孫子兵法The Art of War孫武By Sun TzuTranslated by Lionel Giles始計第一Laying Plans孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.故經(jīng)之以五事，校之以計，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法。The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one‘s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.道者，令民于上同意，可與之死，可與之生，而不危也；The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也；Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.地者，遠(yuǎn)近、險易、廣狹、死生也；Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴(yán)也；The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.法者，曲制、官道、主用也。By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.故校之以計，而索其情，曰：Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--主孰有道？將孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾孰強(qiáng)？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負(fù)矣。(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law? (2) Which of the two generals has most ability? (3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth? (4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced? (5) Which army is stronger? (6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained? (7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.勢者，因利而制權(quán)也。According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one‘s plans.兵者，詭道也。All warfare is based on deception.故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)而示之近。Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.利而誘之，亂而取之，Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.實而備之，強(qiáng)而避之，If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him.怒而撓之，卑而驕之，If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.佚而勞之，親而離之，If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them.攻其無備，出其不意。Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.夫未戰(zhàn)而廟算勝者，得算多也；未戰(zhàn)而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝少算，而況于無算乎！吾以此觀之，勝負(fù)見矣。Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple where the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.作戰(zhàn)第二II. Waging War孫子曰：凡用兵之法，馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬，千里饋糧。則內(nèi)外之費(fèi)，賓客之用，膠漆之材，車甲之奉，日費(fèi)千金，然后十萬之師舉矣。Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.其用戰(zhàn)也，勝久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則力屈，When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men‘s weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.久暴師則國用不足。Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖有智者不能善其后矣。Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載，The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.取用于國，因糧于敵，故軍食可足也。Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.國之貧于師者遠(yuǎn)輸，遠(yuǎn)輸則百姓貧；Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.近師者貴賣，貴賣則百姓財竭，On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people‘s substance to be drained away.財竭則急于丘役。When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.力屈中原、內(nèi)虛于家，百姓之費(fèi)，十去其七；公家之費(fèi)，破軍罷馬，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.故智將務(wù)食于敵，食敵一鐘，當(dāng)吾二十鐘；□①桿一石，當(dāng)吾二十石。Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy‘s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one‘s own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one‘s own store.故殺敵者，怒也；取敵之利者，貨也。Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.車戰(zhàn)得車十乘以上，賞其先得者而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之，卒善而養(yǎng)之，是謂勝敵而益強(qiáng)。Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one‘s own strength.故兵貴勝，不貴久。In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.故知兵之將，民之司命。國家安危之主也。Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people‘s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.【注：】①：“忌”加“艸”頭。謀攻第三III. Attack by Stratagem孫子曰：夫用兵之法，全國為上，破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy‘s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.是故百戰(zhàn)百勝，非善之善也；不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵，善之善者也。Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy‘s resistance without fighting.故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy‘s plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy‘s forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy‘s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.攻城之法，為不得已。修櫓□①□②，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.將不勝其忿而蟻附之，殺士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之災(zāi)也。The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰(zhàn)也，拔人之城而非攻也，毀人之國而非久也，Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy‘s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.必以全爭于天下，故兵不頓而利可全，此謀攻之法也。With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之，It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy‘s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.敵則能戰(zhàn)之，少則能逃之，不若則能避之。If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.夫?qū)⒄撸瑖o也。輔周則國必強(qiáng)，輔隙則國必弱。Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.故君之所以患于軍者三：There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:--(1) 不知軍之不可以進(jìn)而謂之進(jìn)，不知軍之不可以退而謂之退，是謂縻軍；(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.(2) 不知三軍之事而同三軍之政，則軍士惑矣；(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier‘s minds.(3)不知三軍之權(quán)而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣。(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣。是謂亂軍引勝。But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.故知勝有五：知可以戰(zhàn)與不可以戰(zhàn)者勝，識眾寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，以虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不御者勝。此五者，知勝之道也。Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory: (1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight. (2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces. (3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks. (4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared. (5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.故曰：知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不貽；不知彼而知己，一勝一負(fù)；不知彼不知己，每戰(zhàn)必敗。Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.【注：】①：［車賁］。②：“溫”字“氵”旁換“車”旁。軍形第四IV. Tactical Dispositions孫子曰：昔之善戰(zhàn)者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝。Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.不可勝在己，可勝在敵。To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.故善戰(zhàn)者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.故曰：勝可知，而不可為。Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do it.不可勝者，守也；可勝者，攻也。Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.守則不足，攻則有余。Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者動于九天之上，故能自保而全勝也。The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也；To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.戰(zhàn)勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"故舉秋毫不為多力，見日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.古之所謂善戰(zhàn)者，勝于易勝者也。What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.故善戰(zhàn)者之勝也，無智名，無勇功，Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.故其戰(zhàn)勝不忒。不忒者，其所措勝，勝已敗者也。He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.故善戰(zhàn)者，立于不敗之地，而不失敵之?dāng)∫病?div style="height:15px;">
Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.是故勝兵先勝而后求戰(zhàn)，敗兵先戰(zhàn)而后求勝。Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.善用兵者，修道而保法，故能為勝敗之政。The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success.兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數(shù)，四曰稱，五曰勝。In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.地生度，度生量，量生數(shù)，數(shù)生稱，稱生勝。Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound‘s weight placed in the scale against a single grain.稱勝者之戰(zhàn)民也，若決積水于千仞之溪者，形也。The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.兵勢第五V. Energy孫子曰：凡治眾如治寡，分?jǐn)?shù)是也；Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.斗眾如斗寡，形名是也；Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.三軍之眾，可使必受敵而無敗者，奇正是也；To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy‘s attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.兵之所加，如以□①投卵者，虛實是也。That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.凡戰(zhàn)者，以正合，以奇勝。In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.故善出奇者，無窮如天地，不竭如江海。終而復(fù)始，日月是也。死而更生，四時是也。Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也；There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也；There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嘗也；There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.戰(zhàn)勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮也。In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.奇正相生，如循環(huán)之無端，孰能窮之哉！The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?激水之疾，至于漂石者，勢也；The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.鷙鳥之疾，至于毀折者，節(jié)也。The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.故善戰(zhàn)者，其勢險，其節(jié)短。Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.勢如擴(kuò)弩，節(jié)如發(fā)機(jī)。Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.紛紛紜紜，斗亂而不可亂；渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗。Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.亂生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于強(qiáng)。Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.治亂，數(shù)也；勇怯，勢也；強(qiáng)弱，形也。Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之；予之，敵必取之。Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.以利動之，以卒待之。By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.故善戰(zhàn)者，求之于勢，不責(zé)于人故能擇人而任勢。The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.任勢者，其戰(zhàn)人也，如轉(zhuǎn)木石。木石之性，安則靜，危則動，方則止，圓則行。When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down.故善戰(zhàn)人之勢，如轉(zhuǎn)圓石于千仞之山者，勢也。Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.【注：】①：“瑕”的“王”旁換“石”旁。虛實第六VI. Weak Points and Strong孫子曰：凡先處戰(zhàn)地而待敵者佚，后處戰(zhàn)地而趨戰(zhàn)者勞。Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.故善戰(zhàn)者，致人而不致于人。Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy‘s will to be imposed on him.能使敵人自至者，利之也；能使敵人不得至者，害之也。By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.故敵佚能勞之，飽能饑之，安能動之。If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.出其所必趨，趨其所不意。Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected.行千里而不勞者，行于無人之地也；An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not.攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所必攻也。You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended. You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.故善攻者，敵不知其所守；善守者，敵不知其所攻。Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.微乎微乎，至于無形；神乎神乎，至于無聲，故能為敵之司命。O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy‘s fate in our hands.進(jìn)而不可御者，沖其虛也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy‘s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.故我欲戰(zhàn)，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰(zhàn)者，攻其所必救也；If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.我不欲戰(zhàn)，雖畫地而守之，敵不得與我戰(zhàn)者，乖其所之也。If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分。By discovering the enemy‘s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy‘s must be divided.我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也。We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy‘s few.則我眾敵寡，能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰(zhàn)者約矣。And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.吾所與戰(zhàn)之地不可知，不可知則敵所備者多，敵所備者多，則吾所與戰(zhàn)者寡矣。The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.故備前則后寡，備后則前寡，備左則右寡，備右則左寡，無所不備，則無所不寡。For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.寡者，備人者也；眾者，使人備己者也。Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.故知戰(zhàn)之地，知戰(zhàn)之日，則可千里而會戰(zhàn)；Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.不知戰(zhàn)之地，不知戰(zhàn)日，則左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救后，后不能救前，而況遠(yuǎn)者數(shù)十里，近者數(shù)里乎！But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest are separated by several LI!以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益于勝哉！故曰：勝可為也。Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved.敵雖眾，可使無斗。故策之而知得失之計，Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.候之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.角之而知有余不足之處。Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.故形兵之極，至于無形。無形則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.因形而措勝于眾，眾不能知。How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy‘s own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾所以制勝之形。All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.故其戰(zhàn)勝不復(fù)，而應(yīng)形于無窮。Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.夫兵形象水，水之行避高而趨下，Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.兵之形避實而擊虛；So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.水因地而制流，兵因敵而制勝。Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.故兵無常勢，水無常形。Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有短長，月有死生。The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.軍爭第七VII. Maneuvering孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.合軍聚眾，交和而舍，Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.莫難于軍爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing more difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.故迂其途，而誘之以利，后人發(fā)，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.軍爭為利，軍爭為危。Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.舉軍而爭利則不及，委軍而爭利則輜重捐。If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores.是故卷甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百里而爭利，則擒三將軍，Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.勁者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.五十里而爭利，則蹶上將軍，其法半至；If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal.三十里而爭利，則三分之二至。If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive.是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食則亡，無委積則亡。We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.不用鄉(xiāng)導(dǎo)者，不能得地利。We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.故兵以詐立，以利動，In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.以分和為變者也。Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances.故其疾如風(fēng)，其徐如林，Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest.侵掠如火，不動如山，In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a mountain.難知如陰，動如雷震。Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.掠鄉(xiāng)分眾，廓地分利，When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.懸權(quán)而動。Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.《軍政》曰：“言不相聞，故為之金鼓；視不相見，故為之旌旗。”The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point.民既專一，則勇者不得獨進(jìn)，怯者不得獨退，此用眾之法也。The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of handling large masses of men.故夜戰(zhàn)多金鼓，晝戰(zhàn)多旌旗，所以變?nèi)酥恳病?div style="height:15px;">
In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。Now a soldier‘s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp.善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此治心者也。Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.以近待遠(yuǎn)，以佚待勞，以飽待饑，此治力者也。To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one‘s strength.無邀正正之旗，無擊堂堂之陳，此治變者也。To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this is the art of studying circumstances.故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.餌兵勿食，歸師勿遏，Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.圍師遺闕，窮寇勿迫，When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard.此用兵之法也。Such is the art of warfare.九變第八VIII. Variation in Tactics孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，合軍聚合。Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces泛地?zé)o舍，衢地合交，絕地?zé)o留，圍地則謀，死地則戰(zhàn)，When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In desperate position, you must fight.途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受。There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.故將通于九變之利者，知用兵矣；The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.將不通九變之利，雖知地形，不能得地之利矣；The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.治兵不知九變之術(shù)，雖知五利，不能得人之用矣。So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men.是故智者之慮，必雜于利害，Hence in the wise leader‘s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.雜于利而務(wù)可信也，If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.雜于害而患可解也。If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業(yè)，趨諸侯者以利。Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy‘s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.故將有五危，必死可殺，必生可虜，忿速可侮，廉潔可辱，愛民可煩。There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture; (3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble.凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災(zāi)也。These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war.覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不察也。When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.行軍第九IX. The Army on the March孫子曰：凡處軍相敵，絕山依谷，Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.視生處高，戰(zhàn)隆無登，此處山之軍也。Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.絕水必遠(yuǎn)水，After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.客絕水而來，勿迎之于水內(nèi)，令半渡而擊之利，When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.欲戰(zhàn)者，無附于水而迎客，If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.絕斥澤，唯亟去無留，In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.若交軍于斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.平陸處易，右背高，前死后生，此處平陸之軍也。In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.養(yǎng)生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.吾遠(yuǎn)之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.軍旁有險阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①薈者，必謹(jǐn)覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.敵近而靜者，恃其險也；When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.遠(yuǎn)而挑戰(zhàn)者，欲人之進(jìn)也；When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.其所居易者，利也；If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑也；Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者，覆也；The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達(dá)者，樵采也；少而往來者，營軍也；When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.辭卑而備者，進(jìn)也；辭強(qiáng)而進(jìn)驅(qū)者，退也；Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.輕車先出居其側(cè)者，陳也；When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.無約而請和者，謀也；Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.奔走而陳兵者，期也；When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.半進(jìn)半退者，誘也；When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.杖而立者，饑也；When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food.汲而先飲者，渴也；If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.見利而不進(jìn)者，勞也；If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.鳥集者，虛也；夜呼者，恐也；If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness.軍擾者，將不重也；旌旗動者，亂也；吏怒者，倦也；If there is disturbance in the camp, the general‘s authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也；懸□②不返其舍者，窮寇也；When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death.諄諄□③□③，徐與人言者，失眾也；The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.數(shù)賞者，窘也；數(shù)罰者，困也；Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.先暴而后畏其眾者，不精之至也；To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy‘s numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.來委謝者，欲休息也。When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必謹(jǐn)察之。If the enemy‘s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.兵非貴益多也，惟無武進(jìn)，足以并力料敵取人而已。If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.夫惟無慮而易敵者，必擒于人。He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.卒未親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用。卒已親附而罰不行，則不可用。If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.令素行以教其民，則民服；令素不行以教其民，則民不服。If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.令素行者，與眾相得也。If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.【注：】①：“翳”加“艸”頭。②：［垂瓦］。③：［讠翕］。地形第十X. Terrain孫子曰：地形有通者、有掛者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠(yuǎn)者。Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰(zhàn)則利。With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.可以往，難以返，曰掛。Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.掛形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，出而不勝，難以返，不利。From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.支形者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之利。In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵；With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從也。If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.遠(yuǎn)形者，勢均難以挑戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)而不利。If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.凡此六者，地之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.凡兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者，非天地之災(zāi)，將之過也。Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout.夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走；Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.卒強(qiáng)吏弱，曰馳；吏強(qiáng)卒弱，曰陷；When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰(zhàn)，將不知其能，曰崩；When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin.將弱不嚴(yán)，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂；When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.將不能料敵，以少合眾，以弱擊強(qiáng)，兵無選鋒，曰北。When a general, unable to estimate the enemy‘s strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout.凡此六者，敗之道也，將之至任，不可不察也。These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險隘遠(yuǎn)近，上將之道也。The natural formation of the country is the soldier‘s best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a great general知此而用戰(zhàn)者必勝，不知此而用戰(zhàn)者必敗。He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be defeated.故戰(zhàn)道必勝，主曰無戰(zhàn)，必戰(zhàn)可也；戰(zhàn)道不勝，主曰必戰(zhàn)，無戰(zhàn)可也。If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler‘s bidding.故進(jìn)不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，國之寶也。The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深溪；視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death.厚而不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也；If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也；If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可以戰(zhàn)，勝之半也。If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.故曰：知彼知己，勝乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victory complete.__________________不觀夫水與月乎？逝者如斯而未嘗往也；盈虛者如彼而率莫消長也。自其變者觀之，則天地曾不可一瞬；自其不變者觀之，則萬物與吾皆無盡也。此帖于 07/12/06 03:32 被 Adelyn 編輯. 原因: moved "主孰有道？" to the next paragraph編輯/刪除貼子回復(fù)此貼sujie_alex查看公開信息發(fā)悄悄話給 sujie_alex查找 sujie_alex 發(fā)表的所有帖子05/17/06, 16:21 #2九地第十一XI. The Nine Situations孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有泛地，有圍地，有死地。Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.諸侯自戰(zhàn)其地者，為散地；When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.入人之地不深者，為輕地；When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is facile ground.我得亦利，彼得亦利者，為爭地；Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.我可以往，彼可以來者，為交地；Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地；Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.入人之地深，背城邑多者，為重地；When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為泛地；Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾之眾者，為圍地；Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.疾戰(zhàn)則存，不疾戰(zhàn)則亡者，為死地。Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.是故散地則無戰(zhàn)，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not.交地則無絕，衢地則合交，On open ground, do not try to block the enemy‘s way. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.重地則掠，泛地則行，On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.圍地則謀，死地則戰(zhàn)。On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.古之善用兵者，能使敵人前后不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救，上下不相收，Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy‘s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。When the enemy‘s men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.合于利而動，不合于利而止。When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.敢問敵眾而整將來，待之若何曰：先奪其所愛則聽矣。If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."兵之情主速，乘人之不及。由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy‘s unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.凡為客之道，深入則專。主人不克，The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.掠于饒野，三軍足食。Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.謹(jǐn)養(yǎng)而勿勞，并氣積力，運(yùn)兵計謀，為不可測。Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.投之無所往，死且不北。死焉不得，士人盡力。Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已則斗。Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信，Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.禁祥去疑，至死無所之。Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.吾士無余財，非惡貨也；無余命，非惡壽也。If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.令發(fā)之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者涕交頤，投之無所往，諸、劌之勇也。On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both.敢問兵可使如率然乎？曰可。夫吳人與越人相惡也，當(dāng)其同舟而濟(jì)而遇風(fēng)，其相救也如左右手。Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other‘s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也；Hence it is not enough to put one‘s trust in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground齊勇如一，政之道也；The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach.剛?cè)峤缘?，地之理也?div style="height:15px;">
How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question involving the proper use of ground.故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治，It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知；He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.易其事，革其謀，使人無識；易其居，迂其途，使民不得慮。By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.帥與之期，如登高而去其梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發(fā)其機(jī)。At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.若驅(qū)群羊，驅(qū)而往，驅(qū)而來，莫知所之。He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he is going.聚三軍之眾，投之于險，此謂將軍之事也。To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the business of the general.九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.凡為客之道，深則專，淺則散。When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.去國越境而師者，絕地也；四徹者，衢地也；When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地也；When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.背固前隘者，圍地也；無所往者，死地也。When you have the enemy‘s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.是故散地吾將一其志，輕地吾將使之屬，Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army.爭地吾將趨其后，On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.交地吾將謹(jǐn)其守，交地吾將固其結(jié)，衢地吾將謹(jǐn)其恃，On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.重地吾將繼其食，泛地吾將進(jìn)其途，On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.圍地吾將塞其闕，死地吾將示之以不活。On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.故兵之情：圍則御，不得已則斗，過則從。For it is the soldier‘s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預(yù)交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；不用鄉(xiāng)導(dǎo)，不能得地利。We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.夫霸王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚；威加于敵，則其交不得合。When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy‘s forces. He overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.是故不爭天下之交，不養(yǎng)天下之權(quán)，信己之私，威加于敵，則其城可拔，其國可隳。Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.施無法之賞，懸無政之令。犯三軍之眾，若使一人。Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man.犯之以事，勿告以言；犯之以害，勿告以利。Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.夫眾陷于害，然后能為勝敗。For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm‘s way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.故為兵之事，在順詳敵之意，Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy‘s purpose.并敵一向，千里殺將，By persistently hanging on the enemy‘s flank, we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.是謂巧能成事。This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.是故政舉之日，夷關(guān)折符，無通其使，On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.厲于廊廟之上，以誅其事。Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.敵人開闔，必亟入之，If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.先其所愛，微與之期，Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.踐墨隨敵，以決戰(zhàn)事。Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.是故始如處女，敵人開戶；后如脫兔，敵不及拒。At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.火攻第十二XII. The Attack by Fire孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，五曰火隊。Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.行火必有因，因必素具。In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.發(fā)火有時，起火有日。There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration.時者，天之燥也。日者，月在箕、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風(fēng)起之日也。The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.凡火攻，必因五火之變而應(yīng)之：In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments:火發(fā)于內(nèi)，則早應(yīng)之于外；(1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy‘s camp, respond at once with an attack from without.火發(fā)而其兵靜者，待而勿攻，(2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy‘s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.極其火力，可從而從之，不可從則上。(3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.火可發(fā)于外，無待于內(nèi)，以時發(fā)之，(4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.火發(fā)上風(fēng)，無攻下風(fēng)，(5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward.晝風(fēng)久，夜風(fēng)止。A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls.凡軍必知五火之變，以數(shù)守之。In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強(qiáng)。Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.水可以絕，不可以奪。By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings.夫戰(zhàn)勝攻取而不惰其功者兇，命曰“費(fèi)留”。Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation.故曰：明主慮之，良將惰之，Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰(zhàn)。Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.主不可以怒而興師，將不可以慍而攻戰(zhàn)。No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.合于利而動，不合于利而上。If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are.怒可以復(fù)喜，慍可以復(fù)說，Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content.亡國不可以復(fù)存，死者不可以復(fù)生。But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.故明主慎之，良將警之。此安國全軍之道也。Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact.用間第十三XIII. The Use of Spies孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費(fèi)，公家之奉，日費(fèi)千金，內(nèi)外騷動，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labor.相守數(shù)年，以爭一日之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也，Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy‘s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity.非民之將也，非主之佐也，非勝之主也。One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no master of victory.故明君賢將所以動而勝人，成功出于眾者，先知也。Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可驗于度，Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.必取于人，知敵之情者也。Knowledge of the enemy‘s dispositions can only be obtained from other men.故用間有五：有因間，有內(nèi)間，有反間，有死間，有生間。Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.五間俱起，莫知其道，是謂神紀(jì)，人君之寶也。When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign‘s most precious faculty.鄉(xiāng)間者，因其鄉(xiāng)人而用之；Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district.內(nèi)間者，因其官人而用之；Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy.反間者，因其敵間而用之；Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy‘s spies and using them for our own purposes.死間者，為誑事于外，令吾聞知之而傳于敵間也；Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the enemy.生間者，反報也。Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy‘s camp.故三軍之事，莫親于間，賞莫厚于間，事莫密于間，Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy be preserved.非圣賢不能用間，Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity.非仁義不能使間，They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.非微妙不能得間之實。Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports.微哉微哉！無所不用間也。Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.間事未發(fā)而先聞?wù)?，間與所告者兼死。If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.敵間之來間我者，因而利之，導(dǎo)而舍之，故反間可得而用也；The enemy‘s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service.因是而知之，故鄉(xiāng)間、內(nèi)間可得而使也；It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.因是而知之，故死間為誑事，可使告敵；It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.因是而知之，故生間可使如期。Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions.五間之事，主必知之，知之必在于反間，故反間不可不厚也。The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality.昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏；周之興也，呂牙在殷。Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served under the Yin.故明君賢將，能以上智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in water, because on them depends an army‘s ability to move.
