les souliers étaient de ce jaune que la bonne société d’aujour d’hui, plus bégueule que celle d’autrefois, n’oserait point nommer de son nom” (Coindreau et Loy, op. cit., p. 18). He refers to caca d’oie or merde d’oie, a greenish yellow colour. Cf. Oskar Fischel & Max von Boehn, Modes & Manners of the 19th Century, tr. by M. Edwards, I, p. 103: “Other names were now given to the colours; instead of caca Dauphin, vomissement de la Reine, Cardinal sur la paille we have à la Rèpublique, à l’Egalité, à la Carmagnole.”
Marcel Aymé’s Le Petit Coq noir (in his Les Contes du Chat Perché) is one of the wittiest & wisest cautionary tales I have read &, as a story, even better than George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Can there be higher praise? The more na?ve tale “The Invitation to Universal Peace” in The Thousand Nights & the One Night [3] (tr, P. Mathers, III, pp. 718 ff.), in which the Fox tried to induce the Cock to descend from a ruined wall by pretending to be the representative, the commissioner, the herald of “universal peace”, for which cause a “great congress” had just been held, reads also like a tract for the times. In Aymé’s story, the cock replies to the fox: “Tu en penseras ce que tu voudras, mais je préfère mourir de ma mort naturelle... Je veux dire: être mangé par mes ma?tres... C’est la loi commune, il n’y a personne qui puisse y échapper... C’est une règle sans exception, il faut toujours en arriver à la casserole” (Coindreau & Loy, op. cit., p. 268) — a fine example of what Russell calls “the animal belief in causation, something which can be observed in horses & dogs” (Our Knowledge of the External World, Open Court Publishing Co., p. 235, cf. p. 240 on “universal law” & “observed uniformity” among horses & dogs). Russell, The Problem of Philosophy, p. [4]: “The man who had fed the chicken everyday throughout its life at last wrings its neck instead, showing that more refined views as to the uniformity of nature would have been useful to the chicken”; G. Orwell, Coming Up for Air, p. 29: “Like turkeys in November; not a notion of what’s coming to them.” Cf. Fontenelle, Entretiens sur la pluralité des Mondes: “Si les roses, qui ne durent qu’un jour, faisaient des histoires... elles diraient: ‘Nous avons toujours vu le même jardinier... assurément il ne meurt point comme nous...’”《四溟山人全集》卷二十三《嘆世語》:“蜉蝣莫知人之有終也,人莫知天地之有終也?!?/span>See end of the vol. [5]【補(bǔ)第五百七十一則 Marcel Aymé 節(jié):李白《擬古十二首?之八》:“蟪蛄啼青松,安見此樹老?!?/span>[6] Stendhal, Le Rouge et le Noir, IIe Partie, ch. 44: “Une mouche éphémère na?t à neuf heures du matin dans les grands jours d’été, pour mourir à cinq heures du soir; comment comprendrait-elle le mot nuit?” (Romans, éd. “Bib de la Pléiade”, p. 692; p. 1483, a note refers... [7] Hist. de la Peinture en Italie, ch. 91: “La mouche éphémère qui éclotle matin, et meurt avant le coucher du soleil, croit le jour éternel. De mémoire de rose, on n’a jamais vu mourir de jardinier. [8]” Diderot, Le Rêve de d’Alembert[9]: “Mlle de L’Espinasse: ‘La rose de Fontenelle qui disait que de mémoire de rose on n'avait vu mourir un jardinier?’” (Oeuvres, éd. Assézat, II, p. [10]). G. Keller: “Dich zieret dein Glauben, mein rosiges Kind” (Samt. Werke, I, 273-4). 李白《擬古》:“蟪蛄啼青松,安見此樹老?!薄?/span>
Henri Troyat, La Dame Noire: “Cette lavasse de navet ce pipi de nouveau-né” (Coindreau & Loy,op. cit., p. 289). Cf. George Orwell, Down & Out in Paris & London, ch. 28: “Dat tay... ain’t tay, it’s piss” (“Penguin Books”, p. 131); Joyce, Ulysses, “The Modern Library”, p. 14: “When I makes tea I makes tea, when I makes water I makes water... Begob, God send you, don’t make them in the one pot”; Stephen Spender: “The Life of Literature”: “He [Auden] once poured the contents of his tea-cup out of the window, & explained laconically to the hostess: ‘Tepid urine’ (Partisan Review, Nov. 1948, p. [11]); also slang for chamber-pot: “tea-voider”. The Thousand Nights & One Night, tr. P. Mathers, II, p. 57: “Harlots sell a yellow liquid with foam on top, which they call drink, but which is either fermented urine or something worse”; cf.《醒世恆言:“水樣淡酒,藥樣苦酒,尿樣臭酒?!?/span>
G. Saintsbury, ed., Minor Poets of the Caroline Period, III, pp. 205-6: Richard King: “Paradox. That It Is Best for a Young Maid to Marry an Old Man”: “I mean your beauty from decay to keep; / No wash nor mask is like an old man’s sleep. / ... Whilst the cold morning-drops bedew the Rose, / It doth nor leaf, nor smell, nor colour lose; / Then doubt not Sweet! Age hath supplies of wet / To keep you like that flower in water set. / Dripping catarrhs & fontinells are things / Will make you think you grew betwixt two springs.” Significantly, King omits any mention of semen in his jeu d’esprit. Cf.《洞玄子》:“男年倍女,損女;女年倍男,損男”; 徐樹丕《識(shí)小錄》卷一:“女子十五歲至二十五,補(bǔ)陽(yáng)和血,美顏色,悅精神,節(jié)而行之,可成地仙;二十五至三十五,我施彼受,雖無裨益,亦無大損耗;四十以上,能致疾,若天癸既絕,如枯株吸水,不異鬼交,殺身而已。男子精血,少如膏雨,壯如露,令嫩蕊含滋春芽吐潤(rùn);老大如霜雪,使紅顏萎黃雕謝耳”; 《堅(jiān)瓠七集》卷四《男女》條全同,疑褚錄徐而偶遺其名;The Thousand Nights & One Night, tr. P. Mathers, II, p. 222: “Connection with an old woman exposes a man to many maladies... a deadly poison” etc. Cf.《笑得好》二集《藥柤》“笑因色枯瘦”; The Perfumed Garden, ch. 7: “The coitus of old women is a venomous meal.”
Santayana, The Middle Span, p. 61: “Jepson of Balliol had already, at twenty, doubled human knowledge in one of the sciences, the science de modis veneris. There had been forty modes before, now there were eighty.” This is not quite correct. “Aretino... in his Sonetti lussuriosi described twenty-six different methods of coitus... Veniero, in his Puttana errante, described thirty-two positions. More recently, Forberg, the chief modern authority, has enumerated ninety positions, but, it is said, only forty-eight can, even on the most liberal estimate, be regarded as coming within the range of normal variation” (Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, XII, p. 558). Although “hatten schon die Griechen ca. 70 verschiedene Ausdrücke für den Coitus und die verschiedenen Stellungen und Manipulationen dabei,” it seems that the grand total of figurae Veneri this ingenious people discovered is only twelve as can be seen from the name Dodekamechanon (I. Bloch, Die Prostitution, I, S. 376-7). Indian erotic literature gives sixty to seventy poses all embellished with fanciful names, but it is supposed that “the exceeding pliability of the Hindu’s limbs enable him to assume attitudes absolutely impossible to the Europeans” & that “the yoni of the Hindu woman must be placed exceptionally high, otherwise many of the postures would be quite impossible” (quoted in Richard Schmidt, Beitr?ge zur Indischen Erotik, 3te Aufl., S. 444).
O.W. Holmes: “There is in Paris that amusing sign ‘H?tel de l’Univers et des états-Unis’; perhaps America is a mere appendage to the universe” (The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, ch. 6, p. 11). Henry James story Reverberator also mentions a certain “H?tel de l’Univers et de Cheltenham”. William Nicholson, when a student of art in Paris, lived in the “H?tel de l’Univers et du Portugal” in Rue croix des Petits Champs (Marguerite Steen, William Nicholson, p. 47) [12].
Samuel Butler, Characters & Passages From Note-books, ed. By A.R. Waller, p. 5: “Men find more Pleasure in the dullest Flattery of others than all the vast Imaginations they can have of themselves, as no Man is apt to be tickled With his own fingers.” A very witty & true conceit. Sel-praise dose give pleasure, but it is the pleasure of onanism or ipsation (see Hans Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece, tr. by J.H. Freese, p. 313). Perhaps not even that, because “l(fā)es célibataires ont appris à se suffire” (L’oeuvre du Comte de Mirabeau, “Les Ma?tres de l’Amour”, p. 88), but no egolatrous man can live on his own hump in the matter of compliment & praise. Diogenes of Sinope wished it were as easy to relieve hunger by rubbing an empty stomach as to ease tumescence by manipulating a bursting prick (Diogenes Laertes, VI. 46, “The Loeb Classical Library”, II, p. 47; cf. Hans Licht, Beitr?ge zur antiken Erotik, S. 36-7, 65). The need of flattery is thus nearer to hunger than to sexual urge.【Cf. La Rochefoucauld: “On n’aurait guère de plaisir si on ne se flattait jamais.”】【Sir Henry Wotton, Table Talk, §14: “Flattery is increased from a pillow under the elbow, to a bed under the whole body” (Life & Letters, ed. L.P. Smith, II, p. 491).】【Samuel Butler,Ernest Pontifex or The Way of All Flesh, ch. 34, Methuen, p. 128: “The advantage of doing one’s praisingfor oneself is that one can lay it on so thick & exactly in the right places.】
P. 186: “He [a pimp] is a conjunction copulative that joins different cases, genders, & persons.” Cf. Jean Paul, Vorschule der ?sthetik, IX, §44: “Der ?sthetische Witz... der verkleidete Priester, der jedes Paar kopuliert, tut es mit verschiedenen Trauformeln” (Werke, Carl Hanser Verlag, Bd. II, S. 173; cf. Th. Vischer: “Er traut die Paare am liebsten, deren Verbindung die Verwandten nicht dulden wollen” (quoted in Freud, Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten, 3te Aufl. S. 3). Butler’s metaphor belongs to Quintilian’s third kind[13], while Jean Paul’s his fourth (Inst. Orat., VIII. vi: “aut pro rebus animalibus inanima — aut contra” — “The Loeb Classical Library”, III, pp. 304-6), and contraria sunt aequalia).... [14] conceit seems to have been suggested by Kant’s Anthropologie, §54: “Der Witz paart (assimilirt) heterogene Vorstellungen, die oft nach dem Gesetze der Einbildungskraft (der Association) weit auseinander liegen” (S?mt. Werke, hrsg. Grossherzog Wilhelm, Bd. I, S. 407). 餘見六百四十七則。
P. 192: “His [a Glutton’s] Belly takes place of the rest of his members, & walks before in state.” Cf. Jules Renard, Journal, p. 324: “Elle marche, précédées d’un ventre magnifique” [15]; also the catchphrase in English slang on a fat woman wearing high-heeled shoes: “Here’s me — me arse is coming!”
Dylan Thomas, Quite Early One Morning, p. 29: “A silent hullabaloo of balloons” — a very beautiful “company term” better than most of those given in E. Partridge, Usage & Abusage, pp. 301-3 like “a gaggle of gossips”, “a giggle of chorus girls”, “a nation of shopkeepers”.
P. 53: “London: to many of us who live in the country, the Capital punishment” — as excellent a legal pun as Clifton Fadiman’s label for William Faulkner’s long sentences: “the Non-Stop or Life Sentence” (E.B. White & Katherine S. White, A Subtreasury of American Humor, p. 547).
五百七十二
范浚《香溪先生文集》二十二卷。茂明《心箴》為朱子採(cǎi)入《孟子集註》,明世宗復(fù)詮釋之,身後遂不寂寞。其文析理明密而筆舌潔快,勝於伊川、龜山。詩(shī)亦尚有情思。朱子作《小傳》謂:“浙學(xué)多尚事功,獨(dú)茂明之學(xué)甚正。熹嘗屢造其門而不獲見,近始得學(xué)行之詳於呂伯恭?!焙稹缎颉纺嗽疲骸跋壬翱纪ぶ焓嫌危纪L過先生,而會(huì)先生出,顧案上,得所撰《心箴》讀之,大擊節(jié)賞嘆,手錄以歸”云云。詞章家渲染失實(shí)如此?!旧裨?shī)云[16] :“四愁自比張平子,六笑堪憐范茂明?!敝^茂明集中有《六笑詩(shī)》:“我笑支道林、賀知章、陶靖節(jié)、王無功、杜子美、韓退之?!薄?/span>
卷一《心箴》:“茫??拜?,俯仰無垠。人於其間,眇然有身。是身之微,太倉(cāng)稊米。參為三才,曰有心爾。往古來今,孰無此心。心為形役,乃獸乃禽。惟口耳目,手足動(dòng)靜。投間抵隙,為厥心病。一心之微,眾欲攻之。其與存者,嗚呼幾希。君子存誠(chéng),克念克敬。天君泰然,百體從令?!卑茨┒湔Z意本《荀子?解蔽篇》、《天論篇》,參觀第四百四十七則。起八句參觀Phavorinus: “On earth there is nothing great but man; and in man there is nothing great but mind” (Sir William Hamilton, Lectures on Metaphysics & Logic, Boston: Gould & Lincoln, I, p. 17)。參觀《欒城後集》卷五《和子瞻沉香山子賦》[17] 。
《耳目箴》:“他耳則耳,他目則目。世儒之學(xué),因人碌碌。聾盲於心,聞見淺俗。我目吾目,我耳吾耳。中人之學(xué),聞見由己。緣於視聽,徵之燭理。不目而見,不耳而聞。上知之學(xué),德性是尊。無視無聽,昭然者存?!卑茨┧木渑c象山說同,宜朱子不取此《箴》也。同卷《進(jìn)學(xué)齋銘》云:“吾求諸心,萬理咸備。吾求諸性,性吾天也,天可學(xué)乎?性不自性,能無學(xué)乎?思進(jìn)以求止,庶或有至乎?古人也,一??浮空,眾微從之。成一拳石,廣大之基。其積不已,丘山峩巍。進(jìn)學(xué)之義,於焉可推?!本砹洞嫘凝S記》云:“凡學(xué),始於存心,中於盡心,終於盡性。此非余之說也,孟軻之旨也。”與復(fù)齋《鵝湖示同志》詩(shī)所謂“大抵有基方築室,未聞無址忽成岑”,象山和韻所謂“涓流積至滄溟水,拳石崇成太華岑”語意無乎不合。
卷八《讀王建射虎行》:“我讀射虎行,感概興長(zhǎng)歎。官羌按當(dāng)作‘差’射虎得虎難,山下遠(yuǎn)立??者€。惜留猛虎著山裏,射殺顧恐終身閑。有如邊將圖偷安,遵養(yǎng)時(shí)賦按當(dāng)作‘晦’容其姦。翻愁努力盡高鳥,良弓掛壁無由彎?!?/span>
《理喻》:“郵亭羈客寒無氊,夜懷家山情惘然。燈前坐感雨蕭瑟,浩歎達(dá)曉愁無眠。鄰翁不出蓬茨裏,聽雨聽風(fēng)心似水。黃昏鼻息已雷鳴,往往簷喧不經(jīng)耳。愁霖一種聲紛紛,鄰翁不聞羈客聞。是中轉(zhuǎn)物有妙理,起予暗契瞿曇旨。一”“我眠鼻息鄰家驚,耳不自聞齁?聲。我耳忽鳴韻清磬,傍人對(duì)面那能聽。耳鳴如心念,鼻息如己過。心念潛萌眾莫知,己過自迷人看破。歷歷眼前皆要理,舉世何人無鼻耳。二”
卷九《暮春病起二絕句》:“病起春深白晝閑,瓦松花老掩柴關(guān)。坐調(diào)心息無浮念,沉水煙銷古博山?!薄袄先ラL(zhǎng)閑百不營(yíng),推書習(xí)靜更真清。西窗日腳籬篩動(dòng),時(shí)有飛蟲撲紙聲?!?/span>
卷十六《答徐提幹書》:“李翺在唐諸儒中,言道最純,然其用心勤甚,而時(shí)人莫之知,後世亦莫知。翺從韓愈學(xué)文章,辭彩雖下愈,而議論渾厚,如《復(fù)性書》三篇,貫穿羣經(jīng),根極理要,發(fā)明聖人微旨良多,疑愈所不逮?!卑刺埔詠?,推李翺為知道自茂明始。《劉屏山集》卷一《聖傳論》尚以李翺為“非子思之學(xué)”也。
五百七十三[18]
虞儔《尊白堂集》六卷。陳貴宜《序》云:“侍郎平日嘗曰:‘韓魏公有醉白堂,坡公有“我似樂天”之句,此吾所不敢,惟知尊之敬之?!本砣蹲x白樂天詩(shī)集》云:“詳觀白傅一篇詩(shī),長(zhǎng)日何須一局棋。字細(xì)縱然勞眼力,理長(zhǎng)尤是契心期。誇張歌酒渾相似,消遣窮愁亦自知。大節(jié)更思公出處,寥寥千載是吾師”;卷四《以長(zhǎng)慶集送潘接伴》云:“樂天長(zhǎng)短三千首,唐室聲名四百年。大字正堪遮老眼,向來刻畫恐無傳”;《余在吳門再刊此集》云:“妙處由來識(shí)者難,詩(shī)盟千載不應(yīng)寒。牙籖縹帙重拈出,付與詩(shī)人仔細(xì)看。”壽老與樂天曠事賞音,可以見矣?!耙黄币僧?dāng)作“一編”?!端团私影椤芬捎袃山^,“余在吳門再刊此集”八字應(yīng)作第一絕自注,必非題目。四庫(kù)館臣編校不精,多類是。勞格《讀書雜識(shí)》卷十一引《會(huì)稽續(xù)志》卷二、《姑蘇志》卷二、《中興館閣續(xù)錄》卷九、《金史?交聘表》記壽老事跡。又《讀書雜識(shí)》卷十二考定此《集》制誥中羼入陳止齋所作六篇,《自雲(yún)門還泛若耶溪入鏡湖寄院中諸公》詩(shī)見《會(huì)稽掇英總集》卷十四,皆宜刪。壽老詩(shī)雖坦率乏味,卻不似樂天之以俚俗逞新巧,蓋亦用東坡法也。數(shù)與姜梅山唱酬,所謂“姜總管”也,而體格初不相類。【《誠(chéng)齋集》卷三十九《謝淮東漕虞壽老寶文察院寄詩(shī)》七律二首、一〇四《答湖州虞察院壽老》?!俊尽度莆摹肪砥甙倭孱櫶铡短圃?shī)類選序》、卷八百二十三黃滔《答陳磻隱論詩(shī)書》、《宣和畫譜》卷十八《崔慤》條、高斯得《恥堂存稿》卷三《長(zhǎng)慶集序》及壽老此《集》,皆今世言香山者所未知也。張鎡《南湖集》卷四《讀樂天詩(shī)》、卷六《榜書軒曰景白以爐香事樂天像》?!?/span>
卷一《病起據(jù)案無緒輒書二十五韻呈簿尉》:“初如蹈陰壑,赤身臥冰霰。繼若扇紅爐當(dāng)作‘洪’,虐焰工煅煉。先生但堅(jiān)壁,高臥觀物變。謂我則忘吾,曰舍其猶傳?!?/span>
《喜雨》:“雨腳初鳴屋,風(fēng)頭忽轉(zhuǎn)廊。餘涼生席枕,好夢(mèng)到池塘。黃嬭真三窟,青奴得兩忘。功名休恨晚,身世一藤床?!?/span>
卷二《和鮑倅暴雨大水之作》:“坳堂方笑芥為舟,驟雨俄驚滙眾流。天漏不知何處補(bǔ),地卑轉(zhuǎn)覺此生浮。會(huì)須擊水扶搖上,政想乘風(fēng)汗漫遊。宦海陸沉聊爾耳,詩(shī)人休詠白蘋洲?!?/span>
《無眠》:“夜永只憐燈作伴,秋涼最許席先知?!?/span>
《贈(zèng)潘接伴》:“句中有眼人誰識(shí),絃上無聲我獨(dú)知?!?/span>
《漢老弟近書云欲看文字無暇作詩(shī)再用韻》:“也知妍醜初無定,馬面相憐亦突欒?!弊宰ⅲ骸爸V有云?!卑吹拦馐吣曛乜尽肚鼗春<肪硎俄鸪珎鳌吩疲骸爸V有云:‘心相憐,馬首圓’”,即壽老所用。詳見第二百十三則?!端巫泳┕P記》卷上云:“俚俗常言謂‘團(tuán)’曰‘突欒’,國(guó)朝林逋詩(shī)云:‘團(tuán)欒空繞百千回’,是不曉俚人反語。變‘突’為‘團(tuán)’,亦其謬也?!?/span>
《柬蕭東夫》七律。按卷三《與蕭東夫相別二十年矣比來假守吳興而東夫令嗣監(jiān)酒赴官池陽(yáng)迎侍以行舟次城下遂得一見小詩(shī)述情》七律。光律元《有不為齋隨筆?丁》輯千巖詩(shī)、文及同時(shí)人集中道千巖行事者最備,未錄壽老此二篇也。王述庵《春融堂集》卷四十一《孫鑑之海月詞序》云:“往余讀蕭東夫詩(shī),最嗜其詠梅之作”云云,直是搗鬼,不知何處得見東夫詩(shī)集來!
卷四《和林正甫遐思湖上麗人絕句》:“風(fēng)前柳逞腰肢活,雨後山橫眉黛長(zhǎng)。欲把西湖比西子,卻成畫餠拄空腸?!?/span>
五百七十四
梁運(yùn)昌《秋竹齋詩(shī)存》八卷。曼雲(yún)學(xué)行略見謝枚如《課餘續(xù)錄》卷三,謂才氣、學(xué)問皆過人,深於小學(xué),擅拳勇而性情不治,里社戚屬不敢與之周旋云云。其《杜園說杜》一書,極為石遺丈所稱。作詩(shī)卻沿乾嘉時(shí)體,殊恨浮靡,了不見古法高格,雖愁苦而詞未好也。
卷一《貴陽(yáng)遣愁》第七首:“天邊歲月流如水,地主人情薄似雲(yún)。”自注:“俗語云:‘人無三分情?!卑戳褐G菴《蛻槀》卷一《黔中竹枝詞》自注:“黔語云:‘天無三日晴,地?zé)o三里平,人無隔夜情?!?/span>
卷三《拜新月》:“拜新月,但拜無須說。月裏如有人,知儂心鬱結(jié)?!卑蠢疃恕栋菪略隆吩疲骸伴_簾見新月,即便下階拜。細(xì)語人不聞,北風(fēng)吹裙帶?!贝讼乱晦D(zhuǎn)語(賀方回《迎春樂》云:“望新月、為誰雙拜。細(xì)語人不聞,微風(fēng)動(dòng)、羅裙帶”,即本李詩(shī))。
卷四《西江舟中詠懷》第一首:“勞薪未朽還須轉(zhuǎn),惡木雖陰那得休。”按卷六《親友欲為余作生日詩(shī)以正之》云:“自分已難雕朽木,相期何用息勞薪?!?/span>
《歎逝》:“下士困窮時(shí),藜藿常不飽。色莊入花叢,目語無敢挑。艱難牛衣侶,頭白誓相保。此時(shí)千蛾眉,豈若糟糠好。辛苦得一官,跡居州縣小。儼是百里侯,意氣漸輕佻。自身倚少年,牀頭人已老。百金買雙鬟,千金聘窈窕。悍然一肆志,行樂極昏曉。乞兒苦得錢,當(dāng)日用不了。伐性重斧斤,腐腸益醇醥。歡樂曾幾何,門外掛丹旐。老母哭斷腸,孤兒脫文葆。愛姬辭靈去,孀妻曳素縞。我年四十餘,見此已不少。俱是貧賤交,荒墳悲宿草。”
《讀郊島集題五十二韻》:“賈似諸歌行,孟律非所習(xí)。平生少長(zhǎng)篇,有作皆短什。隸事無一言,香草何由拾。豈無千卷書,堪以腹笥給。古心徒自鞭,修綆無用汲。孟君實(shí)雄騖,浪仙似不及?!?/span>
卷七《題杜工部集後十二首》:“花鳥清愁興每牽,老來漫與有新篇。今人不省皆吳體,衹說頹唐近暮年?!弊宰ⅲ骸皡求w亦間有辨訐調(diào)而雜方言者是也?!都分衅呗捎惺N首皆吳體,嘗自注一首為例。一”
“要取盧王作正風(fēng),漫將絕調(diào)枉推崇。豈知非古非今語,已與黃初正始同?!弊宰ⅲ骸啊肚吩?shī)云:‘即事非今亦非古’,此自言其詩(shī)體如此,注家多錯(cuò)解。七”
“早年曾作白絲行,軟句桃枝晚更成。誰信少陵出餘緒,已堪陶鑄玉溪生?!弊宰ⅲ骸岸篷壵Z亦在義山上。八”
“纖濃正契美人心,標(biāo)向詩(shī)題即戲吟。卻被東坡知此意,曲終奏雅是元音?!弊宰ⅲ骸岸琶孔髌G語,則題中必加一‘戲’字,所以別體裁也。東坡獨(dú)識(shí)其指,故作艷題必以莊語作結(jié)。十”
“逸詩(shī)真贗識(shí)無難,一字吟來每未安。鐵石可能充逸少,被他裝點(diǎn)遂成瘢。”自注:“《集》外逸詩(shī)必有一、二字不可解處。十一”
“包羅自昔詩(shī)稱史,穿鑿如今史解詩(shī)。領(lǐng)取古人心印在,驪黃略盡將權(quán)奇?!弊宰ⅲ骸按╄徱藻X等為甚。十二”
《戲題白太傅詩(shī)集三韻六首》:“也能到處誇州宅,少見陳詩(shī)問土風(fēng)。惟有杭州猶自可,一湖春水救荒兇。”自注:“《別杭州》詩(shī)云:‘惟留一湖水,與汝救兇年?!w通《集》道及民事者,衹此二句。五”
《偶作論近體詩(shī)二十八首》:“都將實(shí)處練成虛,杜老非無萬卷書。四十字中些子地,不將隸事更侵渠?!弊宰ⅲ骸坝檬率检敦懺葬幔_元人無是也。六”
“詩(shī)家界限在昌黎,榛棘叢中闢徑蹊。別境不妨多領(lǐng)略,本來道路莫教迷。十”
卷八《番??詩(shī)》五古有序略云:“俗呼‘地瓜’,產(chǎn)於呂宋,禁其種,不得傳中國(guó)。國(guó)初,吾閩長(zhǎng)樂諸生陳姓者父子客呂宋,截其藳藤二尺,??破籃底,如繩約狀,遂得攜歸,至家種之。既已藩衍,乃獻(xiàn)之金撫軍。撫軍頒其種於十郡,令陳民為種蒔師,故當(dāng)時(shí)號(hào)為‘金軍門’。”按梁氏說未確,黃梨洲《明文授讀》卷十四何喬遠(yuǎn)《番薯頌》略云:“度閩海西南,有呂宋國(guó)。國(guó)度海而西,為西洋,多產(chǎn)金銀。閩人多賈呂宋,其國(guó)有朱薯,被野連山,不待種植,夷人率取食之。其莖葉蔓生如瓜蔞、黃精、山藥、山蕷之屬,潤(rùn)澤可食。其根如山藥、山蕷,如蹲鴟者,其皮薄而朱,可熟食之,亦可生食。夷人恡,不與中國(guó)人,中國(guó)人截取其蔓入吾閩十餘年矣。初入吾閩時(shí),值吾閩饑,得是而人足一歲。其種也,不與五穀爭(zhēng)地,瘠鹵沙崗,皆可以長(zhǎng)。即大早不糞治,亦不失徑寸圍。泉人鬻之,斤不直一錢,二斤而可飽”云云。周櫟園《閩小紀(jì)》謂“萬曆中閩人得蕃薯於外國(guó)”一條蓋襲此文。何氏於崇禎時(shí)為南司空。
五百七十五
晁說之《嵩山文集》二十卷。以道博覽深思,為一門白眉。《具茨》、《鷄肋》兩集,未足雁行。即蘇門其他君子,亦瞠乎莫及。而詩(shī)文才不逮學(xué),意餘於韻,純以議論勝筆舌。木強(qiáng)滯塞,非詞章當(dāng)行也。時(shí)出奇語,卻生樸可喜。至其別闢蹊徑,不落蘇、黃窠臼,談藝論道皆矯然自異,可謂特立獨(dú)行,和而勿同者。又勞格《讀書雜識(shí)》卷十二補(bǔ)《劉跂墓志》、《道德經(jīng)跋》、《晏叔原志》三篇?!痉玻菊哐a(bǔ)文,見《張右史文集》冊(cè)?!俊尽吨熳诱Z類》卷百三十“晁以道後來亦附梁師成,有人以詩(shī)嘲之曰:‘早赴朱張飯,隨賡蔡子詩(shī)。此回休倔強(qiáng),凡事且從宜。’”】【《容齋三筆》卷一評(píng)晁氏經(jīng)說。】
卷一《元符三年應(yīng)詔言事上書》:“臣愚,少常業(yè)於所謂新經(jīng)義者。元豐中以出身入仕,非不知而妄作也。所以中道而改路者,誠(chéng)以其學(xué)求之古人之書,稽之老成之論,而不合故也?!柬暈椴讨輰W(xué)官,王安禮為臣言:‘神宗皇帝天度髙遠(yuǎn),?;肌度?jīng)義》未副其意,宣諭異日當(dāng)別刋修?!瘎t今之承學(xué)之士,於《三經(jīng)義》兢兢唯謹(jǐn),不敢低昻一語者,未必當(dāng)神宗之意也。況《三經(jīng)義》行之?dāng)?shù)年後,王安石乃自列其說之非是者,奏請(qǐng)刋去。不知古人設(shè)諸日月不刋之書,其如是乎?……《字說》者,神宗留中,不以列學(xué)官,近乃列在學(xué)官?!鋾盼拇笮∽粋悾字疅o別,從篆從隷,臨時(shí)遷就其私意?!袊?guó)者不知《春秋》,前有?而弗見,後有賊而不知。……昔孟子欲言《周禮》而無其籍,今之《周禮》最出漢末,雜之以六國(guó)之制,……大要斂財(cái)多貨,黷祀煩民,冗猝可施於文,而不可措於事者也。猶以王制之所存,得列於學(xué)官,而《春秋》法□王之制,反可黜乎?”按參觀卷十四《恥新》:“儒生於六藝,務(wù)新相尚,紛紊糾射不已。余少亦狃習(xí)焉,不知其非,殆今老矣,始恥之。譬如日月光明,莫知其終始,寧辨其新故,非若可器之物,腐爛而故,製作而新也?;蛟魂戀Z《新語》、賈誼《新書》、劉向《新序》、桓譚《新論》如之何?曰:語之、書之、序之、論之可新也,義則未嘗新?!保▍⒂^卷十三《儒言》論“俗學(xué)”云:“如惡其眾而欲致獨(dú),則比屋可封之民為罪人歟?又或厭其久而新之,則日月之出特久矣。”)又第八十二則、五百十四則。景迂以新經(jīng)義出身,而中道改路,殆亦如《老學(xué)庵筆記》卷四記吳元中事所謂“逆取順守,湯武不過”者耶?
卷四《馬上睡》:“前驛得駑馬,據(jù)鞍可天隱?!毿磐鼨C(jī)者,在在得安穩(wěn)。”
《和資道故山驛早行》:“欲識(shí)混沌初,請(qǐng)君觀曉山。浩蕩有而無,雲(yún)煙往復(fù)還?!?/span>
《客有傳黃戎州三絶句者因次韻》:“名大不忍殺,罪大不以赦。茘子紅滿山,身落鄉(xiāng)人社?!?/span>
《喜魯直還用前韻再作》:“??志問故鄰,木蘭坐舊牀?!?/span>
《又再作》:“世人不我與,自契黃龍心。”
《趙德麟書來言黃九聞移命後徑遊峨嵋恍然有作》:“野馬脫羈日,逐客賜環(huán)時(shí)。鄉(xiāng)國(guó)眼中見,申肘猶云遲。夫子獨(dú)不爾,西復(fù)到峨嵋?!?/span>
《寄陳叔易》:“春色今似我,已老不足愛。花隨浮雲(yún)空,只有蜂蝶在?!?/span>
《無己初除正字以詩(shī)寄之》:“彭城陳夫子,笑我顏何厚。為語陳夫子,人生無不有。”
《大熱戱作》:“卻顧妻兒笑,聊取一嬉戲。飢膓雖自鳴,寒凍非吾事?!?/span>
《至河中首訪鬼拔河圖有畫人云因陸學(xué)士移其璧□毀寸盡令人感慨終日有作》:“坎坎分明拔河戯,盛在北朝唐尚爾。畫手何人展子虔,妙不戲人惟戲鬼。(中略)隣幾舍人有搨本,詩(shī)翁賦詩(shī)名更起。詠詩(shī)想畫二十年,客舍此邦心自喜。(中略)出門訪之無處所,惜哉使君陸子履。但欲便坐易瞻玩,不知壁古難移徙。(下略)”
《三川言十?dāng)?shù)年前嘗有一短帽騎驢之士半醉徘徊原上久之曰三川非昔時(shí)比矣恍愡失其人所在有收杜老醉遊圖者物色之知為杜之再來也余獨(dú)鄙之作詩(shī)二首》:“君不見少陵有客字子美,三賦獻(xiàn)罷胡塵起。招魂收淚謁行在,寧論家室三川裏。(中略)晚年雖卜浣花居,心折秦雲(yún)恨有餘。茯苓不御丹砂就,仙去還來縱目??。乾坤宿醉參橫醒,且策東家舊蹇驢。鄰里一人安可得,亦無墳??奢枋?。人間偪仄何偪仄,卻自騎鯨追李白。一”“君不見杜老死去傲九天,肯顧?quán)?/span>疑有誤下三川。問予何事知其然,此世此老無姻緣。平生志願(yuàn)得酒眠,暫時(shí)去作酒中仙。況今仙侶瓊琚連,瑤池醉倒阿母前。一瞬人間億萬年,泰山為塵海作田。何處更復(fù)有三川?(中略)三川何人莫浪傳,汝曹虱腦真可憐。(下略)二”
卷五《聽唱秦少游溪路雨添花詞感舊作》:“秦郎不知我,我豈知秦郎。相逢每戲劇,此狷而彼狂。(中略)一聞溪路雨,淚與雨?duì)幮?。黃鸝千百在,斯人今則亡。如其並老去,娛樂豈遽央。(下略)[19] “卷八《山行微雨對(duì)花覺秦少游山路雨添花之語為佳因有感於斯人》:“輕薄揚(yáng)州真可笑,賢良漢殿更堪嗟?!?/span>
《書觸目》:“山以石得名,土惟山之賊。”
《次韻和江子我臥病謝予相過之作》[20] :“棄婦不言貧,孤兒不知病?!?/span>
《謝邵三十五郎博詩(shī)卷》:“豈易少陵學(xué),浪走徒多踠。況復(fù)爾來人,不竈而市飯。大兒誇蘇豪,小兒爭(zhēng)黃謇[騫]。詎知韓柳先,學(xué)大[文]忘赫烜。餘事五七言,朝鸞參暮鶠。又如萬仞姿,松巖絕蘭畹。念彼形似徒,澀舌吞枯菌。何人分詩(shī)文,兩隊(duì)有魴鱒?!卑淳坝仂稏|坡、山谷拳拳服膺,同卷《恨契詩(shī)》深痛蘇門有背棄之人。又《柳集亡食蝦蟆詩(shī)因有作》云:“念我少年日,未識(shí)侯詩(shī)妍。晚見海上老,口誦盡殘編。因之得揚(yáng)搉,今古共周旋。此老可補(bǔ)亡,已矣淚潺湲”;卷六《鄧掾再和暮春詩(shī)見示報(bào)作》亦云[21] :“近尋山谷體,遠(yuǎn)到建安風(fēng)”;卷九《題六一東坡像》云:“先後文章伯,安危社稷臣”(參觀卷十五《與李奉議書》)。而此篇有“大兒”、“小兒”之句,所謂“不薄今人愛古人”,雖尊敬而不肯師法也。又卷六《通叟年兄示以柳侯廟詩(shī)三首輒亦有作?其三》有云:“文編興舊學(xué),詩(shī)價(jià)重東坡”,自注:“子厚文集因晏公乃大備。詩(shī)前無賞者,自東坡始之?!本硎恕额}東坡詩(shī)》云:“柳子厚詩(shī)與陶淵明同流,前乎東坡,未有發(fā)之者?!短垂穭t又東坡窺之,以學(xué)為文章者?!痹矩偂锻S詩(shī)話》云:“論字亦不知有楊凝式。至東坡而後發(fā)此秘,以韋、柳配淵明,凝式配魯公,真有德於三子也?!薄盾嫦獫O隱叢話前集》卷十九引《詩(shī)眼》云:“子厚詩(shī)尤深遠(yuǎn)難識(shí),前賢亦未推重,自老坡發(fā)明其妙,學(xué)者方漸知之?!薄对S彥周詩(shī)話》云:“東坡在海外,方盛稱柳州詩(shī)。後嘗有人得罪過海,見黎子雲(yún)秀才,說海外絕無書,適其家有柳文,東坡日夕玩味。”觀此諸說,子厚詩(shī)至北宋中葉後始大行。然司空表聖《題柳柳州集後》早云:“今於華下方得柳詩(shī),味其深搜之致,亦深遠(yuǎn)矣。因題集末,庶俾後之詮評(píng)者,罔惑偏說,以蓋其全工?!笔莿t發(fā)柳詩(shī)之妙,不昉自東坡也。故?!薄稘O隱叢話後集》卷十一引此以駁《詩(shī)眼》之說。至柳州古文,則《老學(xué)庵筆記》卷九云:“東坡在嶺海間,最喜誦陶、柳二集,謂之南遷二友。宋白尚書《玉津雜詩(shī)》云:‘坐臥將何物?陶詩(shī)與柳文’”云云,宋文安乃太宗時(shí)人?!端巫泳┕P記》中數(shù)稱柳,與韓、劉齊舉?!度蔟S續(xù)筆》卷九謂:“柳開始稱韓,穆修繼道韓、柳?!薄稏|軒筆錄》卷三記穆修“晚年得柳宗元集,募工鏤板,印數(shù)百帙,攜入京相國(guó)寺設(shè)肆鬻之。有儒生數(shù)輩至其肆,未評(píng)價(jià)值,先展揭披閱,修就手奪取,瞋目謂曰:‘汝輩能讀一篇,不失句讀,吾當(dāng)以一部贈(zèng)汝?!允墙?jīng)年不售一部?!庇职礀|坡學(xué)孟子之文(參觀《邵氏聞見後錄》卷二十一),而景迂謂孟子不擅文(卷十五《答賈子莊書》),亦其不肯附和之證(參觀卷十四《申劉》[22] )。
卷六《聞叔易隱居被召二首》:“處士何人為作牙”云云。按亡其“東海一生垂釣客”一絕,見《風(fēng)月堂詩(shī)話》。
《自詠》:“椶籬蕉落貯秋陰,睡足蕭然學(xué)越吟。懶似嵇康初不鍛,閑於陶令更無琴。兒童亦習(xí)南朝事,風(fēng)月應(yīng)憐北客心。五世圖書幸相逐,鬢毛未許雪霜侵。”自注:“陸龜蒙《憶嵩山詩(shī)》云:‘如今卻習(xí)南朝事,自煮蒓羮學(xué)取魚?!?/span>
《從教》:“從教病著探葵減,未放愁攻白髪添。欲看落花時(shí)入戶,風(fēng)高盡日不垂簾?!?/span>
《何事》:“鶯來昨日猶多吃,柳到今朝第幾眠?!?/span>
《欲談》:“欲談無應(yīng)莫吾容,悔不居身可否中。盡日小齋何所樂,芭蕉宜雨竹宜風(fēng)?!?/span>
《塗中》:“十年未就歸山計(jì),一日翻為保障翁。無奈征衣中散虱,可堪行道庶人風(fēng)。悠悠秦晉山河在,漠漠金張冢墓空。回首江湖二三子,長(zhǎng)亭寒夢(mèng)亦匆匆?!?/span>
卷七《木末》:“木末僕危不可呼,水濱詩(shī)客昔何如。若非此老曾行處,淚漲三川恨有餘?!卑创藶槠伦?。坡詩(shī)云:“我行已水濱,我僕尚木末?!?/span>
《枕上》:“人間百感未能休,欲語無情謾九州。樓上角聲山上月,共人割據(jù)一端□。”按缺字殊奈尋索,當(dāng)是“秋”字耶[23] ?
《感事》:“怪來高論空無驗(yàn),可是岐公作宰司。”自注:“王荊公在嘉祐間,言人才雖乏,不曾教王禹玉作宰相。至熙寧中,公乃薦王代作相焉?!?/span>
卷八。按此卷及卷九中篇什多傷時(shí)感事之作,蓋成於靖康亂後,可與簡(jiǎn)齋、東萊、浮溪諸篇入諸《瀛奎律髓?忠憤類》者,而滯澀不申,遂乏一唱三歎、可歌可泣之致。
《圓機(jī)和邵大及予二詩(shī)可謂壓倒復(fù)作謝之?之二》:“君家博士歸依佛。”自注:“郭恕先詩(shī)云:‘為逢未劫歸依佛,不就新恩敘理官?!〕?,詔五代時(shí)命官投狀敘理,復(fù)命之。”按《困學(xué)紀(jì)聞》一條疑即出此。
《和朱少章見寄》:“悶己賦疑唯獨(dú)語,惱卿詩(shī)似得同論?!弊宰ⅲ骸绊n公《閔己賦》有本作‘悶己’,常恨無以正之。晏元憲謂惱卿詩(shī)似義山,或云吳融,近與少章論頗合?!?/span>
《外甥三郎和予冠字韻再用其韻作二首》:“門戶人身難相稱,衣裳儀觀不須歎。”自注:“古有語云:‘好門戶,惡人身?!謩e有語云:‘衣裳好,儀觀惡?!?/span>
卷九《寄焦山成老高郵滋老》:“他鄉(xiāng)臥病白頭翁,孤憤猶存涕淚中。竹葉有陰唯待月,蓮花自殞不須風(fēng)。明朝白帝行商令,何日黃麾入漢宮。一死等閒無足惜,道人第一莫談空。”
《感事?一》:“本是懸車卻掃人,猥貪雨露政惟新。干戈難作墻東客,疾病猶存硯北身。敢覓圖書灰燼裏,誰分盜賊甲兵屯。紛紛四海人知否,猶屬炎年第一春?!卑慈?、四兩句用事見稱於《墨莊漫録》卷十。
卷十三《儒言》:“閒色亦麗乎目,君子必惡焉者,不欲病乎正而失所傳也,作儒言。”
○“典籍之存,詁訓(xùn)之傳,皆漢儒之力。漢儒於學(xué)者何負(fù),而例貶之歟?”
○“詩(shī),不知禮義之所止,而區(qū)區(qū)稱法度之言,真失之愚也哉。言孰非法度,何獨(dú)在詩(shī)。”
○“所或曰有戶則斤之矣,是惡夫有所者,本諸莊、老而云爾也。
○“溫公曰經(jīng)猶的也。一人射之不若衆(zhòng)人射之,其中者多也。嗚呼,此公天下之言待天下忠且敬也,顧肯伸己而屈人,必人之同己哉。彼排擯前儒,顛倒五經(jīng)者,亦宜媿諸?!?/span>
○“先儒謂,近代有‘芟角’、‘反對(duì)’、‘互從’之說?!巳子闰?yàn)於今日。不顧其本而特出一句,以濟(jì)私慾而困衆(zhòng)論者,謂之‘芟角’;以此所言,責(zé)彼所不言,睹馬以童牛,想龍以足蛇,謂之‘反對(duì)’;駢贅?biāo)某?,自聲傳谷,因谷發(fā)響,從響求應(yīng),謂之‘互從’。[24] ”
○“德義之士視章句之徒如僕役,自章句之徒而視文字之學(xué)則如乞丐。”
○“五綵具而作繪,五藏完而成人。學(xué)者於五經(jīng)可舍一哉?”
○“孔、孟之稱,誰倡之者?漢儒猶未之有也。既不知尊孔子,是亦疑脫一‘豈’字孟子之志歟。其學(xué)卒雜於異端,而以為孔子之儷者,亦不一人也,豈特孟子而可哉。如知《春秋》一王之制者,必不使其教有二上也。世有荀、孟之稱。荀卿詆孟子僻違而無類,幽隠而無説,閉約而不解,未免為諸子之徒,尚何配聖哉?”
○“尒朱榮,晉公護(hù),無君大惡,既死,廟而祀之,以配聖人。范陽(yáng)間祀安、史為二聖?!?/span>
○“何晏、王弼,倡為虛談,范寗罪之,甚於桀紂。弼以其言言《易》,猶近似矣。晏之談《論語》,則又何邪?顏?zhàn)訉铱眨热褰哉f空乏,晏始斥之,自為說曰:‘虛心知道。’不知言之愈遠(yuǎn)而愈非顏?zhàn)又乱??;蛞詿o相無空,則又晏之罪人也?!?/span>
○“秦焚詩(shī)書,坑學(xué)士,欲愚其民,自謂其術(shù)善矣。蓋後世又有善焉者,其於詩(shī)書則自為一說,以授學(xué)者,觀其向背而寵辱之,使才者顓而拙,智者固而愚矣?!?/span>
按凡數(shù)十則,皆申斥荊公之學(xué),而不著其姓氏。論漢儒可與第三百六十四則參觀,論孔、孟可與卷三《奏審覆皇太子所讀孝經(jīng)論語爾雅劄子》(“前者學(xué)官罷黜孔子《春秋》,而表章偽雜之《周禮》,以孟子配孔子,而學(xué)者發(fā)言折中于《孟子》,而略乎《論語》,固可嘆矣”)、卷十四《辯誣》(“脫如後世遂無孟軻,則孔子之道泯滅不傳歟?門內(nèi)妾婦,且知尊無二上矣,予不知世所謂‘孔、孟’云者,孰自而得耶?天下萬世之尊師者,孔子一人而止耳,容孰偶之也耶?荀卿非孟子,王充著論曰《刺孟》,則亦過矣,然不為無謂。不尊周室,勸諸侯僭王以國(guó)叛,人人可為湯武,予學(xué)《春秋》而有感焉,未敢發(fā)之言也,後見李覯所論,則有前得於予者也。又如士師可殺人之類,強(qiáng)辯傑驁,視當(dāng)時(shí)所謂策士者不甚遠(yuǎn)?!吨芏Y》之為書也,其出為最晚。劉歆獻(xiàn)之新莽,大抵煩禮、凟儀、靡政、僭刑、曲禁、重賦、專利、忌諱、祈禳,誕迂不切事,莽所用以戕天下之民,而鉗天下之口者,是書之奉也。使《周禮》而尚全,王者猶損益之,況此殘偽之書乎”)、又卷十四《申劉》(“十餘年來,始不惑於孟子,為之辯正大端,自謂悉矣,及見劉道原說‘月正元日,舜格于文祖’是堯崩踰年事,斥孟子甚明,乃大聳嘆,恨不得道原而北面師事焉。然道原意有所遺者,輒申之”)、卷十五《答呂舜徒書》(“所謂‘樂有賢父兄’之說,則未喻也。樂賢而惡不才,在敵以上有所不行,況吾父兄之間哉?賢可樂矣,顧不賢則如之何?顏氏之子、閔氏之弟,視孔鯉不免有慚色矣。舜五十而慕,為瞽叟之賢歟?文王問王季‘安否’,而憂喜王季之德不與也。孔子亦曰喜‘父母之年’耳。孟子之言,無所當(dāng)也。且其言‘父子之間不責(zé)善’,今何望之深耶?”)、《答賈子莊書》(“若夫孟子之書,則亦不必論其文之如何,是直萬章、公孫丑之徒所次耳,何有於孟子哉?如必以文論孟子,則可以色論太姜、太姒歟?是未為知言也。而文固大矣,必以孟子論之,則孟子未為擅場(chǎng)也?!眳⒂^《捫蝨新話》卷一《孟子文字最為巧妙》條;韓退之《答崔立之書》以屈原、孟軻、司馬遷、相如,揚(yáng)雄之徒並舉;《容齋五筆》卷五《庾公之斯》條極稱其文之妙。參觀《慈湖遺書》卷十五《家記?九》斥昌黎“敢以孟子與司馬相如比而同之,専以文稱也。以《易》為奇,以《詩(shī)》為葩,三極六爻之旨如此乎?三百篇無邪之義如此乎?”王霖《弇山詩(shī)鈔》卷五《孟廟》第二首:“大義微言在七篇,人中文字更超然。後生不解源體別,卻愛蘇家義解泉”)及第二百五十則參觀。按王介甫有《解孟子》十四卷為崇觀間舉子所宗,見《郡齋讀書後志》?!尽墩繙Y靜語》卷二:“或問文節(jié)倪公思曰:‘司馬溫公乃著《疑孟》,何也?’曰:‘蓋有為也。當(dāng)是時(shí),王安石假《孟子》大有為之說,欲人主師尊之,變亂法度,是以溫公致疑’”云云,合之景迂之非安石而排孟子,倪氏之言或非附會(huì)?!稖貒?guó)文正司馬公文集》卷七十四《迂書?文害》云:“君子有文以明道,小人有文以發(fā)身。變白為黑,轉(zhuǎn)南為北。”《斥莊》云:“或曰:莊子之文,人不能為。迂夫曰:‘文勝而道不至者,君子惡諸。是猶朽屋而塗丹雘,眢井而羃綺續(xù)(sic),烏喙而漬飴糖。佞人也,青蠅之變白黑也?!币嘁芍赴彩?。宋以後非孟子者以?shī)]召南為最,有老吏衡獄之風(fēng)?!兑疤能幬募肪硪弧蹲x孟子?二》有云:“既為遊士之為,自必言遊士之言。遊士之言何也?易言之也,危言之也,牽合言之也,歆動(dòng)言之也。使民執(zhí)梃以撻秦楚,易言之也。茍為不義,不奪不饜,危言之也。好色、好貨之可以王,牽合言之也。耕者皆欲耕於野,商賈皆欲藏於市,歆動(dòng)言之也。且夫兵,危事也,而孟氏易視之,謂民親其上,可以制堅(jiān)甲利兵,是以不教民戰(zhàn)也。孟子之言曰:‘楊、墨之言盈天下,天下之言,不歸楊,則歸墨?!晃嶙x周、秦間書,以求楊、墨之言,不可得也。鄒衍、淳于髠、蘇、張、魯連之屬,皆不為楊、墨之言也。何以‘功不在禹下’也”云,最為明允扼要?!俊景础度莆摹肪砦灏偈肆好C《常州刺史獨(dú)孤及集後序》記及云:“荀、孟樸而少文,屈、宋華而無根”云云,是尚不知孟子文章之妙。若世傳蘇批孟子,乃出依託,見譚復(fù)生《石菊影廬筆識(shí)?學(xué)篇》第十五則?!?/span>
論祀聖可與卷三《論神廟配享劄子》(“安石不學(xué)孔子《春秋》而配享孔子,晚見薄于神宗”)、卷十五《答袁季臯先輩書》(“若今之所謂儒宗配饗孔子者,一切以講說文字為功,詭異如飾非,顚倒如避難,學(xué)者被其盲聾而不知非,仕者畏其罪罟而莫敢難”)參觀。
論何晏可與第三十一則、第五百十四則參觀。
論愚民尤精,可參觀陳伯璣《詩(shī)慰》中選萬茂先《丙子述懷》云:“笑殺坑儒癡獨(dú)絕,不將文字作長(zhǎng)平?!绷尾裰邸抖咚商梦募肪硪弧睹魈嬲摗吩疲骸懊魈嬉灾屏x取士,與秦焚書之術(shù)無異,特明巧而秦拙耳,其欲愚天下之心則一也。詩(shī)書者,聰明才辯之所自出,而亦為耗聰明才辯之具,況有爵祿以持其後。人日腐其心,以趨吾法,無不盡愚于法之中,尚安事焚之而殺之哉!明制,士惟習(xí)四子書,兼通一經(jīng),試以八股。爵祿所在,此外咸束高閣。天下之書,不焚而自焚矣”云云。又馮桂芬《改科舉議》記饒廷襄語云:“明祖以時(shí)文取士,其事為孔孟明理載道之事,其術(shù)為唐宗英雄入彀之術(shù),其心為始皇焚書坑儒之心?!?/span>Harold Laski, Liberty in the Modern State, p. 168: “It would not be an unfair description of education to define it as the art which teaches men to be deceived by the printed word.”
卷十四《太剛辯》:“東坡作《剛說》以謂太剛則折者,鄙夫患失之論也?;蛞灾偕礁χ?shī)排之,嗚呼!……彼不知太剛則折者,物理也,君子之道何與焉?夫君子所謂剛者,何也?誠(chéng)也。誠(chéng)斯柔矣!自其柔而用其剛,則何所不宜?……天下之柔者水也,及其起為八月之濤,而滙為千里之浸,則曰天下之至剛者矣?!蛘咭鄸|坡之客得以辯諸。”按卷十八《跋東坡剛說》云:“東坡甲戌年後詩(shī)、文,所見不少矣。今日乃始見《剛説》於明州,令人不覺意氣自倍。魯直字畫亦云剛矣,而李端叔者輒有疵評(píng),是方竹可削,茸氊必待表歟”
《和陶引辯》:“吳均、李賀[皆有追和古人之作],雖然和,不次韻奈何?曰:時(shí)也。方觀鳥跡時(shí),可責(zé)以鍾、張之法度乎?又問:曹、劉、鮑、謝、李、杜諸詩(shī)人皆莫及陶淵明,如何?曰:未之前聞也。梁鍾嶸作《詩(shī)品》,其中品陶彭澤出於應(yīng)璩、左思?!鐜V之論,則彭澤為隱逸詩(shī)人之宗,而曹、劉、鮑、謝、李、杜者,巖廊詩(shī)人之宗也。竊嘗譬之曹、劉、鮑、謝、李、杜之詩(shī),五經(jīng)也,天下之大中正也;彭澤之詩(shī),老氏也,雖可以抗五經(jīng),而未免為一家之言也。嗟夫!應(yīng)璩之激,左思之放,本出於劉而祖於曹,未易容後來者勝之也。”按“五經(jīng)”之說,詳見余舊作《中國(guó)詩(shī)與中國(guó)畫》一文中?!稈形t新話》卷七亦云:“老杜詩(shī)當(dāng)是詩(shī)中六經(jīng),他人詩(shī)乃諸子之流也。”潘四農(nóng)《養(yǎng)一齋集》卷十八《作詩(shī)本經(jīng)序》僅知引《朱子語類》而已。“中品彭澤未容後來者勝”之說,足助《談藝錄》第一○七至九頁(yè)張目[25] 。景迂此篇為東坡《和陶詩(shī)引》而發(fā),“古詩(shī)人有擬古之作,無追和古人之作”,“淵明作詩(shī)不多”,“自曹、劉、鮑、謝、李、杜諸詩(shī)人皆莫及”均東坡語也,景迂硜硜不茍同如此。卷十五《答李持國(guó)先輩書》云:“足下愛淵明所賦《歸去來辭》,遂同東坡先生和之,是則僕之所未喻也。建中、靖國(guó)間,東坡和《歸去來》詞,??至京師,其門下賓客又從而和之者數(shù)人,皆自謂得意陶淵明,紛然一日滿人目前矣。參寥忽以所和篇視予率同賦,予謝之曰:‘造之者冨,隨之者貧。童子無居位,先生無並行。與吾師共推東坡一人於淵明間可也?!瘏⒘燃此髌湮?之,出吳音曰:‘罪過公,悔不先與公話?!褫m以厚於參寥者,厚於吾年姪,何如?抑又聞大宋相公謂陶公《歸去來》是‘南北文章之絕唱,五經(jīng)之鼓吹’,近時(shí)繪畫《歸去來》者,皆作大聖變和其詞者,如即時(shí)遣興小詩(shī),皆不得正中者也”[26] ,可以參觀?!度蔟S隨筆》卷三稱引此《書》。宋光憲語,世所不知,僅傳述歐陽(yáng)永叔“晉無文章”一語耳。《宋景文筆記》卷中云:“莒公言歐陽(yáng)永叔推重《歸去來》,以為江左高文,丞相以為知言?!彼泝H此,不知景迂何本也。
《禍?!罚骸白訉⒅^天之生物,惟形宏而聲大者謂之有命也?將水陸纎介、蚍蜉、蟭螟皆謂之有命也?擇其大者惠之,則活十人不若活一牛;兼其小者濟(jì)之,則蚍蜉、蟭螟何物非物?子脫網(wǎng)羅之禽數(shù)百,濟(jì)物之功見於色。子曷不視前夕之燈甌乎?凡焦?fàn)€之蟲,已絕未絕,穰穰填溢,何啻億萬!……子以百數(shù)之燕雀,不足以補(bǔ)千燈之爛蟲也明矣。……福如可祭,禍如可穰,是天有私覆,地有私載,日月有私照,必不然矣!”按明通之論,即從東坡《次韻定慧欽長(zhǎng)老》詩(shī)之“憐蛾不點(diǎn)燈”化出,參觀第四百三十八則(《南宋羣賢小集》第四冊(cè)《梅屋詩(shī)稾》)又第五十五則(Santayana , The Sense of Beauty, pp. 223-4)?!斗謩e功德論》卷二云:“有二比丘,共至佛所,頓乏漿水,時(shí)有小池黃水,眾蟲滿中。一比丘深思禁律,以無犯為首,若飲此水,殺生甚多,我寧全戒殞命,於是命終,即生天上。一比丘自念:宜當(dāng)飲水全命,可至佛所。見佛,佛曰:‘卿雖見我,去我大遠(yuǎn),正可睹我肉形耳?!?/span>Alfred Lord Tennyson, A Memoir by His Son, I, p. 278: “A Brahmin destroying a microscope because it showed him animals killing each other in a drop of water; significant, as if we could destroy facts by refusing to see them”; Jennings: “If Amoeba were the size of a dog, instead of being microscopic, no one would deny to its actions the name of intelligence”(見 W.M. Dixon, The Human Situation, p. 引[27] ),皆相發(fā)明。
《論詩(shī)》:“賈島云:‘嶽石掛海雪,野楓維渚檣’,予謂不愧謝康樂‘揚(yáng)帆採(cǎi)石華,掛席拾海月’。謝句喧於寰中,而賈句未有一人目之者,何耶?”
卷十五《答陳秀才書》:“說之駑下,所尚者不過先儒傳注之說,其有甚不得已而必當(dāng)改易者,低徊顧瞻,寧失之怯,而不敢過乎勇。又何敢借申、韓以為奇險(xiǎn),而攘釋、老以增髙遠(yuǎn)哉?大要是知蛇本無足耳?!卑淳硪弧对陸?yīng)詔封事》云:“援釋氏誕謾之說以為髙,挾申、韓刻覈之說以為理”;卷十三《儒言》云:“舍《春秋》以論六藝,紛然雜於釋、老、申、韓”;卷十四《恥新》云:“若乃其新則有之,蓋贅之以釋氏,而鑿之以申、韓”;卷十五《答袁季臯先輩書》云:“釋、老、申、韓之說,雜然並傳六藝中矣?!?/span>
《與劉壯輿書》:“每念十五、六時(shí),侍先丈之側(cè),蒙戒告無從妖學(xué),無讀妖言,至今白首,奉之不忘。竊有所恨者,魯直所作先丈《誌》文,說之??讀之而未知所適,及再讀之則疑,三、四讀之而竟不見振微攄藻之功。不知魯直何為不得意於此時(shí)也。吾輩於魯直,豈忍妄作瑕疵?要是吾輩好惡不茍,是非公耳。”
《與三泉李奉議書》:“歐陽(yáng)之文,雖不敢謂前無作者,第恐後之來者未易可繼也。雖東坡、南豐二公,傑然名一世,而振聳九州之牧者,而自歐陽(yáng)公視之,則皆其門人之文也。曾參有若不足以繼夫子之席,則它人孰可以儷吾歐陽(yáng)公哉?”按卷二十後附錄晁公鄼《書夜雨不少住枕上作詩(shī)後》記景迂誨之云:“《文忠公集》不可去手,韓文難入頭,先看六一,後昌黎,次太史公,次《公羊傳》,次《春秋》,此是讀書後先?!?/span>
《答袁季臯先輩書》:“《傳》曰唯通人有蔽。夫三先生者,亦豈無蔽哉?明道取人太吝,橫渠橫視先儒,伊川時(shí)出奇說。昔王荊公排明道曰:‘伯純之學(xué)善矣,其如入壁何?’明道曰:‘拙狀如壁,不可入也。公則如捕風(fēng)矣?!蝗涨G公又戯明道曰:‘伯純縱髙,不過級(jí)級(jí),至十三級(jí)而止耳?!鞯乐x之曰:‘公自十三級(jí)而出焉,上據(jù)相輪,恐難久以安也。”按《二程全書》卷一云:“公之談道,正如說十三級(jí)塔上相輪,對(duì)望而談曰如此如此,極是分明。某到直入塔尋相輪,辛勤登攀?!?/span>
卷十八《題王深甫書傳後》:“古有談止之士,謂眾人之談止於斯一人也。諸公席上之談,往往止於介甫,而介甫之談,則又為原甫而止也。二人者,俱於深甫則或有不得而行者矣。”按《河南邵氏聞見錄》卷十二云:“當(dāng)時(shí)閣下皆知名士,每評(píng)論古今人物治亂,眾人之論必止於王介甫,介甫之論又為呂晦叔止也?!薄罢勚怪俊背鲮丁度龂?guó)志?蜀書?劉二牧傳》裴注引《益部耆舊傳》言董扶“號(hào)曰至止,言人莫能當(dāng),所至而談止也。”《劍南詩(shī)稿》卷三十三《夜閱篋中書偶得李德遠(yuǎn)數(shù)帖因思昔相從時(shí)所言後多可驗(yàn)感歎有作》:“當(dāng)時(shí)一坐歎談止,今日叢林見話行?!?/span>
《題東坡魚枕冠頌》:“東坡先生為兵部尚書時(shí),為說之言:黃州時(shí),陳慥相戯曰:‘只不能作佛經(jīng)?!唬骸我灾也荒??’曰:‘佛經(jīng)是三昧流出,公未免思慮出耳?!唬骸恢璨怀鏊紤]者,胡不以一物試之?’乃指其首魚枕冠曰:‘頌之?!唬骸倬郑瑸橛钑?。’陳筆不及並墨,薾且笑曰:‘便作佛經(jīng)語耶?’”
《題江南後主詞翰》:“黃魯直謂李後主書出於裴休,予初大駭之,惟見休石刻字故也。晚乃見休行書墨跡一帖,良以媿嘆?!?/span>
《跋李太白草書》:“葛叔忱豪放不羣,客為叔忱歎李太白無字畫傳於後,叔忱一日偶在僧舍縱筆,作字一軸,自名之曰李太白書[28] ,以戯一世之士,且與其僧約曰:‘異日無語人?!^得之丹徒僧舍者,乃書之丹徒僧舍也?!斗〞洝?、《法書苑》、《墨藪》諸家,皆無白書品第,白亦無一語自及其書?!卑础渡凼下勔娽徜洝肪矶哂浺缘琅c言葛叔忱偽造太白書語略同?!对フ曼S先生文集》卷二十八《跋瞿公巽所藏石刻》云:“李翰林醉墨,乃葛八叔忱贗作,以嘗其婦翁,諸蘇果不能別。蓋叔忱翰墨亦自度越諸賢”云,與晁語相合。而《黃集》卷二十六《題李白詩(shī)草後》云:“其稿書大類其詩(shī)。白在開元、至德間,不以能書傳,今其行草殊不減古人?!薄陡啐S漫錄》云:“夏噩賢良家藏李太白墨跡十八字云:‘乘醉踏月,西入酒家。不覺人物兩忘,身在世外。太白書。’國(guó)朝諸名公跋於其後。”豈黃、晁未睹此耶?抑此即葛氏雁物耶?王惲《秋澗集》卷九十四《玉堂嘉話》卷二記:“秘閣閱書畫,有李太白‘醉歸’墨跡,後自題云:‘吾頭懵懵,試書此,不能自辨。賀生為我讀之,汝年少眼明?!度莆募o(jì)事》卷三十二引《宣和書譜》載太白行書《醉中帖》云:“乘興踏月,西入酒家。不覺人物兩忘,身在世外”;又《輿地碑記》載象耳山太白留題云:“夜來月下臥醒,花影零亂,滿人襟袖,疑始濯魄於氷壺也?!辈恢钦媸莻?。若黃鶴樓壁間石刻“壯觀”二字,筆意惡俗,一望知為依託也。
《老學(xué)庵筆記》道景迂事頗多,卷三云:“石藏用以喜用熱藥得謗,惟晁以道大喜其說,每見親友蓄丹,無多寡,盡取食。主人驚駭,以道大笑不顧。晚乃以盛冬伏石上書丹,為石冷所逼,得陰毒傷寒而死?!?/span>
[2] 即下文,見《手稿集》937 頁(yè)書眉。
[3]“One Night”原作“the One Night”。
[5] 即下文,見《手稿集》949 頁(yè)書眉、夾縫、下腳、行間。
[13] “Quintilian”原作“Quintillian”。
[14] 此處句首數(shù)字漫漶不辨,但似應(yīng)為“Jean Paul’s”。
[15]“précédées”原作“précédée”。
[18] 《手稿集》第二冊(cè) 949 頁(yè)錯(cuò)簡(jiǎn),第五百七十二則後跳接四〇一至四五二則(949-1049 頁(yè)),五七三至六〇四則(上)則插置第一冊(cè)623-704 頁(yè)。本則(623-24 頁(yè))卷首題“容安館日札”,署“槐聚居士”,鈐“槐聚”朱文印。
[25]《談藝錄?二四》(香港中華書局 1986 年版 90-93、407 頁(yè);北京三聯(lián)書局2001 年補(bǔ)訂重排版 261-5 頁(yè))。
[26]“繪畫《歸去來》”原脫“去”字,“即時(shí)”原作“即事”,“不得正中”原脫“得”字。
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